Encyclopedia of Sociology Vol
.5.pdf
INDEX
definition of, 3070–3071
exclusionary zoning and, 3072, 3073
manufacturing and trade employment, 3073–3074
minorities and, 3074–3075
and no-growth movement, 3072
and satellite developments, 3073–3074
Suction curettage, 2238, 2239
Sudan, 1866, 1941
slavery and forced labor, 2603–2604, 2606
sociodemographic profile, 2938
Sudden infant death syndrome, 1640
Suffrage. See Voting behavior; Voting rights
Sufism, 3286
Suharto, 2130–2131, 2978, 3068
Suicide, 3077–3087
American Indian rates, 135
analysis of prevention center calls, 431
anomic, 165, 3079
assisted suicide, 585, 586–587, 3083–3086
common traits, 3077
concept of, 3077
contagion theory, 3080
depressive disorder and, 650, 656, 3078–3079
Durkheim study, 574, 581, 584, 1575, 1595, 1736, 2024, 3055, 3077, 3079, 3080
Durkheim’s study use of secondary data, 1595, 3080
euthanasia as, 585, 2719, 3083, 3088
gender and, 3078, 3079, 3081
Hindu widow self-immolation, 3255
history of, 3079
mass, 3077
methods, 3078, 3081
national differences in, 3079
physician-assisted, 585, 586–587, 3083, 3084–3086
predictors, 3078–3079, 3081
rational, 3084
self-destructive behaviors vs., 3077
social integration and, 584
sociological studies of, 3079–3081
study suggestions, 3082–3085
U.S. rates of completed, 3080
Suicide, Le (Durkheim), 574, 1024,
1575, 1736
as paradigm, 2024
Suleyman the Magnificent, sultan of Ottoman Empire, 2999
Sullivan, Albert, 582
Sullivan, Harry Stack, 2085,
2088, 2092
Sullivan, Mercer L., 510, 513, 665
Sullivan, William M., 2080, 2484
Sultanistic regime, 2133
Sumer Empire, 2998
Summary statistics, 659–661
Summer learning research, 2933
Summers, Lawrence, 794
Sumner, William Graham, 581,
1400, 2192, 2330, 2882, 2986
Sums of squares
calculation of, 158–159
decomposing, 159–160
Sun Dance, 137
Sundbärg, A. Gustav, 2450
Sundt, Eilert, 2449
Sunni Islam, 3286
Super Bowl, 2985
Superego, 1713
Supernaturalism. See Religious
orientations
Supinski, Jzoef, 2117
Supplemental Security Income (SSI),
1145, 1146, 1286, 2799
Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade, and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery, 2602, 2603
SUPPORT program, 587–588
Suppressor variable, 452
Supreme Court, U.S.
and division of powers, 1953, 1954
function of, 1953
high status of justices, 476
numbers of cases heard, 472
Supreme Court rulings
affirmative action, 50–51
antimiscegenation, 950
capital punishment, 2056
census sampling, 286–287
comparable worth, 372
desegregation, 2494
employment discrimination, 691
eugenics, 949
Internet First Amendment
protections, 2185
obscenity definitions, 2186
peyote use, 137
pornography, 274
public opinion on, 2277
regulation of expression, 268, 270, 271, 272, 274
right-to-die cases, 585, 586, 587, 3083, 3084
school desegregation, 2493
segregation, 145, 2491
sexual harassment, 2580
sociological analysis of, 2960–2961, 2962
Surgical abortion procedure, 2238, 2239, 2240
Survey of Consumer Attitudes and
Behavior, 578
Survey of Income and Program Participation, 1284–1285, 1288, 1722, 2475
Survey research, 3087–3094
analysis, 3090
complex sample designs, 3034
content analysis, 418–421
cross-cultural analysis, 548
data collection methods, 575, 2475
of dating behavior, 3232–3236
distinctive characteristic of, 2468
elicitation/preference reversals in, 598
ethical and other problems, 3093–3094
factors in development of, 3232
measurement of, 1802–1803
mode of administration, 3090–3092
3462
INDEX
nonreactive studies, 2243
online, 408–409
questions and questionnaires, 3088–3090, 3093
sampling procedures, 2444–2449, 3087–3088, 3232
secondary data analysis, 2474–2481
sex research problems, 2550
social psychology, 2769
statistical inference, 3023–3034
survey sequence, 3092–3093
voting behavior, 3203–3238, 3232
See also Public opinion
Survey Research Center (University
of Michigan), 578, 2448, 2474
Economic Behavior Program,
2476
Surveys of Consumer Finances, 578
Survival analysis, 869
Survivalists, 460, 461, 462
Sussman, Marvin, 1389, 1391, 1737
