Кондратева А wаы то суццессфул реадинг цомпрехенсион 2011

magazine has long taken the position that the best strategy will probably require calling on every available option: not only solar, wind, nuclear and other sources of power but also cleaner coal and more extensive conservation. Still, if only as an exercise in showing what might be possible, it is sometimes worth contemplating how much a single brace of related technologies can do.

Nothing shows that Neanderthals didn’t have language abilities,” says Johannes Krause of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany. Indeed, the recent finding by Krause and his colleagues that Neanderthals and humans have the same version of the gene FOXP2—the only gene linked to language so far— might be thought of as evidence that they did.

A cave on the southern coast of South Africa contains a bowl’s worth of edible shellfish dating back to about 165,000 years ago. Besides pushing back the earliest known seafood meal by 40,000 years, the discovery also marks the earliest time when people might have engaged in symbolic thought.

Anatomically modern humans probably emerged between 150,000 and 200,000 years ago in eastern Africa. When those humans first developed the potential for symbolic thought, including language, has remained a puzzle.

The greater roadrunner is officially classified as Geococcyx californianus. The lesser roadrunner is Geococcyx velox…

So who do we, and the Looney Tunes folks, have to thank for setting the ground rules that led to all this highfalutin Latinate humor? None other than Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus, who was so in love with naming things that he gave himself a few more: Carl Linnй, Carl von Linnй, Carolus Linnaeus and Caroli Linnaei, the name by which he proposed the standard genus-species system of taxonomic binomial nomenclature still used to keep track of all that life out there.

Ex.5

Fill in the gaps with the collocations given below to make the text meaningful. What is the author’s idea about how science should be looked upon? (Be attentive: the question is not about the problems in this field).

research (3) , total research and development budget, patience with research, represent in research, global base of research, funding for re-

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search, justification for research, capacity for research, financing research, basic research, applied research

Who, Where, When, What and Why? (by Rodney W. Nichols)

A round the world science is both indispensable and vulnerable. Indispensable because the world has goals that can be reached only with deeper understanding. Vulnerable because money is short and __1__ is running short, too.

Consider who and where. About 95% of the worldwide __2__ and development is invested in industrialized countries. In no nation are professional women proportionately __3__ and girls face disincentives in school when they consider careers in science and engineering.

The ‘who’ of science must depend on talent alone. That will give the __4__ the best returns on public and private investments. ‘When’ to invest in science is complicated. If countries already have the capacity for conducting excellent science, the time is now. But if a reasonable__5__ is lacking, it is best to allocate most of the scarce resources in support of elementary and secondary-school training in science and mathematics.

Yet __6__ is not merely a luxury of wealthy nations. Every advancing country must set aside savings to support future increases in productivity, partly by __7__ and development.

‘What’ science to support combines several perspectives. More advanced countries have settled on a formula that invests roughly 15% of their __8__ in __9__ , about 25% in __10__ and the balance in development – that is, technological projects.

So ‘why’ support science? For hundreds of years one justification has been that __11__ fulfills a passionate human quest for knowledge. But these days curiosity is not enough. Skeptical shareholders and overburdened taxpayers emphasize the utilitarian __12__. Most citizens support science and think __13__ leads to practical benefits. The challenge is to integrate the drive for knowledge with the delivery of useful outputs. The times demand a fresh look.

UNIT 4

READING STRATEGIES

In real life we read texts with some particular purpose in mind. Compare the ways you would read a detailed instruction for a new piece

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of equipment and a boring book on a train. You are sure to have to be more attentive when reading an instruction.

That means we always use different reading strategies to process information both effectively and efficiently. Read the descriptions below of three basic strategies for reading.

Skimming

If you skim an article or other piece of writing, you read through quickly to understand the main points without bothering about the details, e.g. Just skimming through the papers, I noticed an article which I thought I might read later.

The best way to get an idea of the main points of a text is usually by: reading the headline/title

reading the first and the last paragraphs

looking for the topic sentences in each paragraph

Scanning

When you scan something, you look at it or through it to find some particular information, e.g. I only scanned the paper for the names of the scientists who are to take part in the discussion.

Depending on the information you are interested in, you can save time by looking for particular features:

names of people, products, places, etc., capital letters, words in a special type (e.g. bold or italics)

dates, ages, prices, quantities, etc., numbers, abbreviations such as AD, $, kg

Reading for detail

When you read part or all of a text for detail, you study it carefully in order to understand it fully and not to miss any information, e.g. when you translate an article for your English class.

Ex.1

Tell which pieces of written language you 1) would read only once, 2) would read more than three times, 3) would skim first and read for more detail later, 4) would read for detail immediately?

