радиохимия книги / 65952273
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ɈȻɓȺə ȽȿɈɏɂɆɂə
ɍɑȿȻɇɈȿ ɉɈɋɈȻɂȿ
ȼɬɨɪɨɟ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟ, ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɟ ɢ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɨɟ
Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ ȼɨɥɨɝɞɚ
«ɂɧɮɪɚ-ɂɧɠɟɧɟɪɢɹ»
2021
ɍȾɄ 550.4(075.8) ȻȻɄ 26.30ɹ73
Ɉ-28
Ɋ ɟ ɰ ɟ ɧ ɡ ɟ ɧ ɬ ɵ :
ɞɨɤɬɨɪ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɨ-ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤ, ɜɟɞɭɳɢɣ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤ ɂȽɆ ɋɈ ɊȺɇ Ɉ. Ɇ. Ɍɭɪɤɢɧɚ;
ɞɨɤɬɨɪ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɨ-ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤ, ɝɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤ ɂȽɏ ɋɈ ɊȺɇ ȼ. ɋ. Ⱥɧɬɢɩɢɧ;
ɞɨɤɬɨɪ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɨ-ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ ɂȽɍ Ⱥ. Ɍ. Ʉɨɪɨɥɶɤɨɜ
Ⱥ ɜ ɬ ɨ ɪ ɵ :
Ⱦ. Ⱥ. əɤɨɜɥɟɜ, Ɍ. Ⱥ. Ɋɚɞɨɦɫɤɚɹ, Ⱥ. Ⱥ. ȼɨɪɨɧɰɨɜ, Ⱥ. Ɇ. Ɏɟɞɨɪɨɜ, Ⱥ. ȿ. Ȼɭɞɹɤ
Ɉ-28 Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɝɟɨɯɢɦɢɹ : ɭɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ / [Ⱦ. Ⱥ. əɤɨɜɥɟɜ ɢ ɞɪ.]. – 2-ɟ ɢɡɞ., ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛ. ɢ ɞɨɩ. – Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ ; ȼɨɥɨɝɞɚ : ɂɧɮɪɚ-ɂɧɠɟɧɟɪɢɹ, 2021. – 304 ɫ. : ɢɥ., ɬɚɛɥ.
ISBN 978-5-9729-0775-5
ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɝɟɨɯɢɦɢɢ ɤɚɤ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ. Ⱦɚɧɨ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɢɡɨɬɨɩɧɨɣ ɝɟɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɝɟɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɢɯ ɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɂɡɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɝɟɨɯɢɦɢɢ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɟɤ Ɂɟɦɥɢ ɢ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ. Ɉɫɜɟɳɟɧɵ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɝɟɨɯɢɦɢɢ ɧɨɨɫɮɟɪɵ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɟɡɚ, ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɝɟɨɯɢɦɢɢ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɚɫɩɢɪɚɧɬɨɜ, ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɝɟɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɝɨ ɤɪɭɝɚ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɟɣ-ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ, ɢɡɭɱɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɝɟɨɯɢɦɢɢ.
ɍȾɄ 550.4(075.8) ȻȻɄ 26.30ɹ73
ISBN 978-5-9729-0775-5 © ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ «ɂɧɮɪɚ-ɂɧɠɟɧɟɪɢɹ», 2021
© Ɉɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɟ. ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ «ɂɧɮɪɚ-ɂɧɠɟɧɟɪɢɹ», 2021
ɉȾɆȻȽɆɀɈɃɀ |
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ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ ...................................................................................................... |
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Ƚɥɚɜɚ 1. ȽȿɈɏɂɆɂə ɄȺɄ ɋȺɆɈɋɌɈəɌȿɅɖɇȺə ɇȺɍɄȺ ................. |
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1.1. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɝɟɨɯɢɦɢɢ .............................. |
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1.2. Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɵ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɝɟɨɯɢɦɢɢ ......................................................... |
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1.3. Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɝɟɨɯɢɦɢɢ ............................................... |
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1.4. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ............................................... |
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1.5. ɉɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɝɟɨɯɢɦɢɢ ................................................... |
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1.6. Ƚɟɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɩɨɢɫɤɨɜ ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɯ |
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ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɵɯ ............................................................................................. |
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Ƚɥɚɜɚ 2. ɈɋɇɈȼɇɕȿ ɏȺɊȺɄɌȿɊɂɋɌɂɄɂ ɗɅȿɆȿɇɌɈȼ |
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ɂ ɂɏ ȽȿɈɏɂɆɂɑȿɋɄȺə ɄɅȺɋɋɂɎɂɄȺɐɂə .................................... |
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2.1. ɋɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɢ ɢɨɧɨɜ, |
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ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ .............................................. |
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2.2. Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ȼ. Ɇ. Ƚɨɥɶɞɲɦɢɞɬɚ ..................................................... |
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2.3. ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɩɟɬɪɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ, ɪɟɞɤɢɟ, ɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɧɵɟ, ɤɨɝɟɪɟɧɬɧɵɟ, |
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ɧɟɤɨɝɟɪɟɧɬɧɵɟ, HSFE, LILE, REE+Y ................................................... |
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Ƚɥɚɜɚ 3. ɂɁɈɆɈɊɎɂɁɆ – ɈɉɊȿȾȿɅəɘɓɂɃ ɎȺɄɌɈɊ |
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ɉɈȼȿȾȿɇɂə ɗɅȿɆȿɇɌɈȼ ....................................................................... |
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3.1. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɬɢɩɵ ɢɡɨɦɨɪɮɢɡɦɚ. ɗɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ |
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ɢɡɨɦɨɪɮɢɡɦɚ ȼ. Ɇ. Ƚɨɥɶɞɲɦɢɞɬɚ ........................................................ |
