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Ползунова Обучение коммуникативному чтению 2015

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МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ ИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬСКИЙ ЯДЕРНЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ «МИФИ»

М.В. Ползунова

Обучение коммуникативному чтению

Учебно-методическое пособие для студентов инженерных специальностей

Рекомендовано к изданию УМО «Ядерные физика и технологии»

Москва 2015

УДК[811.111:54:53] (0,7)

ББК81.Англ П49

Ползунова М.В. Обучение коммуникативному чтению. Учебнометодическое пособие для студентов инженерных специальностей. М.: НИЯУ МИФИ, 2015. 204 с.

Учебно-методическое пособие направлено на обучение коммуникативному чтению и умению вести беседу на профессиональную тему, а также на развитие стратегии и навыков чтения специальной литературы на английском языке.

Подготовлено в рамках Программы создания и развития НИЯУ МИФИ.

Рецензенты:

Н.А. Макарова – почётный работник высшего профессионального образования, заведующий кафедрой иностранных языков ОТИ НИЯУМИФИ;

Л.Г. Бабенко – доктор филологических наук, профессор, заслуженный деятель науки Российской Федерации, заведующий кафедрой современного русского языка УрГУ им. А.М. Горького

ISBN 978-5-7262-2155-7

© Национальный исследовательский

 

ядерный университет «МИФИ», 2015

Содержание

 

ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ.....................................................................................................

5

ЧАСТЬ I ...................................................................................................................

7

Unit I ....................................................................................................................

7

Unit II.................................................................................................................

17

Unit III................................................................................................................

26

Unit IV ...............................................................................................................

38

Unit V.................................................................................................................

46

Unit VI ...............................................................................................................

63

Unit VII ..............................................................................................................

72

Unit VIII.............................................................................................................

83

Unit IX ...............................................................................................................

92

Unit X...............................................................................................................

100

Unit XI .............................................................................................................

110

Final Test..........................................................................................................

119

ЧАСТЬ II..............................................................................................................

136

Письменный перевод.......................................................................................

136

Реферативный перевод....................................................................................

138

Аннотационный перевод.................................................................................

139

Тексты для письменного перевода..................................................................

139

Chemistry ...................................................................................................

139

Introduction.................................................................................................

139

The scope of chemistry................................................................................

141

Analytical chemistry....................................................................................

141

Inorganic chemistry.....................................................................................

143

Organic chemistry .......................................................................................

145

Тексты для аннотационного перевода.............................................................

146

Biochemistry...............................................................................................

146

Polymer chemistry.......................................................................................

148

Physical chemistry.......................................................................................

148

Industrial chemistry.....................................................................................

150

Тексты для реферативного перевода...............................................................

151

The methodology of chemistry.....................................................................

151

Studies of molecular structure......................................................................

151

Atoms and elements ....................................................................................

152

Ionic and covalent bonding ..........................................................................

153

Isomerism ...................................................................................................

155

Investigations of chemical transformations Basic factors...............................

156

Energy and the first law of thermodynamics .................................................

157

Entropy and the second law of thermodynamics ...........................................

159

Rates of reaction..........................................................................................

160

Chemistry and society..................................................................................

161

Тексты для письменного перевода..................................................................

162

Physics........................................................................................................

162

Introduction.................................................................................................

162

3

The scope of physics....................................................................................

163

Mechanics...................................................................................................

164

Тексты для аннотационного перевода.............................................................

165

The study of gravitation...............................................................................

165

The study of heat, thermodynamics, and statistical mechanics.......................

166

First law......................................................................................................

166

Second law..................................................................................................

166

Third law ....................................................................................................

167

Statistical mechanics....................................................................................

167

The study electricity and magnetism ............................................................

168

Optics .........................................................................................................

169

Atomic and chemical physics.......................................................................

169

Condensed-matter physics ...........................................................................

170

Тексты для реферативного перевода...............................................................

171

Nuclear physics...........................................................................................

171

Particle physics ...........................................................................................

172

Quantum mechanics ....................................................................................

174

Relativistic mechanics .................................................................................

176

Conservation laws and symmetry.................................................................

177

Fundamental forces and fields......................................................................