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Ex.2

Now work with a partner. Think of other examples of reading where you would a) skim, b) scan and c) read for detail and discuss them with your partner. Use the following expressions in your discussion:

I think I will…; In my opinion… ; I prefer…; I don’t really like…; I find it important (boring, interesting) …; Well, perhaps…; If you ask me…;

Do you really think so?; I am not sure …; You cannot be serious!; Hold on a moment!; Can I brake in for a second…;

If I were you…; What about…; How about…; That’s a good idea!; That doesn’t sound (like) a very good idea (to me); I suggest that we should …

Ex. 3

Skim-read the text quickly.

Was the article mainly intended for: 1) the general public, 2) specialists in particle physics, 3) people in business, 4) students studying for their physics exam?

Do the names “CERN” and “the European Organization for Nuclear Research” refer to different organizations?

Is the text about 1) CERN’s main area of research? 2) CERN’s early history? 3) How this research organization began to be known as CERN?

Scan the text to find the answers:

What language does the word CERN come from?

In what decade did it come into being?

What is CERN’s main area of research?

How can “particle physics” be defined?

Reading for detail: How has the focus of scientists’ attention changed and the area of research in fundamental physics broadened since the 1950s?

The name CERN

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CERN is the European Organization for Nuclear Research. The name is derived from the acronym for the French Conseil Europйen pour la Recherche Nuclйaire, or European Council for Nuclear Research, a provisional body founded in 1952 with the mandate of establishing a worldclass fundamental physics research organization in Europe. At that time, pure physics research concentrated on understanding the inside of the atom, hence the word ‘nuclear’.

When the Organization officially came into being in 1954, the Council was dissolved, and the new organization was given the title European Organization for Nuclear Research, although the name CERN was retained.

Today, our understanding of matter goes much deeper than the nucleus, and CERN’s main area of research is particle physics — the study of the fundamental constituents of matter and the forces acting between them. Because of this, the laboratory operated by CERN is commonly referred to as the European Laboratory for Particle Physics.

Ex. 4

Skim-read the text quickly: Which sentence best summarizes the idea of the article?

Manned missions are too dangerous and should be substituted for unmanned ones whenever possible.

Scientists suggest a non-military application for some military aircraft.

Unmanned aircraft will dramatically improve data collection and atmosphere monitoring of the Earth.

A new and costly project is launched to improve hurricane prediction in the US.

Scan the text. 1) What does Noaa stand for?

2)Pick up the names and the positions of the interviewed scientists.

3)How much money is going to be invested into the

projects?

Reading for detail. What major expectations are connected with these projects and why are scientists so enthusiastic about the use of unmanned aircraft for their purposes.

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Robots to collect dangerous data

Unmanned aircraft are to help scientists with research flights that are too dangerous or difficult for human pilots.

Robot planes have long been used by the military, but they are now being adapted for scientific use.

Noaa researchers (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) say it could revolutionize the way the Earth's systems are monitored.

The agency has announced a $3m (Ј1.5m) investment into the technology.

"A big chunk of the atmosphere remains relatively unobserved. I think unmanned aircraft are a key to that solution and they will become ubiquitous in the coming decade," said Marty Ralph, a research meteorologist at Noaa's Earth System Research Laboratory, Colorado.

Co-worker Sandy MacDonald added: "They are great for the missions we call dirty, dull and dangerous."

The $3m will be invested into projects to use unmanned aircraft for three main purposes: to predict a hurricane's intensity, track how fast Arctic summer ice will melt and whether Pacific storms will flood the west coast of America.

Ex.5

Skim-read the text quickly and pick up the right meaning of the word facility in this particular text:

rooms, equipment, or services that are provided for a particular purpose;

a special part of a piece of equipment or a system which makes it possible to do something;

a place or building used for a particular activity or industry, or for providing a particular type of service;

a natural ability to do something easily and well.

Scan the text. What is the name of a space-based probe?

Reading for detail. Read the text as many times as you need to fill in the table.

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20 Year Science Facility Plan

US defines roadmap for science facilities.

The US Department of Energy’s Office of Science has unveiled its 20 year science facility plan. This is in effect a roadmap for future scientific facilities to support the department’s basic science and research missions. The plan prioritized new, major scientific facilities as well as upgrades to current ones. The 28 facilities listed cover the range of science supported by the Office of Science, including high-energy scientific computation.

The list begins with 12 facilities that are identified as near-term priorities. Priority one is ITER, the international collaboration to build the first fusion experiment capable of producing a self-sustaining fusion reaction. Priority two is an Ultra-Scale Scientific Computing Capability, to be located at multiple sites, which would increase the computing capability available to support open scientific research by a factor

of 100.