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3.2. ɂɡɨɦɨɪɮɧɵɟ ɪɹɞɵ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ. ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ |
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ɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɢɡɨɦɨɪɮɢɡɦ .................................................................... |
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Ƚɥɚɜɚ 4. ɆɂȽɊȺɐɂə ɂ ɎɈɊɆɕ ɊȺɋɋȿəɇɂə ɗɅȿɆȿɇɌɈȼ ............. |
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4.1.Ɇɢɝɪɚɰɢɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɢ, ɝɟɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɵ . 48
4.2.Ɏɨɪɦɵ ɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ. Ɂɚɤɨɧ ȼɟɪɧɚɞɫɤɨɝɨ.
Ƚɟɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɧɨɦɚɥɢɢ ...................................................................... |
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4.3. Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ. ɉɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɟ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɟɨɪɟɨɥɵ |
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ɢ ɩɨɬɨɤɢ ɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɢɹ ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɯ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɵɯ .............. |
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4.4. Ƚɟɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɵ. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ |
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ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɜ. ɉɨɢɫɤɨɜɵɟ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ .................................. |
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4.5. Ɋɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɝɟɨɯɢɦɢɹ ɢ ɝɟɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɷɩɨɯɢ ................................. |
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4.6. Ʌɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨ-ɝɟɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ |
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ɩɨɢɫɤɨɜ ɝɟɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ ..................................................... |
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Ƚɥɚɜɚ 5. ɋɈɋɌȺȼ ɉɅȺɇȿɌ, ɆȿɌȿɈɊɂɌɈȼ ɂ ɄɈɋɆɂɑȿɋɄȺə |
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ɊȺɋɉɊɈɋɌɊȺɇȿɇɇɈɋɌɖ ɏɂɆɂɑȿɋɄɂɏ ɗɅȿɆȿɇɌɈȼ ................... |
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5.1. ɉɥɚɧɟɬɵ ɋɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ: ɫɨɫɬɚɜ, ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ .............. |
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5.2. Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɦɟɬɟɨɪɢɬɨɜ .................................................... |
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5.3. Ʉɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɧɭɤɥɟɨɫɢɧɬɟɡ ............. |
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Ƚɥɚɜɚ 6. ɂɁɈɌɈɉɇȺə ȽȿɈɏɂɆɂə ........................................................... |
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6.1. Ɋɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɟɟ ɜɢɞɵ, ɡɚɤɨɧ ɢ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ |
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ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ ......................................................................... |
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6.2. Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɧɭɤɥɢɞɨɜ .............................................................................. |
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6.3. Rb-Sr, K-Ar, 40Ⱥr/39Ⱥr, U-Th-Pb ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ |
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ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ......................................................................... |
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6.4. ɋɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɡɨɬɨɩɵ ɇ, O, 6, & ............................................................ |
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Ƚɥɚɜɚ 7. ȽȿɈɏɂɆɂə ɈȻɈɅɈɑȿɄ ɁȿɆɅɂ ............................................... |
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7.1. əɞɪɨ, ɦɚɧɬɢɹ ɢ ɡɟɦɧɚɹ ɤɨɪɚ ................................................................... |
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7.1.1. ȼɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɟ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ Ɂɟɦɥɢ ........................................................ |
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7.1.2. ɋɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɹɞɪɚ ................................................................ |
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7.1.3. ɋɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɧɬɢɢ ......................................................................... |
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7.1.4. Ɇɢɧɟɪɚɥɨɝɢɹ, ɩɟɬɪɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɦɚɧɬɢɢ .......... |
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7.1.5. Ȼɚɡɚɥɶɬɵ ɤɚɤ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɦɚɧɬɢɢ ........... |
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7.1.6. Ɇɚɧɬɢɣɧɵɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɦɚɝɦ ...................................................... |
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7.1.7. Ⱦɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɰɢɹ, ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɤɨɧɜɟɤɰɢɹ |
