3670

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III. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на герундиальный оборот.

1.His coming down is really no excuse.

2.Would you mind him opening the window?

3.You may rely on my coming back.

4.We heard of the house being sold.

5.I am upset by your having written this article.

Задание 3

I. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст. Выпишите незнакомые слова с транскрипцией и переводом, выучите их.

Demand

In Economics, demand for a good or service is an entire listing of the quantity of the good or service that a market would choose to buy, for every possible market price of the good or service. Demand is a buyer's willingness and ability to pay a price for a specific quantity of a good or service. Demand refers to how much (quantity) of a product or service is desired by buyers at various prices.

The quantity demanded is the amount of a product people are willing to buy at a certain price; the relationship between price and quantity demanded is known as the demand. The term demand signifies the ability or the willingness to buy a particular commodity at a given point of time.

Образец аудиторной контрольной работы

I.Перепишите и переведите предложения, выбрав правильную форму слов в скобках (-ing или -ed).

1.The students are (interesting, interested) in learning more about the subject.

2.I read an (interesting, interested) article in the newspaper this morning.

3.I heard some (surprising, surprised) news on the radio.

4.He was (surprising, surprised) to learn the result of the investigation.

II. Перепишите предложения, употребив причастие I, II в скобках. Переведите предложения.

1.The room (furnish) rather simply was large enough.

2.The woman (wait) in the car called you the day before yesterday.

3.The cup (broke) by the boy was on the floor.

4.They reached the road (lead) to the city.

5.The boys (throw) stones into the pond laughed loudly.

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Ш. Спишите и переведите предложения. Подчеркните инфинитив, определите его форму и функцию в предложении.

1.I`d like you to tell the truth.

2.It was difficult not to speak.

3.I wish you to be happy.

4.I want you to be remembered.

5.He is known to be a good writer.

IV. Перепишите и переведите предложения, подчеркните в них герундий или герундиальный оборот.

1.Do you mind my helping you?

2.Your coming here is very desirable.

3.It was dangerous for him swimming in such cold water.

V. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст. Выпишите незнакомые слова с транскрипцией и переводом, выучите их. Подготовьте чтение текста.

What is Business?

A business, also known as an enterprise or a firm, is an organization involved in the trade of goods, services, or both to consumers. Businesses are prevalent in capitalist economies, where most of them are privately owned and provide goods and services to customers for profit. Businesses may also be not-for-profit or state-owned. A business owned by multiple individuals may be referred to as a company, although that term also has a more precise meaning.

The etymology of "business" stems from the state of being busy, and implies commercially viable and profitable work. The term "business" has at least three usages, depending on the scope in which it is used. A business can mean a particular organization, while a more generalized usage refers to a particular market sector, i.e. "the music business". Compound forms such as agribusiness represent subsets of the word's broadest meaning, which encompasses all the activity by all the suppliers of goods and services.

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Разговорные темы

Тема 1.

What is money?

I.Прочитайте и устно переведите текст. Выпишите незнакомые слова с транскрипцией и переводом, выучите их.

Money is any object or record that is generally accepted as payment for goods and services and repayment of debts in a given socio-economic context or country. The main functions of money are distinguished as a medium of exchange; a unit of account; a store of value; and, occasionally in the past, a standard of deferred payment. Any kind of object or secure verifiable record that fulfills these functions can be considered money.

Money is historically an emergent market phenomenon establishing a commodity money, but nearly all contemporary money systems are based on fiat money. Fiat money, like any check or note of debt, is without intrinsic use value as a physical commodity. It derives its value by being declared by a government to be legal tender; that is, it must be accepted as a form of payment within the boundaries of the country, for "all debts, public and private". Such laws in practice cause fiat money to acquire the value of any of the goods and services that it may be traded for within the nation that issues it.

The money supply of a country consists of currency (banknotes and coins) and bank money (the balance held in checking accounts and savings accounts). Bank money, which consists only of records (mostly computerized in modern banking), forms by far the largest part of the money supply in developed nations.

Тема 2.

Inflation

I. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст. Выпишите незнакомые слова с транскрипцией и переводом, выучите их.

Inflation is a persistent increase in the general price level of goods and services in an economy over a period of time. When the general price level rises, each unit of currency buys fewer goods and services. Consequently, inflation reflects a reduction in the purchasing power per unit of money – a loss of real value in the medium of exchange and unit of account within the economy. A chief measure of price inflation is the inflation rate, the annualized percentage change in a general price index (normally the consumer price index) over time.

Inflation's effects on an economy are various and can be simultaneously positive and negative. Negative effects of inflation include an increase in the opportunity cost of holding money, uncertainty over future inflation which may discourage investment

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and savings, and if inflation is rapid enough, shortages of goods as consumers begin hoarding out of concern that prices will increase in the future. Positive effects include ensuring that central banks can adjust real interest rates (to mitigate recessions), and encouraging investment in non-monetary capital projects.