Four facilities tied for priority three, including the Joint Dark Energy Mission, a space-based probe being considered in partnership with NASA; the Linac Coherent Light Source to provide laser-like radiation 100 billion times greater in power and brightness than any existing X- ray light source; and the Rare Isotope Accelerator that would be the world’s most powerful research facility dedicated to producing and exploring new rare isotopes not found naturally on Earth. Six others complete the near-term priorities. These include the 12 GeV upgrade for CEBAF at the Thomas Jefferson Laboratory and the BTeV experiment at Fermilab.

A linear collider operating in the TeV energy region heads the list of eight mid-term priorities. These also include a Double Beta Decay Un-

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derground Detector and an upgrade to provide a 10-fold increase in the luminosity of Brookhaven’s RHIC II. The eight far-term priorities include a Super Neutrino Beam, 10 times more intense than those currently available, and eRHIC complex.

UNIT 5

SHARING AND DISCUSSING IDEAS

Text organizers help readers and listeners to follow the organization of the text. They make argumentative writing and speaking easier to understand.

Linking words show the logical relationship between sentences or parts of a sentence

Topics

Typical discussion topics include statements which you are asked to agree or disagree with and invitations to discuss aspects of a subject

(e.g. What are the advantages and disadvantages of…).

Approach

Generally, the important thing is to consider the various aspects of the topic before giving a balanced opinion. Occasionally, you may be asked directly for a personal opinion (e.g. What’s the best way to…); but even here you would need to consider some different views so that you can contrast them with your own.

Structure

Your talk should be clear and logical. At the beginning of it introduce the topic and your argument. Then go on to deal with aspects of the topic. Give supporting evidence if necessary. After that, consider the opposite point of view. In conclusion sum up your argument and give a balanced personal opinion.

Introducing the topic –

Many people believe/ feel that… It is said that…

People’s opinion on…differ widely. Supporting your argument −

One of the main advantages of… is that… In the first place,/Firstly,/To begin with,/

Secondly,/ Thirdly,/ Finally,/ Last, but not least.

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Adding further reasonsboth…and/not only…but also…

In addition,/ What is more,/ Furthermore,… Expressing an opposite point of view −

On the one hand, there are…on the other… Linking sentences − Although…/However,/ In spite of…,/ Despite…

Some people…while/ whereas others… Expressing opinions −

In my opinion/view,/ It seems to me that… I think/ feel that…

Summing up −

In conclusion,/ To sum up,/ On balance,

Relative clauses are introduced by relative pronouns or relative adverbs.

Cause/ Reason −

as/ because/ because of/ since/ due to/ owing to/ for/ so Manner −

as, how, the way in which, in the same way (as), as if, as though Condition −

if, in case, on condition than, providing that, provided that, unless, as/so long as, whether, even if, otherwise, in case of

Purpose –

so that, so as (not) to, in order to, in order that, in case, lest Result –

such/so … that, consequently, for this reason, thus, therefore, so Comparison –

as … as, than, nothing like, twice as … as, less … than Time –

when, whenever, as, while, now (that), before, until, till, after, since Place –

where, wherever Relative –

who, whom, whose, which, what, that

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Ex. 1

Choose the most suitable phrase from the list below to put into each space.

as a result of /in addition to this/ owing to/ consequently / in my view/ since / however/ first of all/ as a result/ in conclusion/ for instance/ as well as this.

1.Many people feel nervous about flying, and worry about the possibility of an accident. ..., according to statistics, flying is actually safer than walking down the street.

2.There are a number of objections to the planned motorway. …, the new road will destroy valuable farming land. …, it will bring thousands of vehicle to our quiet area and flood the countryside with tourists. …, our peaceful way of life will be destroyed for ever.

3.… the increased demand or parking spaces, the company has decided to enlarge the car park behind the main building. …, the exit road on the west side of the car park will be closed to allow building work to begin.

4.…, I would like to thank everyone for all the help they have given

me.

5.Although this building project seems attractive, … it would be a mistake to spend so much money on it.

6.Science has not entirely changed the way we think. …, we still speak of the ‘sunrise’ although we know it is the earth that is moving.

7.The flight was delayed … the high wind.

8.John is a hard worker. …, he is completely reliable.

9.… it is too late to finish the work today, we’ll come back tomor-

row.

Ex.2

Decide which answer best fits each space. Choose the most suitable word or phrase from the list below.

such as/ as/ moreover /wherever/ also/ however/ on the other hand/ disadvantages/ personally/ since / as a result/ consequently/ advantages/ but/ as soon as/ besides this .

Owing a car has several advantages. First of all you can go __1__ you like. You don’t have to spend on public transport and __2__ you feel more independent __3__, you are able to give lifts to friends, or

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