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ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɦɚɧɬɢɢ. Ƚɪɚɜɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɚɧɨɦɚɥɢɢ ...................... |
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7.1.8. ɉɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɧɬɢɢ ....................................................................... |
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7.1.9. ɋɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɢ ɡɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɟɦɧɨɣ ɤɨɪɵ .......................... |
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7.1.10. Ƚɪɚɧɢɬɵ: ɫɨɫɬɚɜ, ɩɟɬɪɨɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ, ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ 154 |
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7.2. Ⱥɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɚ ɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɫɮɟɪɚ Ɂɟɦɥɢ ........................................................... |
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7.2.1. ɋɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɵ .............................. |
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7.2.2. Ƚɢɞɪɨɫɮɟɪɚ Ɂɟɦɥɢ ....................................................................... |
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7.2.3. ɋɨɫɬɚɜ ɨɤɟɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɞ. Ƚɚɥɶɦɢɪɨɥɢɡ ................................... |
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7.2.4. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɤɨɜɵɟ ɜɨɞɵ ...................................................................... |
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7.2.5. Ɉ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɵ ɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɫɮɟɪɵ ........................... |
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7.3. Ȼɢɨɫɮɟɪɚ ................................................................................................. |
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7.3.1. Ƚɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɛɢɨɫɮɟɪɵ, ɠɢɜɨɟ ɢ ɤɨɫɧɨɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ. |
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Ɍɢɩɵ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɠɢɜɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ .............................. |
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7.3.2. Ƚɟɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɠɢɜɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ |
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ɛɢɨɝɟɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɰɢɤɥɨɜ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ, ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɚɡɨɬɚ. |
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Ⱦɟɮɢɰɢɬɧɵɟ ɢ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ......................................... |
172 |
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 8. ȽȿɈɏɂɆɂə ȽȿɈɅɈȽɂɑȿɋɄɂɏ ɉɊɈɐȿɋɋɈȼ ...................... |
176 |
8.1. Ɇɚɝɦɚɬɢɡɦ .............................................................................................. |
176 |
8.1.1. Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɦɚɝɦɚɬɢɡɦɟ ɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ |
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ɦɚɝɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ .................................................................. |
176 |
4
8.1.2.Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɢɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɦɚɝɦ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚ ɩɨ ɤɪɟɦɧɟɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ...180
8.1.3.Ɇɚɝɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɟɪɢɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɝɟɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɨɛɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ..................................................................................... |
183 |
8.1.4. ȼɧɭɬɪɢɩɥɢɬɨɜɵɣ ɦɚɝɦɚɬɢɡɦ, ɩɥɸɦɵ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ |
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ɦɚɧɬɢɣɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ............................................................... |
184 |
8.1.5. ɋɭɛɞɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɨɞɭɠɧɵɣ ɦɚɝɦɚɬɢɡɦ |
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ɤɚɤ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɪɵ ................. |
188 |
8.1.6. ɗɜɨɥɸɰɢɹ ɦɚɝɦɚɬɢɡɦɚ ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ: ɤ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɟ |
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ɫɜɹɡɢ ɝɟɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɢɡɨɬɨɩɧɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ |
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ɦɚɝɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɫ ɝɟɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɨɛɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɦɢ ..... |
191 |
8.1.7. ɋɜɹɡɶ ɝɟɨɯɢɦɢɢ ɦɚɝɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɷɧɞɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ |
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ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɝɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɝɟɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ..................................................... |
198 |
8.2. Ɇɟɬɚɦɨɪɮɢɡɦ ɢ ɦɟɬɚɫɨɦɚɬɨɡ ................................................................ |
206 |
8.2.1. Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɦɟɬɚɦɨɪɮɢɡɦɟ ɢ ɦɟɬɚɫɨɦɚɬɨɡɟ .................. |
206 |
8.2.2. Ɏɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɦɟɬɚɦɨɪɮɢɡɦɚ ........................... |
209 |