178

The methodology of physics ........................................................................

179

Relations between physics and other disciplines and society.

 

Influence of physics on related disciplines....................................................

181

Influence of related disciplines on physics....................................................

183

The physicist in society................................................................................

183

Atomic physics............................................................................................

184

Physics........................................................................................................

186

Radioactivity and the transmutation of elements ...........................................

186

The nucleus.................................................................................................

188

Einstein's 1905 trilogy .................................................................................

189

Quantum mechanics ....................................................................................

191

Chemistry ...................................................................................................

193

Rutherford, Ernest, Baron Rutherford of Nelson, of Cambridge.....................

195

Early life.....................................................................................................

196

Contributions in physics ..............................................................................

197

Later years ..................................................................................................

200

СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ..................................................................................

201

4

ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ

Учебно-методическое пособие предназначено для студентов инженерных специальностей ОТИ НИЯУ МИФИ.

Пособие состоит из двух частей и рассчитано примерно на 70 академических часов аудиторных занятий. Цель пособия – обучение коммуникативному чтению, умению вести беседу на профессиональную тему, развитию стратегии и навыков чтения специальной литературы на английском языке. Использование пособия предполагает наличие у обучающихся исходной языковой подготовки среднего уровня.

Пособие сочетает изучение английского языка с учебным материалом таких дисциплин, как физика и химия. Оно обладает коммуникативной направленностью, так как в современном мире именно владение коммуникативными навыками позволяет активно общаться с иностранными коллегами, вступать в международные научные сообщества и становиться полноценными участниками международных проектов.

Первая часть пособия содержит 11 тематически организованных разделов. Каждый раздел включает два объединенных общей проблемой текста, которые знакомят с величайшими научными открытиями и выдающимися учеными в области физики и химии. В первую часть пособия включены:

упражнения на развитие всех видов чтения (ознакомительного, изучающего и поискового);

упражнения на развитие навыков аудирования;

задания на развитие навыков монологической и диалогической речи;

задания на развитие навыков письменной речи (эссе, статьи, письма, доклады, отчеты и др.);

упражнения на перевод с объяснением лексических и грамматических особенностей;

упражнения, нацеленные на расширение активного запаса слов и развитие языковой догадки;

промежуточный и заключительный тесты по видамчтения. Во второй части пособия представлены современные, неадапти-

рованные тексты для письменного, аннотационного и реферативно-

5

го переводов, отражающие общую тематику пособия. Предлагаемые тексты дают студентам интенсивную практику и способствуют развитию у них навыков чтения специальной литературы на продвинутом уровне (практически без словаря и с хорошей скоростью), навыков самостоятельной работы с литературой по специальности, умений, которые помогут им в дальнейшем при реферировании и аннотировании профессионально-ориентированных публикаций.

Данное учебно-методическое пособие позволяет установить межпредметные связи между изучаемой дисциплиной и специальными дисциплинами, его можно рекомендовать не только студен- там-химикам и студентам-физикам, но и студентам любой инженерной специальности, где учебным планом предусмотрено изучение таких дисциплин, как химия и физика.

Текст пособия легко воспринимается студентами.

6

ЧАСТЬ I

CHEMISTRY

Unit I

Before you read

Discuss these questions with your partner

Can you name any famous chemists?

What are they famous for?

Where do chemists work?

What equipment do they use?

¾A Vocabulary

Complete the sentences below with words from the table.

conservation of mass

matter

combustion

quantity

accurate

breakthrough

alchemists

properties

1.It is a fact that substances cannot change their … .

2.… means that no matter how a substance is changed, what it is made up of will always stay the same.

3.When scientists make a … they succeeded after trying very hard.

4.Without oxygen there cannot be … – things cannot burn.

5.… is what physical objects are made of.

6.All classifications in chemistry need to be … .

7.… believed that they could turn iron into gold.

8.Mendeleev’s table classifies the elements found in nature according to their … .

7

¾Reading 1

CHEMISTRY

An introduction

Chemistry is often said to be central science, as it connects all other sciences. While mathematicians calculate the world, physicists explain it and biologists say what lives in it, chemistry looks at everything in the world and explains how it is made and what it can do.