Economists generally believe that high rates of inflation and hyperinflation are caused by an excessive growth of the money supply. However, money supply growth does not necessarily cause inflation. Low or moderate inflation may be attributed to fluctuations in real demand for goods and services, or changes in available supplies such as during scarcities, as well as to changes in the velocity of money supply measures; in particular the MZM ("Money Zero Maturity") supply velocity. However, the consensus view is that a long sustained period of inflation is caused by money supply growing faster than the rate of economic growth.

Тема 3.

Profit

I. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст. Выпишите незнакомые слова с транскрипцией и переводом, выучите их.

In neoclassical microeconomic theory, the term profit has two related but distinct meanings. Economic profit is similar to accounting profit but smaller because it reflects the total opportunity costs (both explicit and implicit) of a venture to an investor. Normal profit refers to a situation in which the economic profit is zero. A related concept, sometimes considered synonymous to profit in certain contexts, is that of economic rent.

In Classical economics and Marxian economics, profit is the return to an owner of capital goods or natural resources in any productive pursuit involving labor, or a return on bonds and money invested in capital markets. By extension, in Marxian economic theory, the maximization of profit corresponds to the accumulation of capital, which is the driving force behind economic activity within the capitalist mode of production.

Capitalists earn a return on their efforts by providing three productive inputs. First, they are willing to delay their own personal gratification. Instead of consuming all of their resources today, they save some of today's income and invest those savings in activities (plant and equipment) that will yield goods and services in the future....

Second, some profits are a return to those who take risks. Some investments make a profit and return what was invested plus a profit, but others don't. Third, some profits are a return to organizational ability, enterprise, and entrepreneurial energy.

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ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИЙ КОММЕНТАРИЙ

ТАБЛИЦА ВРЕМЁН ДЕЙСТВИТЕЛЬНОГО ЗАЛОГА

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СТРАДАТЕЛЬНЫЙ ЗАЛОГ (PASSIVE VOICE)

ТАБЛИЦА ВРЕМЁН СТРАДАТЕЛЬНОГО ЗАЛОГА

Образуется с помощью вспомогательного глагола “to be” в соответствующем времени и смыслового глагола в форме Participle II.

Глагол в страдательном залоге обозначает действие, направленное на лицо (предмет), которое обозначается существительным (или другой частью речи), являющимся в предложении подлежащим. Исполнитель же действия либо не

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указывается совсем, либо обозначается другим существительным с предлогом “by”, стоящим после сказуемого.

Глагол в страдательном залоге переводится на русский язык:

1)глаголом «быть» с краткой формой причастия страдательного залога;

2)глаголом, оканчивающимся на -ся;

3)неопределённо-личной формой глагола (то есть глаголом в 3-м лице множ. числа при отсутствии подлежащего);

4)глаголом в действительном залоге (при наличии исполнителя действия).

Пример: Some years ago this business wasn`t profitable enough.

Несколько лет назад этот бизнес не был достаточно прибыльным.

МОДАЛЬНЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ

Modal Verbs

Модальные глаголы выражают не действие, а отношение к нему – возможность совершить действие, способность его совершения.

Can – мочь, уметь (быть в состоянии сделать что-либо). В прошедшем времени – could.

Отсутствующие формы восполняются выражением to be able to. Будущее: I (we) shall be able … – Я смогу (мы сможем) … Перфект: At last he has been able … – Наконец-то он смог … Причастие I: Not being able to wait … – Не в состоянии ждать …

Сочетание с другими модальными глаголами: You must be able … – Вы должны быть в силах …

May – можно

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Одна форма для всех лиц. В прошедшем времени – might.

Отсутствующие формы восполняются выражением to be allowed to. Будущее: They will be allowed … – Им позволят …

Перфект: At last they have been allowed … – Наконец-то им позволили … Причастие I: Not being allowed … – Не имея разрешения …

Сочетание с другими модальными глаголами: He must be allowed … – Ему должны разрешить …

Must – должен

Имеет одну форму.

Отсутствующие формы восполняются с помощью выражения “have to.” Прошедшее: We had to get off. – Нам нужно было сойти.

Будущее: They will have to wait. – Им придётся подождать. Перфект: He has had to begin. – Ему пришлось начать.

Причастие I: Having to wait for the train … – Поскольку пришлось ждать поезда

…

Сочетание с другими модальными глаголами, например: You may have to wait. – Может быть, вам придётся подождать.

Отсутствующие формы восполняются с помощью выражения “have to.”

1.Глагол ought to, в основном, имеет то же значение, что should, его детальным изучением можно пренебречь.

2.Глагол have + инфинитив выражает долженствование, которое продиктовано обстоятельствами.

We ran out of petrol and had to walk all the way home. – У нас кончился бензин, и пришлось идти пешком до самого дома.

3.Глагол be + инфинитив выражает долженствование, которое продиктовано договорённостью.

We were to meet in front of the church. – Мы должны были встретиться у церкви. (Мы договорились встретиться …).

ПРИЧАСТИЕ

Сочетает в себе свойства глагола, прилагательного и наречия.