8.2.3. Ɏɚɰɢɢ ɦɟɬɚɦɨɪɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ................................................. |
212 |
8.2.4. Ɏɨɪɦɵ ɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɦɟɬɚɦɨɪɮɢɡɦɟ .................... |
21 |
8.2.5. Ʉɥɚɫɫɵ ɦɟɬɚɦɨɪɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɢ ɬɢɩɵ ɦɟɬɚɦɨɪɮɢɡɦɚ ........ |
216 |
8.2.6. ɉɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɦɟɬɚɦɨɪɮɢɡɦɟ ................................. |
218 |
8.2.7.ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɟɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɩɪɨɬɨɥɢɬɚ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɦɟɬɚɦɨɪɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ............................................................. |
224 |
8.2.8. Ɇɟɬɚɫɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɡɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ. ɉɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɶ |
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ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɦɟɬɚɫɨɦɚɬɨɡɟ .................................................. |
231 |
8.3. Ɉɫɚɞɤɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ................................................................................ |
240 |
8.3.1. Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɨɫɚɞɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ........................... |
240 |
8.3.2. ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɨɫɚɞɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ....................................... |
245 |
8.3.3. Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɫɟɞɢɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɢɯ |
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ɝɟɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ....................................................... |
251 |
8.3.4. ɍɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɚɹ ɱɟɪɧɨɫɥɚɧɰɟɜɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ................................. |
263 |
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 9. ȽȿɈɏɂɆɂɑȿɋɄȺə ȾȿəɌȿɅɖɇɈɋɌɖ ɑȿɅɈȼȿɑȿɋɌȼȺ ..... |
274 |
9.1. Ɍɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɟɡ ɢ ɧɨɨɫɮɟɪɚ .......................................................................... |
274 |
9.2. Ɍɟɯɧɨɮɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɝɟɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ |
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ɚɧɨɦɚɥɢɢ ................................................................................................. |
276 |
9.3. ɋɜɢɧɟɰ, ɪɬɭɬɶ, ɤɚɞɦɢɣ, ɰɢɧɤ, ɦɟɞɶ: ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɠɢɜɵɟ |
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ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ ........... |
278 |
Ɂɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ .................................................................................................... |
281 |
ȼɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɞɥɹ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ....................................................... |
283 |
Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦɚɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ .......................................................................... |
286 |
ɋɩɢɫɨɤ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ .......................................................... |
288 |
5
ȽȽɀȿɀɈɃɀ
ȼ ɧɚɲɢ ɞɧɢ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɝɟɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɮɨɪɦ ɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɟɨɯɢɦɢɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɢɡɨɬɨɩɧɚɹ ɝɟɨɯɢɦɢɹ, ɝɟɨɯɢɦɢɹ ɦɚɧɬɢɢ, ɝɟɨɯɢɦɢɹ ɥɢɬɨɫɮɟɪɵ, ɝɟɨɯɢɦɢɹ ɦɚɝɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɦɟɬɚɦɨɪɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ, ɝɟɨɯɢɦɢɹ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɷɤɨɝɟɨɯɢɦɢɹ ɢ ɝɟɨɯɢɦɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɟɡɚ.
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɢɡɭɱɚɬɶ Ɂɟɦɥɸ ɤɚɤ ɟɞɢɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ. ɉɨɹɜɢɥɨɫɶ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɚɝɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɝɟɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚɯ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɦɚɧɬɢɢ ɢ ɡɟɦɧɨɣ ɤɨɪɵ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɬɟɤɬɨɧɢɤɢ ɩɥɢɬ ɩɪɨɹɫɧɢɥɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɷɤɫɝɭɦɚɰɢɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɢ ɨɤɟɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɪɵ
ɜɡɨɧɚɯ ɫɭɛɞɭɤɰɢɢ. ɗɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɵ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ
ɢɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɢ ɜɵɹɫɧɢɬɶ, ɤɚɤɨɜɚ ɬɪɟɯɦɟɪɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɦɚɧɬɢɢ ɢ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɦɚɝɦ. ɂɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɹɞɪɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɦɚɧɬɢɟɣ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɜɟɞɭɳɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɫɥɨɹ DƎ ɜ ɦɚɧɬɢɣɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɚɦɨɟ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɧɭɸ ɤɨɪɭ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɟɦɥɢ. Ɇɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɵɟ ɦɨɪɫɤɢɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɞɢɰɢɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɟɣ, ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɤɟɚɧɨɥɨɝɢɟɣ ɢ ɦɨɪɫɤɢɦ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟɦ, ɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɬɟɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɢ ɩɨ-ɧɨɜɨɦɭ ɜɡɝɥɹɧɭɬɶ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɭɞɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɣ.
ɉɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɛɭɪɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɤɨɫɦɨɝɟɨɯɢɦɢɢ, ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɟɨɪɢɬɨɜ, ɩɨɪɨɞ ɩɥɚɧɟɬ ɋɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜ, ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪ ɩɥɚɧɟɬ. ȼ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɛ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚɯ Ɂɟɦɥɢ ɢ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɩɨ ɤɨɫɦɨɝɟɨɯɢɦɢɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ Ɂɟɦɥɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɝɟɨɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɝɟɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ.
Ȼɢɨɝɟɨɯɢɦɢɹ ɜɧɟɫɥɚ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɵɣ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɜ ɧɚɲɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɧɚ Ɂɟɦɥɟ. ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɭɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɦ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɝɟɨɯɢɦɢɢ ɢ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɜɨɡɞɟɣ-
ɫɬɜɢɸ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɟɝɨ ɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ɂɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ ɩɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɟ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɢ ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɥɟɫɨɜ
6
ɫɬɚɥɨ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɣ ɨ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɨɬɟɩɥɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɨɦ ɜɤɥɚɞɟ ɜ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɧɚ Ɂɟɦɥɟ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɵ ɫ ɛɢɨɫɮɟɪɨɣ, ɤɨɪɨɣ ɢ ɨɤɟɚɧɚɦɢ. Ɉɬɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɨɡɨɧɨɜɵɯ ɞɵɪ ɹɜɢɥɨɫɶ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɨɜ ɜ ɮɨɬɨɯɢɦɢɢ, ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɟ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɵ ɢ ɝɟɨɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɢ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɝɟɨɯɢɦɢɹ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɜɟɞɭɳɟɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɧɚɭɤ ɨ Ɂɟɦɥɟ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɬɟɫɧɨɣ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɧɚɭɤɚɦɢ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ – ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɨɝɢɟɣ, ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɝɪɚɮɢɟɣ, ɩɟɬɪɨɥɨɝɢɟɣ, ɥɢɬɨɥɨɝɢɟɣ, ɝɟɨɬɟɤɬɨɧɢɤɨɣ, ɝɢɞɪɨɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɟɣ, ɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɨ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɯ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɵɯ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɭɤ: ɯɢɦɢɟɣ, ɮɢɡɢɤɨɣ, ɚɫɬɪɨɧɨɦɢɟɣ, ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɟɣ, ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɟɣ.
ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɦ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɵ ɩɨɩɵɬɚɥɢɫɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɷɬɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɜɟɞɭɳɢɦɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɚɦɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɥɟɬ, ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɭɱɟɛɧɢɤɚɯ, ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜ-
ɥɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ȼ. ɋ. Ⱥɧɬɢɩɢɧɚ ɢ ȼ. Ⱥ. Ɇɚɤɪɵɝɢɧɨɣ [Ⱥɧɬɢɩɢɧ, Ɇɚɤɪɵɝɢɧɚ, 2008; Ɇɚɤɪɵɝɢɧɚ, 2011], ɞɨɥɝɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɱɢɬɚɜ-
ɲɢɯ ɥɟɤɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɝɟɨɯɢɦɢɢ ɷɧɞɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɧɚ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɟ ɝɟɨɯɢɦɢɢ ɜ ɂɪɤɭɬɫɤɨɦ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɟ, ȼ. Ⱦ. Ʉɨɡɥɨɜɚ [2005], ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɜɲɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ «Ɉɫɧɨɜɵ ɝɟɨɯɢɦɢɢ» ɧɚ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɭɥɶɬɟɬɚɯ ɂɪɤɭɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɢ-
ɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ ɢ ɂɪɤɭɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ, Ɉ. Ɇ. Ɍɭɪɤɢɧɨɣ [Ɍɭɪɤɢɧɚ, 2008, 2014] ɩɨ ɤɭɪɫɭ ɥɟɤɰɢɣ ɩɨ ɝɟɨɯɢɦɢɢ ɧɚ ɤɚ-
ɮɟɞɪɟ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɩɟɬɪɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɜ ɇɨɜɨɫɢɛɢɪɫɤɨɦ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧ-
ɧɨɦ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɟ, ȼ. ȼ. əɪɦɨɥɸɤɚ, ȼ. ɂ. Ʉɨɜɚɥɟɧɤɨ, Ɇ. ɂ. Ʉɭɡɶɦɢɧɚ [əɪɦɨɥɸɤ, Ʉɨɜɚɥɟɧɤɨ, 1991, 2003; əɪɦɨɥɸɤ, Ʉɨɜɚɥɟɧɤɨ, Ʉɭɡɶ-
ɦɢɧ, 2000; Ʉɭɡɶɦɢɧ, əɪɦɨɥɸɤ, 2016] – ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɣ ɩɨ ɝɟɨɯɢɦɢɢ ɢ ɝɟɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɟ ɷɧɞɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ.
ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɭɪɫ ɥɟɤɰɢɣ ɩɨ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɝɟɨɯɢɦɢɢ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɫɩɟɤɬɪ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɝɟɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɬɟɫɧɨɣ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɚɦɢ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɣ ɧɚɭɤɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɣ.
7
ɉɜɴɠɪɫɣɨɺɭɶɠ ɬɩɥɫɛɴɠɨɣɺ, ɣɬɪɩɦɷɢɮɠɧɶɠ ɝ ɞɠɩɰɣɧɣɣ
Ƚɪɭɩɩɵ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ
LILE |
Large Ion Lithophile Ele- |
Ʉɪɭɩɧɨɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɥɢɬɨɮɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧ- |
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ɬɵ K, Rb, Cs, Ba, Sr, Li |
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HFSE |
High Field Strength Elements |
ȼɵɫɨɤɨɡɚɪɹɞɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ Y, Sc, Th, |
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U, Pb, Zr, Hf, Ti, Nb, Ta |
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REE |
Rare Earth Elements |
Ɋɟɞɤɨɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ (ɊɁɗ) La, |
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Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy,Ho, Er, |
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Tm, Yb, Lu |
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LREE |
Light Rare Earth Elements |
Ʌɺɝɤɢɟ ɪɟɞɤɨɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ La, |
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Ce, Pr, Nd |
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MREE |
Medium Rare Earth Elements |
ɋɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɪɟɞɤɨɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ |
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Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy |
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HREE |
Heavy Rare Earth Elements |
Ɍɹɠɺɥɵɟ ɪɟɞɤɨɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ |
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Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu |
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ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɉɥɚɬɢɧɨɜɨɣ Ƚɪɭɩɩɵ |
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PGE |
Platinum Group Elements |
(ɗɉȽ) Os, Ir, Ru (ɢɪɢɞɢɟɜɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ); |
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Rh, Pt, Pd (ɩɚɥɥɚɞɢɟɜɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ) |
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ɉɨɪɨɞɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɝɟɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ |
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MORB |
Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts |
Ȼɚɡɚɥɶɬɵ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɧɨ-ɨɤɟɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ |
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ɯɪɟɛɬɨɜ (ȻɋɈɏ) |
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N-MORB |
Normal Mid-Ocean Ridge |
Ȼɚɡɚɥɶɬɵ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɧɨ-ɨɤɟɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ |
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Basalts |
ɯɪɟɛɬɨɜ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ |
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E-MORB |
Enriched Mid-Ocean Ridge |
Ɉɛɨɝɚɳɺɧɧɵɟ ɛɚɡɚɥɶɬɵ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɧɨ- |
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Basalts |
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ɨɤɟɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɯɪɟɛɬɨɜ |
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OFB |
Ocean Floor Basalts |
Ȼɚɡɚɥɶɬɵ ɨɤɟɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɧɚ |
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OIB |
Ocean Island Basalts |
Ȼɚɡɚɥɶɬɵ ɨɤɟɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɨɜ |
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IAB |
Island-Arc Basalts |
Ɉɫɬɪɨɜɨɞɭɠɧɵɟ ɛɚɡɚɥɶɬɵ |
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IAT |
Island-ArcTholeiites |
Ɉɫɬɪɨɜɨɞɭɠɧɵɟ ɬɨɥɟɢɬɵ |
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VAB |
Volcanic Arc Basalts |
Ȼɚɡɚɥɶɬɵ ɜɭɥɤɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɭɝ |
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OIA |
Ocean Island Andesites |
Ⱥɧɞɟɡɢɬɵ ɨɤɟɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɨɜ |
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OIT |
Ocean Island Tholeiites |
Ɍɨɥɟɢɬɵ ɨɤɟɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɨɜ |
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BABB |
Back-Arc Basin Basalts |
Ȼɚɡɚɥɶɬɵ ɡɚɞɭɝɨɜɵɯ ɛɚɫɫɟɣɧɨɜ |
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WPB |
Within-Plate Basalts |
ȼɧɭɬɪɢɩɥɢɬɧɵɟ ɛɚɡɚɥɶɬɵ |
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WPT |
Within-Plate Tholeiites |
ȼɧɭɬɪɢɩɥɢɬɧɵɟ ɬɨɥɟɢɬɵ |
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LKT |
Low Potassium Tholeiites |
ɇɢɡɤɨ-ɤɚɥɢɟɜɵɟ ɬɨɥɟɢɬɵ |
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CAB |
Calc-Alkaline Basalts |
ɂɡɜɟɫɬɤɨɜɨ-ɳɟɥɨɱɧɵɟ ɛɚɡɚɥɶɬɵ |