Sustainable development, 1222– 1223, 1225
Sutherland, Edwin H., 1203, 3098
on moral crusade influences on law enactment, 1576
theory of differential association, 507, 533, 666, 667, 1495–1496
on white-collar crime, 3245, 3246–3247, 3248, 3249, 3250, 3251
Suttee (self-immolation), 3255
Suttle, Gerald, 363, 365
Svalastoga, Kaare, 2450, 2781, 2867,
2868, 2869
Svoretz, John, 1790
Swann, W. B., Jr., 2511
Swanson, Guy, 1198
Sweat lodge, 137
Swedberg, Richard, 2921
Sweden, 2449
affinity of religion and family, 936, 940, 941
antidiscrimination legislation, 693
cohabitation as commonplace, 109
divorce rate, 706
family policy, 966–967
health-care system, 374, 375, 377–378, 379
legal system, 471
long-term care and care facilities, 1654, 1655, 1661
marital age model, 620
Political Systems Performance
Data, 2477
postindustrialism, 2201
retirement policy, 2408
same-sex marriage legalization, 111
Social Science Data Archive, 576
social security system spending, 2796, 2800
social surveys, 577
transnational corporations, 3175, 3176
unemployment, 3263
woman suffrage, 703
women in labor force percentage, 3262
See also Swedish sociology
Swedish Data Act of 1973, 2453
Swedish Personal Data Protection
Act of 1998, 2454
Swedish sociology, 2450, 2451, 2452–2454
Sweethearting, 1698
Swerner, Michael, 2495
Swidler, Ann, 2080, 2173, 2484,
2958, 2959
Swiss code, 1550
Switzerland
‘‘clean’’ government reputation, 2130
divorce rate, 706
drug policy, 712
ethnic status incongruence, 3051
family policy, 966
health-care system, 375
multilingualism, 2909
social movement emergence, 2719
Social Science Data Archive, 576
social security system, 2800
transnational corporations, 3175, 3176
SWS. See Sociologists for Women in Society
Sydney S. Spivack Program in
Applied Social Research and
Social Policy, 150
Sykes, Gresham M., 1496,
2052, 2055
Symbiosis, communitarianism and, 357
Symbol systems, religious, 2382– 2383, 3280–3283
Symbolic anthropology, 2891–2892
Symbolic Crusade (Gusfield),
1576–1577
Symbolic estates concept, 1510– 1511, 1512
Symbolic Interaction (journal),
2293, 3096
Symbolic interaction theory,
3095–3102
altruism attribution, 114
basic premise of, 2423, 2767–2768
on biological emotions vs. social sentiments, 2523
central concepts, 3096–3098
commonalities and variations, 3098–3099
conversation analysis, 432
critical theory and, 541
description of, 2221
ethnology and, 852
and feminist theory, 996
fluctuating interest in, 3099–3100
fundamental imagery and framework, 3095–3096
and gender identity, 1001, 1002
on human nature, 1234
identity theory and, 1253, 1254, 1255
and juvenile delinquency, 1495–1497
on marital satisfaction, 1729, 1731
and medical sociology, 1815– 1816
on popular culture, 2173
revitalization of, 3100
and role theory, 2417, 2423–2424, 2856, 3097
on sexual behavior, 2537–2538
social interaction model, 2298
3463
INDEX
social learning theory and, 1716–1717
as social psychology perspective, 2767–2768
and socialization, 2856, 2857
and sociology of sports, 2990
SYMLOG (System for the Multiple Level Observation of Groups), 1976–1978, 1979, 2614
coding sample, 1978
Sympathy, 782
Synanon, 899
Syncretism, African, 64, 65
Syntactical positioning, 2298
Synthetic cohort, 614
Synthetic metatheory, 1852–1853, 2880
Synthetic power theory, 2166
Syphilis, 2585, 2591, 2592
Syria, 1866
fertility decline, 628
Kurdistan nationalism, 1945
pan-Arab nationalism, 1944
sociodemographic profile, 2938
System for the Multiple Level Observation of Groups (SYMLOG), 1976–1978, 1979, 2614
coding sample, 1978
System of Logic, Ratiocinative and
Inductive, A (Mill), 818
System of National Accounts (SNA)
activities, 3162, 3164
System of Sociology (Sorokin), 2979
Systematic-simple random sampling (SSRS), 2446–2447
Systemic power, 2166
Systems theory, 1080, 1229,
3102–3106
and intergroup/ interorganizational relations, 1405
Systems Theory and Operations
Research, 3104–3105
Szacki, Jerzy, 2120
Szalai, Alexander, 3154, 3155,
3156–3157, 3159
Szasz, Andrew, 1103, 1106
Szczepanski, Jan, 2119