Chemistry began with fire. Burning changes things and ancient man must have wondered what happened to the wood he burnt. It was by burning things that ancient man discovered iron and glass, combining different substances in the fire and seeing how they combined. Once gold was found, the false science of alchemy born. People believed they could change ordinary metals like iron into gold. Though the idea was wrong, the alchemists discovered many of the chemical processes that are in use today.

The origin of modern chemistry comes from Antoine Lavoisier, an 18th century Frenchman who was executed in 1794 during the French revolution. He formulated the idea of the conservation of mass: that is even though substances can be changed, their quantity of mass remains the same always. Although Lavoisier was the first to publish his ideas, in Russia, Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov had reached the same conclusions some years earlier. Both men were interested in the nature of combustions – what happens when things burn – and this was the first breakthrough in our understanding of chemistry.

The second great development in chemistry came later and concerned the nature of matter itself: how it was made up and what its parts were. In the early part of the 19th century, the British scientist, John Dalton stated that all matter was made up of atoms of different elements and that these could not be broken down into smaller parts. We know now that atoms exist and that they do have parts which can be broken down, but at the time his ideas divided chemists into those who accepted his ideas and those who did not. There was a whole century of research to be done before the work of Marie Curie on radioactivity and of Ernest Rutherford and Niels Bohr on atomic structure finally proved that Dalton was correct after all.

8

Even while chemists were divided on atomism, it became necessary for someone to make sense of the growing list of elements that were being discovered. That someone was Dmitri Mendeleev. He took Dalton’s theory of atomism and arranged the elements by their atomic weight and by their chemical properties. So accurate was his classification of the elements, that he was able to predict the properties of undiscovered ones to fill the gaps in the table. Mendeleev’s table is one of the most useful and important generalizations of chemistry and of all science.

These three developments give us the definition of chemistry. It is the science of the composition, structure and properties of substances and how they can be transformed.

¾B Comprehension

Answer the following questions. Use functional phrases of opinion giving, generalizing and summarizing: I think/suppose, I know for sure, in my opinion, as a rule, for the most part, generally speaking, as a matter of course, first of all, to begin with, another thing is, furthermore, moving on to, finally, in conclusion, to sum up.

1.What does chemistry study?

2.How did it begin?

3.What idea did Antoine Lavoisier formulate?

4.Who reached the same conclusions some years earlier?

5.What did John Dalton state?

6.Why did his ideas divide scientists into those who accepted his ideas and those who did not?

7.Who took Dalton’s theory of atomism and arranged the elements by their atomic weight and by their chemical properties?

8.What is chemistry?

Give a title to each paragraph. Read the text again and complete the summary.

Use words from the text.

Chemistry is the science which (1) … all other sciences. Through chemistry, we can study how things are made and what they can do. Alchemists discovered a lot of chemical (2) … before chemistry began properly. There are three main areas of study in modern chemistry. The

9

first is about how (3) … сhange when something happens to them. The second is about how things are made, and looks at the atomic (4) … of elements. The third is to look at the (5) … of elements.

¾ C Translation Work. Explain the grammar of the sentences.

1.Chemistry is said to be the central science, as it connects all other sciences.

2.Alchemists discovered many of the chemical processes while trying to change ordinary metals into gold.

3.The origin of modern chemistry comes from the work of the 18th century French scientist Antoine Lavoisier who formulated the idea of the conservation of mass.

4.Although Lavoisier was the first to publish this idea, the Russian scientist Mikhail Lomonosov had reached the same conclusions some years earlier than Lavoisier.

5.In the 19th century the British scientist John Dalton stated that all matter was made up of atoms and that these could not be broken down into smaller parts.

6.The Russian scientist Dmitri Mendeleev arranged all the known elements by their atomic weight and chemical properties thus creating the Periodic Table.

7.Even while chemists were divided on atomism, it became necessary for someone to make sense of the growing list of elements that were being discovered.

8.Burning changes things and ancient man must have wondered what happened to the wood he burnt.

Before you listen

Discuss these questions with your partner.

o What is the difference between an element and a compound? o What is the difference between a liquid, a solid and a gas?

10