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Ƚɪɚɧɢɬɵ S-ɬɢɩɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɟ- |
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S-ɝɪɚɧɢɬɵ |
Sedimentary (ɨɫɚɞɨɱɧɵɟ) |
ɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɟɪɟɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɚɞɨɱɧɨɝɨ |
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ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɩɪɨɲɟɞɲɟɝɨ ɰɢɤɥ ɜɵɜɟɬ- |
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ɪɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ Ɂɟɦɥɢ |
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I-ɝɪɚɧɢɬɵ |
Igneous (ɢɡɜɟɪɠɟɧɧɵɟ) |
ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɝɪɚɧɢɬɨɢɞɨɜ I-ɬɢɩɚ ɹɜ- |
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ɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɚɝɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ (ɢɥɢ ɦɟɬɚɦɚɝ- |
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ɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ) ɩɨɪɨɞɵ |
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Ɇ- |
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Ƚɪɚɧɢɬɵ Ɇ-ɬɢɩɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɩɨ- |
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Mantle (ɦɚɧɬɢɣɧɵɟ) |
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ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɭɛɞɭɰɢ- |
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ɝɪɚɧɢɬɵ |
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ɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɨɤɟɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɪɵ ɢɥɢ ɜɵɲɟ |
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ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɧɬɢɣɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɢɧɚ |
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Anorogenis (ɚɧɨɪɨɝɟɧɧɵɣ) |
Ƚɪɚɧɢɬɵ Ⱥ-ɬɢɩɚ, ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɢɦɟ- |
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ɸɳɢɯ |
ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ |
ɨɪɨɝɟɧɧɭɸ |
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Ⱥ-ɝɪɚɧɢɬɵ |
Anhydrous (ɛɟɡɜɨɞɧɵɣ) |
ɩɪɢɪɨɞɭ ɝɪɚɧɢɬɨɜ S-, I- ɢ Ɇ-ɬɢɩɨɜ, |
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±Alkaline (ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɣ) |
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ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ ɜ ɚɧɨɪɨ- |
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ɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɛɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ |
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ORG |
Ocean-Ridge Granites |
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Ƚɪɚɧɢɬɵ ɨɤɟɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɯɪɟɛɬɨɜ |
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WPG |
Within-Plate Granites |
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ȼɧɭɬɪɢɩɥɢɬɧɵɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɬɵ |
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VAG |
Volcanic Arc Granites |
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Ƚɪɚɧɢɬɵ ɜɭɥɤɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɭɝ |
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syn-COLG |
syn-Collisional Granites |
ɋɢɧɤɨɥɥɢɡɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɬɵ |
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post- |
post-Collisional Granites |
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COLG |
ɉɨɫɬɤɨɥɥɢɡɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɬɵ |
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IAG |
Island-Arc Granites |
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Ƚɪɚɧɢɬɨɢɞɵ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɧɵɯ ɞɭɝ |
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Ɇɚɧɬɢɣɧɵɟ |
ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪɵ |
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Ɉɛɟɞɧɺɧɧɚɹ ɧɟɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɵɦɢ ɷɥɟ- |
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DM |
Depleted Mantle |
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ɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɦɚɧɬɢɹ (ɞɟɩɥɟɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ). |
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ɇɢɡɤɢɟ 206Pb/204Pb, 87Sr/86Sr ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɟ |
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143Nd/144Nd ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ |
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Ɇɚɧɬɢɹ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ 238U/204Pb ɨɬɧɨɲɟ- |
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HIMU |
238 |
U/ |
204 |
ɧɢɟɦ. ȼɵɫɨɤɨɟ 206Pb/204Pb, ɧɢɡɤɨɟ |
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High ȝ mantle (ȝ= |
Pb) |
87Sr/86Sr ɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɟ 143Nd/144Nd |
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ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ |
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Ɉɛɨɝɚɳɺɧɧɚɹ ɧɟɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɵɦɢ ɷɥɟ- |
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EM-I |