Szelenyi, Ivan, 2117
Szmatka, Jacek, 2120–2121, 2122
Sztompka, Piotr, 2119, 2120,
2644, 3121
T
Tabular analysis, 3107–3128 census and, 283
contingency tables, 3036–3037 of data distribution, 658 elaboration and subgroup
analysis, 3112–3114 measures of association,
3118–3126 multiway tables, 3036
odds ratios and log-linear models, 3115–3118
typologies, 3180–3188 Taeuber, Karl E., 2501 Tafarodi, R., 2511, 2513 Tailhook incident (1991), 1880 Taiwan
dependency theory, 642 fertility decline, 627, 2178 labor movement, 1532 occupational status attainment,
2786–2787 Tajfel, Henri, 2243 Takahashi, Akira, 1480 Takata, Yasuma, 1478
Takebe, Tongo, 1423, 1477
Takhtarev, K. M., 2979
Talarico, Suzette, 670
Tallman, Irving, 1790
Tally’s Corner (Liebow), 243
Tamils, 2366, 3288
Tammany Hall (New York
City), 2125
Tamney, Joseph, 2946
Tampere University, 2450, 2451
Tanaka, Kakuei, 2131
Taney, Roger, 62
Tangri, S., 2580–2581
Tannen, Deborah, 2909
Tannenbaum, Franklin, 1496
Tannenbaum, P. G., 335, 336–337
Tanzania, 2040, 2583
Tape recording, 1974
Tappan, Paul, 3247, 3248, 3251
Tarde, Gabriel, 677, 679, 1025,
1423, 1477, 2117
Task activites (of crowds), 555–556, 557, 559
Task Force on Women in the Military (1988), 1880, 1881
Task specialization. See Division of labor
Task-focused leadership, 1566
Tasmania, 1069
TAT (Thematic Apperception
Test), 2077
Tataki, Ronald, 180
Tate, D. C., 76
Tax revolts, 103
Taxation, 3000
and income distribution, 1282–1283
Taxonomy, 3181, 3183
Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997, 1282
Taylor, Charles, 356
Taylor, Edward, 1423
Taylor, Frederick, 697, 1014, 3155
Taylor, Ian, 1578
Taylor, Paul, 1858
Taylor, Shelley, 2190
Tchouprov, Alexandre, 1423
Teachers. See Education; Educational organization; Sociology of education
Teaching Quality Assessment (Great
Britain), 227
Teaching Services Program, 150
Teaching Sociology (journal), 411
Teaching Sociology with Fiction (ASA publication), 1646
Team leadership, 1567
Teapot Dome scandal (1922– 1924), 2127
Technological forecasting, 1038
Technological risk. See Society and technological risks
Technology and society
agricultural innovation, 88–89, 91
computer applications, 406–411
disaster planning and management, 684, 686
and evolution of paid work, 3262
fear of machines and, 2525–2526
3464
INDEX
fragmentation and, 3104
fundamentalist utilization of, 2372
human ecology and, 1210
information systems, 1344, 1345, 1346, 1347
latent effects, 2680
as materialist theory focus, 1785
modernization theory on, 1885
new institutional elites in, 2626
organizational structure and, 2011–2012
postindustrialization and, 2196–2203
postmodernism and, 2200
postmodernism on, 2205–2209
and routinized vs. specialized division of labor, 698–699
rural sociology and, 2430
scientific research and development and, 2460–2461
social change and, 2643, 2645
social forecasting and, 2676–2677
and social movement emergence, 557, 2719
structural lag and, 3061, 3062
and technological risks, 2874–2879
in United States, 141
urban sociology on, 3193
urbanization and, 3196
war and, 3242–3243
and work and occupations, 3262, 3266–3267
See also Industrial sociology; Industrialization; Industrialization in less developed countries; Internet
Tecumseh (Shawnee leader), 136
Teenagers. See Adolescence; Juvenile delinquency, theories of; Juvenile delinquency and juvenile crimes
Teitelbaum, M. S., 425–426
Telecommunications Act of 1996,
1762–1763
Telephone
computer-assisted interviewing system, 410, 1802
conversation analysis, 431
free expression and, 271
survey interviews, 418–419, 578, 1802, 3092, 3232
‘‘Telephone law’’ (legal autonomy issue), 1549
Televangelists, 2371, 2372
Television
aggression cues and, 74, 75
American social effects of, 141, 1762, 1766
as attitude influence, 185
and innovation diffusion, 1763–1764
and regulation of expression issues, 271, 272
Roots miniseries, 67
as socialization agent, 2858
time-spent-viewing survey, 3160
violence portrayed on, 1762– 1763, 2858
Television and Social Behavior (U.S.
Surgeon General report), 1762
Tellia, Bruno, 1468
Temperament, definition of, 2074
Temperance movement, 1577, 1580, 2717
Tempest, The (Shakespeare), 2091
TEMPO (time-by-event-by-member
pattern observation), 1015, 1979
Temporary Assistance for Needy Families program, 1145, 1146, 1288, 1395, 2804
Temporary gatherings, 352
Temporary help (THS) supply firms, 1724
Temporary workers, 1724, 1725, 3268, 3275
Ten Commandments, 943, 3283
Tenbruck, Friedrich, 1075, 1079
Tendances et volontés de la société française (essay collection), 1026
‘‘Tender years doctrine,’’ 702
TenHouten, Warren, 1636
Tension state, from inconsistency, 334–335, 337
Tentori, Tullio, 1467
Terman, Lewis, 999
Terminal patients. See Death and dying
Terminal values, 3214
Territorial belonging, 3128–3137
definition of, 3128–3129 distribution models of, 3133–
3134 localism-cosmopolitanism
continuum, 3132 multiplicity of, 3129–3130, 3133
and social belonging, 2629–2630, 2632, 3129, 3131–3132
subjectivity and, 3130–3134 Territorial boundaries. See National
border relations Terrorism, 3137–3142
counterculture groups, 460 definition of, 3138 escalation of, 2145 genocide as, 1068–1069 international, 3139–3140 in Latin America, 1537 religion and, 2362
Testing Statistical Hypotheses
(Lehmann), 3035
Testosterone, 70
Tetlock, Philip E., 3215
Tetracycline, 677
Teubner, Gunther, 1558–1559, 1560
Texas A&M University, 682
Texas War of Independence
(1835–1836), 1856
Text production computer-assisted, 407–408 content analysis, 418–419
Textanalyst (computer software), 420, 421
Textor, Robert, 2917
TextSmart (software), 419–420
TFR (Total Fertility Rate), 627, 628,
629, 1867
Thailand, 2974, 2975, 2978 AIDS/STD control program,
2592
family size, 978
fertility rate decline, 2178, 2976 labor movement, 1532
legal system, 479
political and governmental corruption, 2131
sex traffic in, 2606, 2607 slavery and slave-like practices,
2606–2607 Thalidomide, 3250
3465
INDEX
Thamm, Robert, 784–785
Thatcher, Margaret, 228, 2039, 2130
Theft, 1576, 3251
See also Burglary; Robbery
Theil, Henri, 2501
Theil’s entropy index, 2501
Their Eyes Were Watching God
(Hurston), 1648
Theistic amalgamations, 3280
Thematic Apperception Test
(TAT), 2077
Theocracy, 1245, 2356, 2357, 2359
Theology. See World religions
Theoretical construct models, 2029
Theoretical knowledge, 2196–2197
Theoretical Studies in Social Organization of the Prison
(Cloward), 2052–2053
Theories of Cognitive Consistency: A
Sourcebook (Abel et al.), 335
Theory construction
causal inference models, 266
definition of theory, 2463
falsification problem, 2464
paradigm vs., 2024
See also Scientific explanation; specific theories
Theory of Committees and Elections, The
(Black), 2920
Theory of demographic transition, 1219
Theory of global economy, 1197
Theory of Justice, A (Rawls), 2698
Theory Of Moral Sentiments
(Smith), 782
Theory of Political Coalitions, The
(Riker), 2920
Theory of Psychical Units
(Abramowski), 2118
Theory of Religion, A (Stark and
Bainbridge), 2375
Theory of Social Becoming
(Sztompka), 2121
Theory of the Leisure Class
(Veblen), 2986
Theosophical Society, 3287
Theosophy, 2366
Therapeutic community (TC) movement, 2087
Therapeutic control, 518
Theravada Buddhism, 3282
Therborn, Göran, 2452
There Ain’t No Black in the Union
Jack (Solomos, Findlay, Jones, and
Gilroy), 226
Thesaurus of Sociological Index Terms,
1609, 1611–1612
Thibaut, John, 2419, 2670
Third party. See Triads
Third Way, The: The Renewal of Social
Democracy (Giddens), 228
Third World. See Developing
countries
Third World debt, 2433
Third World feminism, 1708
Thirteenth Amendment, 2601
Thirty Years’ War, 1933, 2356,
2362, 2363
Thoits, Peggy, 782, 787
Thoma, Stephen J., 1901–1902
Thomas, A., 2088, 2090
Thomas, Clarence, 2581
Thomas, George M., 427–428
Thomas, K. W., 1569
Thomas, Mary Margaret, 1502
Thomas, Melvin E., 2300, 2307
Thomas, William I., 2332,
2498, 3098
life histories and narratives, 1616, 1618, 1633, 1634, 2118, 2220, 2221, 2222
on perception and reality, 2676, 2697
Thompson, E. P., 226, 1198, 1707,
1756, 2169
Thompson, Hunter, 1579
Thompson, Paul, 2662
Thompson, Sandra A., 439
Thörnberg, E. H., 2451
Thorndike, Edwin, 1
Thornton, Sarah, 245
Thought reform, 892–900
Thoughtful vs. thoughtless aggression, 69
Thrasymachus, 2337
Three Mile Island nuclear power plant accident, 789, 805, 2875, 3249–3250, 3253
Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism,
The (Esping-Andersen), 377
Thrill seeking, 664
Thrupp, Sylvia, 1197
Thucydides, 3241
Thurow, Lester, 2966
Thurstone, L. I., 905, 914, 3035
Tianenmen Square protest (1989; China), 2268, 2718, 2721– 2722, 3067
Tice, D. M., 2515
Tidskrift for Samfunnsforskning
(Norwegian journal), 2451
Tilburg University, 1649
Till, Emmett, 2493–2494
Tilly, Charles, 385, 555, 606, 1707,
1942, 2270, 2271, 2819
on durable inequality, 2692
and historical sociology, 2918, 2919
and social structure analysis, 2823, 2827
Tilly, Louise, 385, 1708–1709
Tilly, Richard, 385
Time and motion studies, 697
Time budgeting. See Time use research
Time Budgets and Human Behavior
(Sorokin and Berger), 3155–3156
Time, interaction, and performance (TIP), 1015, 1979
Time of measurement effects. See Period effects
Time series analysis, 3142–3153
classical, 3143–3151
comparative historical, 385
forecasting and, 2679, 2680
longitudinal research, 1691–1692
multiple time series design, 2318–2319, 3152
pooled, 2680
regression, 2679
of social indicators, 2681–2688
Time Series Analysis (Box and
Jenkins), 3036
Time series design, 2315–2316
Time use research, 3153–3165
contributions of, 3159–3160
daily time use (table of), 3160
leisure and work, 1582, 1584, 3262–3263
methodology, 3157–3159
3466
INDEX
for social policy, 3163–3165
tradition of, 3154–3155
Time Warner, 1768
Ting, Kwok-Fai, 3198
Tingstrom, Daniel, 197
TIP (time, interaction, and performance), 1015, 1979
Tipton, Steven M., 2080, 2484
Tiryakian, Edward A., 1886
Title VII, Civil Rights Act of 1964, 372, 2591, 2706, 3264
sexual harrassment, 2580
Tittle, Charles R., 535, 668, 1491
Tiv (people), 3079
TM (Transcendental Meditation),
1015, 3287
TNCs. See Transnational
corporations
Tobacco Movement (1890–1892;
Iran), 1871
Tobacco use. See Smoking
Tobit model, 2439–2440
Toby, Jackson, 1491
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 229, 383, 1028, 2125, 2521
on decay of religious faith, 2966
democracy study, 601, 606, 1515, 1704, 2966, 3227
and historical sociology, 1196, 1197
and individualism as concept, 1301
on intelligence as social equalizer, 1385
on voluntary associations, 3227
Toda, Teizo, 1478
Todorsky, A. I., 2979
Toennies, Ferdinand. See Tönnies,
Ferdinand
Tofranil, 654
Togo, 2606
Tokar, Brian, 1230
Tolbert, Charles W., II, 2481
Tolerance
and democracy, 606
for illegitimacy, 1259, 1260
for intermarriage, 1412
of nonconformist views, 317
political correctness and, 2140
of variety of social behaviors, 358
Tolnay, Stewart, 626
Tomaka, J., 2512
Tominaga, Ken’ichi, 1480
Toniolo, Ginseppe, 1464
Tönnies, Ferdinand, 225, 356, 1423
on community, 2520
Gemeinschaft definition, 2630, 3129, 3134
on Gemeinschaft-Gesellschaft shift, 355, 1074, 1502, 1506, 1772, 2426, 2483, 3130, 3135, 3182
and German sociology, 1074, 1075
as Japanese sociology early influence, 1477, 1478
on public opinion, 2273
Torrance, John, 224
Tosi, Michelina, 328
Total Fertility Rate, 627, 628,
629, 1867
Total institution concept, 1673
Total Quality Management (TQM),
605, 1665
Total War (Nazi concept), 1067
Totalitarianism, 1212, 1238
and French School of
Sociology, 1025
labor movement subordination under, 1529
personality type and, 317
responsive communitarianism vs., 357
studies of social sources of, 1310–1311
Tour de France, 2985
Touraine, Alain, 1533, 2205
Tourangeau, Roger, 3091
Tourism, 3165–3174
active vs. passive, 3166
classic definition of, 3166
fashions and trends in, 3168–3169
impact of, 3171–3172
leisure and, 1589
motivations for, 3169–3171
‘‘Tourist gaze,’’ 3166–3167, 3173
Toward a Social Report (Olson,
1969), 2682
Toward an Aesthetic of Reception
(Jauss), 1648
‘‘Toward the Proletarianization of Physicians’’ (McKinley and Arch), 1815
Townsend movement, 2402, 2798, 3065
Toxic threats, 2875
Toyama, Masakazu, 1477
Toynbee, Arnold J., 877, 2644
TQM (Total Quality Management),
605, 1665
Trade unions. See Labor movements and unions
Tradition, 3216
communitarianism and, 355
Traditional authority, 229
Tragedy of the commons, 595–596, 1220, 1223, 1229
Trait theory. See Race; Personality theories
Traité de sociologie générale
(Gurvitch), 1026
Transaction cost analysis, 2340
Transactional leadership, 1566
Transatlantic slave trade. See African slave trade
Trans-border cities, 311