Enriched Mantle I |
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ɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɦɚɧɬɢɹ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ. ȼɵɫɨ- |
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ɤɨɟ 206Pb/204Pb, ɢ ɧɢɡɤɢɟ 143Nd/144Nd ɢ |
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87Sr/86Sr ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ |
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Ɉɛɨɝɚɳɺɧɧɚɹ ɧɟɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɵɦɢ ɷɥɟ- |
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EM-II |
Enriched Mantle II |
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ɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɦɚɧɬɢɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ. ɇɢɡɤɨɟ |
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206Pb/204Pb ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ 143Nd/144Nd |
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ɢ87Sr/86Sr ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ |
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CHUR |
CHondritic Uniform |
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Reservoir |
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ɏɨɧɞɪɢɬɨɜɵɣ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪ |
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PM |
Primitive Mantle |
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ɉɪɢɦɢɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɦɚɧɬɢɹ |
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BSE |
Bulk Silicate Earth |
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ȼɚɥɨɜɵɣ |
ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ |
ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɫɢɥɢ- |
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ɤɚɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ Ɂɟɦɥɢ |
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PREMA |
PREvalent MAntle |
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ɉɪɟɜɚɥɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ ɦɚɧɬɢɹ |
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9
ȾɆȻȽȻ 1. ȾɀɉɐɃɇɃɚ ɅȻɅ ɌȻɇɉɌɍɉɚɍɀɆɗɈȻɚ ɈȻɎɅȻ
1.1. ɉɪɫɠɟɠɦɠɨɣɠ ɣ ɣɬɭɩɫɣɺ ɝɩɢɨɣɥɨɩɝɠɨɣɺ ɞɠɩɰɣɧɣɣ
Ƚɟɨɯɢɦɢɹ – ɷɬɨ ɧɚɭɤɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɢɡɭɱɚɟɬ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ, ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɢɯ ɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ, ɮɨɪɦɵ ɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɚ ɢ ɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞɚɯ ɢ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɚɯ. Ƚɟɨɯɢɦɢɹ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɥɚ ɢɡ ɬɟɫɧɨɣ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɢ ɮɢɡɢɤɢ ɢ ɯɢɦɢɢ ɫ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɨɝɢɟɣ, ɩɟɬɪɨɝɪɚɮɢɟɣ ɢ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɟɣ. ɋɜɹɡɶ ɝɟɨɯɢɦɢɢ – ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɨɝɢɢ – ɩɟɬɪɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɟ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɚɬɨɦɚ – ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɚ – ɝɨɪɧɨɣ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ (ɪɢɫ. 1). ɇɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɝɟɨɯɢɦɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ – ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɫ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɦ ɡɚɪɹɞɨɦ ɹɞɟɪ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɝɟɨɯɢɦɢɢ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɭɤɚɯ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɥɢ ɧɚ ɚɬɨɦɚɪɧɵɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ.
ɚ |
ɛ |
ɜ |
ɝ |
Ɋɢɫ. 1. ȿɞɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɚɬɨɦɚ – ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɚ – ɝɨɪɧɨɣ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ:
ɚ ɚɬɨɦ ɤɪɟɦɧɢɹ; ɛ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɪɟɲɺɬɤɚ ɤɜɚɪɰɚ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɚɹ ɢɡ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɤɪɟɦɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ; ɜ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥ ɝɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɭɫɬɚɥɹ (ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɜɚɪɰɚ); ɝ ɩɨɪɨɞɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɬ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɚɹ ɢɡ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɨɜ: ɤɜɚɪɰɚ (ɫɟɪɨɝɨ ɰɜɟɬɚ), ɦɢɤɪɨɤɥɢɧɚ (ɪɨɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɰɜɟɬɚ),
ɩɥɚɝɢɨɤɥɚɡɚ (ɛɟɥɨɝɨ ɰɜɟɬɚ), ɫɥɸɞɵ (ɱɺɪɧɨɝɨ ɰɜɟɬɚ) [https://www.halbleiter.org/en/waferfabrication/silicon/]
ɂɫɬɨɪɢɸ ɝɟɨɯɢɦɢɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ.
Ɋɚɧɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɨɯɜɚɬɢɥ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥ ɨɬ ɋɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɶɹ ɞɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ XIX ɜ. ȼ ɷɩɨɯɭ ɋɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɶɹ ɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɬɟɥ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɥɨ ɫɬɢɯɢɣɧɨ, ɢ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɜɹɡɚ-
10