Transcendental Meditation, 1015,
3287
Transformation of Corporate Control,
The (Fligstein), 738
Transformational Grammar
(Chomsky), 438
Transformational leadership behavior, 1566, 1570
Transitions. See Life course, transitions in; Life cycle
Transnational corporations,
3174–3180
agribusiness, 2433
and cities, 309–310
corporate organization, 443–444
division of labor in, 697
globalization/unemployment relationship, 3263
health care industry, 1827
imperialism and, 1264
materialist theory and, 1784
regulation of, 3179–3180
structural-functionalist case study of, 244
3467
INDEX
world leaders (table of), 3176 Transparency International, 2137 Transvestism and transsexuality,
2554, 2572–2573 Traoré, Moussa, 2133 Trappist monks, 3289 Travel. See Tourism Treadway, Roy, 625, 626 Treas, J., 1998
Treasury Department, U.S., 714
Treatise on the Family (Becker), 2920 Treaty of Rome (1957), 1550, 1934 Treaty of Utrecht (1713), 1933 Treaty of Versailles (1919), 1945 Treece, Davide, 1927
Treiman, Donald J., 370, 425 International Prestige Scale,
1997, 1999 Trevelyan, Lord, 2130 Treves, Renato, 1470 Triad societies, 512 Triadic dilemma, 464–465 Triads
balance theory, 335–336 coalitions within, 329, 331–
332, 465
conformity tendency, 403 as court system model,
465–468, 474, 479 group size and, 1117 strain toward symmetry
model, 336
Trials. See Court systems and law; Criminal justice system
Triandis, Harry C., 3218, 3222,
3223–3224
Tribal systems, 2809, 3180
See also Indigenous peoples Tribute collection, 3000 Trichomoniasis, 2583 Tricyclic drugs, 654
Trinidad, 2600
Triplett, N., 2615
Trivers, R. L., 2883, 2884, 2885
Troeltsch, Ernst, 2366, 2378
Tropp, Asher, 225
Trotter, William Monroe, 66
Trow, Martin, 606, 1533
Troyer, Ronald J., 2763
Trubetskoi, Nikolai, 1032 ‘‘Trucking game’’ study, 2620 Trujillo, Rafael, 2134
Truly Disadvantaged, The
(Wilson), 3198
Truman, David R., 2624
Truman, Harry, 2126, 2127, 2274 Truncated sample, 2437
Trussell, James, 620, 634
Trust
efficacy and, 101–102, 103 personal dependency and, 2062 as social capital, 2640, 2734
as social order support, 2524–2525
in social organization, 2744–2745 Truth, 1249, 1250, 2957
Tshandu, Zwelakhe, 644
Tuchman, Gaye, 1648, 2172
Tufte, Edward R., 3008, 3011
Tukey, John W., 3006
Tulane University, 324
early clinical sociology course, 324
Tullio-Altan, Carlo, 1472
Tullock, Gordon, 2920
Tuma, Nancy Brandon, 1693, 1694,
2668, 3037
Tunisia, 1865, 1866, 1867
political corruption, 2132
sociodemographic profile, 2938 Tupes, E., 2085
Ture, Kwame (Stokely
Carmichael), 53
Turkey, 1865, 1866
Armenian genocide by, 1070, 1384
and Cyprus conflict, 1945 drug crop control program,
713–714
fertility decline, 628, 1867 gender gap in education, 1867 health-care system, 375 historical-sociological analyses,
1869, 1870, 1871–1872, 1873 Kurdistan nationalism, 1945 layered legal system, 1550 nationalist movement, 3001
as Ottoman Empire, 2998, 2999 political corruption, 2132 rebellions, 3000
revolution (1919), 2411 secularization, 2485 sociodemographic profile, 2938 women in labor force
percentage, 3262 World War I, 2362
Turks (ethnic), 692
Turku University, 2451, 2452
Turner, Frederick Jackson, 1933,
2918, 3232
Turner, Jay, 656
Turner, Jonathan, 416, 1237
Turner, L., 3167
Turner, Ralph, 351, 352, 460, 2069 on crowd behavior, 553, 554,
558, 559, 560 role theory, 2417
Turner, Victor, 2891, 3281–3282
Tuss, Paul, 194
Tutsi, 254
Tuval-Mashiach, Rivka, 1636
Tversky, A., 591–592, 595, 598
Twain, Mark, 277
Tweed, William (‘‘Boss’’), 2125
Twelve Country Project, 3156–3157
Twelve Tables of Rome, 464, 1513
Twelve-Step Programs, 714
‘‘Two Field Theories’’ (Gold), 1013
Two Sacred Worlds: Experience and Structure in the World’s Religions
(Shinn), 3279
Two-party political systems, 2164 Two-person games, 329 Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1935, 175 Tylor, Edward Burnett, 563, 565,
1271, 2888, 2889 cultural diffusion theory,
675, 679 Typologies, 3180–3189
constructed type, 3181
and continuous data, 3185–3186 empirical derivation, 3183–3185 ideal type, 3181
merits, 3185
polar types, 3182–3183 reduction, 3182–3183
3468
INDEX
substruction, 3182
U
U.S. Chamber of Commerce, 2162
U.S. departments and agencies. See key word
U.S. Government Document
Depositories, 2477
U.S. Health, 1822
U.S. National Academy of Sciences.
See National Academy of Sciences
U.S. National Surveys, 577
U.S. Surgeon General report, 1762
UCR. See Uniform Crime Reports
Udy, Stanley, 232
Uganda, 2133
AIDS/HIV epidemic, 2591, 2592
poverty in, 2216
and Rwandan genocide, 68, 1069
slavery and forced labor in, 2603, 2606
Uighurs, 3001
Ukraine, 2137, 2362, 2982
Ulmer, Jeffrey, 2221–2222
Ulrich’s International Periodicals
Directory, 1606
‘‘Ultimate’’ bargaining game, 597
Ultimate judgement, 597
‘‘Ultimatum game,’’ 597
Unconscious, 1713, 1714
Uncover Reveal (journal articlealerting service), 1611
Underclass. See Urban underclass
Underdeveloped countries. See Dependency theory; Developing countries; Industrialization in less developed countries;
Underemployment. See Marginal
employment
Underground economy, 1339
Underidentified model, 1916
Understanding Prediction: Essays in
Methodology of Social and
Behavioral Sciences (Nowak), 2120
Unemployment
global rates, 3263
layoffs and displacement, 3265
programs, 2795, 2798
rate in rural areas, 2430
rate measurement, 1521, 1720
urban underclass and, 3198
UNESCO. See United Nations
Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organization
Ungaro, Daniele, 1473
UNICEF, 2607
Unification Church, 900, 2379
affinity of religion and family in, 936
as new religious movement, 2366, 3287
Uniform Code of Military
Justice, 1881
Uniform Commercial Code,
475, 476
Uniform Crime Reporting Handbook
(FBI), 493
Uniform Crime Reports (UCR),
491–500, 530
arrests by race, 1490
Census Bureau survey as supplement, 1489
and family violence, 982
general definitions of offenses, 492
and juvenile crime, 1486– 1487, 1489
and sex crimes, 2557
Uniform distribution, shape of, 661
Unikel, Luis, 1859
Unilineal kinship systems, 1502– 1503, 1507
Union Carbide, 2877
Unions. See Labor movements and unions; Industrial sociology
United Arab Emirates, 1865,
1866, 1867
sociodemographic profile, 2938
United Arab Republic, 1947
United Furniture Workers, 1533
United HealthCare, 1822
United Kingdom
African colonization, 60, 61
colonial racial conflicts, 321
common law system, 465, 474–475, 477–478, 480, 1545
communitarianism, 361, 362
conditions conducive to democracy, 605–606
crime rate surveys, 498–499
divorce reform laws, 703
drug policy, 712, 713
education and status attainment, 3045
Elizabethan Poor Laws,
2840–2841
ethnic immigrants, 636
ethnic status incongruence, 3051
fertility transitions, 2178
first modern police force, 2110–2112, 2113
foreign-controlled pharmaceutical companies, 1827
governmental division of power, 1953
health-care system, 374, 375, 376, 378–379, 380, 1827
juvenile violence, 1487
kinship systems and family type, 1504
labor movement, 1529, 1533
long-term care and care facilities, 1652, 1653, 1655, 1659, 1661
organizational demographics, 395
political party system, 2154, 2164
political scandals, 2130
postcolonial India and, 641
racial discrimination, 692, 693
and rebellion, 3000
retirement patterns, 2407
slave trade suppression by, 2600, 2602, 2607
social anthropology, 2890, 2893
Social Science Data Archive,
575, 576, 580
social security system, 2796, 2797
social surveys, 577
solicitor-barrister distinction, 478
Southeast Asian influences by, 2975
time use research, 3164
tourism in, 3169
transnational corporations, 3175, 3176
unemployment, 3263
utopian literature, 3203–3204
woman suffrage, 703
World War II, 2362
3469
INDEX
United Methodist Church, 2376
United National Development
Programme, 3162
United Nations, 240
beneficiaries of human development programs, 646
and census, 282
Conference on Adult
Education, 23
creation of, 1427
Crime and Justice Network, 499
Development Program, 2215
Economic Commission for Latin America, 639–640, 1537
genocide definition, 1066, 1071–1072
Human Development Report, 2917
and human rights abuses, 1944, 1948
Human Rights Commission, 2607
human rights declaration, 1240–1242
See also Universal Declaration of Human Rights
International Labour Office,
1531, 2795, 2800
and international law, 1429
and international terrorism, 3139–3140
life expectancy ranking by, 1631
natural disaster research, 686
New World Information and
Communication Order, 1767
peacekeeping activities, 1429, 2046, 2048
population policy, 635
population projections, 2181, 2182
and poverty in low-income countries, 2215–2216
research funding in China, 302
slavery and involuntary servitude convention, 2602, 2603, 2607
social statistics reports, 2916–2917
and state sovereignties, 3003
time use research, 3162
transnational corporation regulation, 3179
and urban agglomeration, 310
as war prevention force, 3243
World Conference on Women, 932, 1768
United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 23, 280, 426, 1038, 1767, 1768
Main Trends in the Social and
Human Sciences, 2917
time use research, 3156
United Nations University, 1039
United States. See American
families; American society
United States departments and agencies. See key word, e.g., Justice Department, U.S.
Univac I (computer), 406
Universal Communitarian
Association, 355
Universal cultural order (Znaniecki theoretical system), 2118
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1949), 742, 1240–1242, 1245, 1319
Universal health care, 377
Universal pragmatics (Habermas concept), 543
Universalism, 1301, 3216
Universities. See Higher education; names of specific institutions
Universities: American, English,
German (Flexner), 325
University of California, as
multiuniversity, 1180
University of California, Berkeley
Asian-American research, 179, 180–181
Free Speech Movement,
3069–3070
interactive database access, 409
student protest theory, 351–352
University of California, Los
Angeles, Asian-American Studies
Center, 179
University of Chicago
Asian-American studies, 176, 177, 178
Department of Sociology. See
Chicago School
deviance theories, 664–665
ethnographic tradition, 243–244
first clinical sociology course, 324, 325
and Japanese sociology, 1477, 1478
leisure study, 1582
National Opinion Research
Center, 167, 577, 1479, 2300
peacetime disaster research, 681
social change studies, 2682
and symbolic interactionism, 2856
voting behavior analysis, 3232
University of Chicago Press,
176, 2372
University of Cologne
Cologne School, 1077, 1078
Zentralarchiv fur Empirische Sozialforschung, 575, 576, 579, 580, 2477
University of Colorado, 682
University of Connecticut, Roper
Center for Public Opinion
Research, 2477
University of Copenhagen, 2450
University of Delaware, 681
University of Essex, 227
Economic and Social Research Council Data Archive,
576, 580
Summer School in Social Science
Data Analysis and
Collection, 421
University of Illinois, 1979
Survey Research Laboratory,
2445
University of Kharkiv, 2982
University of Kiev, 2982
University of Koln. See University
of Cologne
University of Lancaster, 227
University of Leeds, 226, 2039
University of London. See London
School of Economics
University of Lviv, 2982
University of Michigan
Center for Political Studies, 101
hate speech code, 276
Institute for Social Research, 578, 2299, 2300
interactive database access, 409
3470
INDEX
Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR), 409, 575, 576, 577–578, 579, 1606, 2474–2475, 2476, 2477, 2481
leader behavior study, 1565
Survey Research Center, 578,
2448, 2474, 2476
voting behavior research, 3233, 3234–3236, 3237
University of Minnesota
‘‘Death Education’’ program, 581, 582, 585
interactive database access, 409
Southeast Asian Refugee Studies
Project, 182
University of North Carolina,
Chapel Hill
Louis Harris Data Center, 2477
Social Science Data Archive, 576
University of Odessa, 2982
University of Oklahoma, 681
University of Texas, 681
University of Tokyo, 1477, 1478
University of Washington, Asian-
American studies, 179
University of West Virginia, 1617
University of Wisconsin, Madison,
Social Science Data Archive, 576
University of Maryland, 1876
Unresponsive Bystander, The: Why
Doesn’t He Help? (Latané and
Darley), 115
Unruh, Jesse, 2397
Unscheduled Events (newsletter), 682
Unsuru’l-Ma’ali, 1564
Unto Others (Sober and Wilson), 118
Untouchables, 250
Unwed childbearing, 125, 128, 484, 488, 634, 1258–1264, 1506, 1626, 1744, 2033
Upper class. See Social and political elite; Social class; Status attainment
Upper quartile, definition of, 659
Uppsala University, 2452
Uprisings. See Protest movements; Revolutions
Upward mobility, 2714, 2868, 3043–3044
See also Status attainment
Urban II, Pope, 2967
Urban agglomeration, 310
Urban ecology, 843, 2922, 3071
Urban political economy, 1214
Urban riots, 555–556, 557, 558, 2269, 2270, 2495, 2661
Urban sociology, 3191–3198
community breakdowns and, 664
community studies, 363, 365
and crisis of new urban theory, 1215–1216
deviance theories, 664–665
drug abuse prevention programs and, 714–717
economics and economic geography influences on, 2922
ethnic succession and, 532–533
fertility transition and, 625
gang behavior and, 663, 665
human ecology and, 843, 1215–1216, 2922
and industrial sociology research, 1309
and Italian sociology, 1468
kinship systems and, 1502
macro-level deviance theories and, 663, 671
Mexican studies, 1860–1861
political economy and, 1214– 1215
and population distribution, 633
and population redistribution, 2179–2180
and social networks, 2728
and social reform, 365
See also Cities; Rural sociology; Urban underclass; Urbanization
Urban underclass, 3198–3201
alternate causal views of, 3198
case studies of, 243
and centrifugal kinship system, 1512
class and race issues, 319
crack violations, 713
and criminal and delinquent subculture theory, 513, 1494
culture-of-poverty concept vs., 2212
definition of, 2212, 2497–2498
deviant behavior theories, 663–665, 669–670, 671, 1494
divergent language varieties and, 2901
and ethnicity, 845
failure of integration and, 2496–2498
family structure, 122
and global economy effects, 311
measurement approaches, 3198–3200
and organized crime, 2019
and poverty theory, 2212–2213
underemployment and, 1721
and violent crime, 1490
‘‘Urbanism as a Way of Life’’ (Wirth), 367, 1772
Urbanization
cities and, 306, 309
and community of limited liability thesis, 367–368
comparative features of major world regions, 3194
and convergence theory, 3197
and crime rates, 532
and deurbanization, 3195
and deviance theories, 2658–2659
divergent patterns of, 1211
ecology and, 1209
and education and development, 744, 749
and environmental sociology, 805–806
and expansion in interrelationships, 3193
and fertility determinants, 1009
and globalization, 306, 309, 311
homelessness and, 1203
industrialization and, 1318–1319
kinship systems and, 1502, 1503
mental illness incidence and, 1840, 1841
in Mexico, 1857, 1859–1860
in Middle Eastern countries, 1866
and modernization theory, 1885
and population growth, 2179
population of world’s largest metropolises, 3195
rural societies contrasted with, 3192
3471