Encyclopedia of Sociology Vol

sociology of law on, 1576 technological advances and, 3196 and urban sociology, 3191–3197

See also Cities; Urban underclass Urine testing. See Drug testing Urry, J., 3166, 3168, 3169

Uruguay

clinical sociology, 328 demographic characteristics,

1535, 1536

gross national product, 1535 political, economic, and social

conditions, 1536, 1537, 1540 Useem, Bert, 352

Useem, John, 2901

Useem, Michael, 443, 736, 2162

UseNet, 1442–1443

UseNet Newsgroups, 414

USSR. See Soviet and post-Soviet sociology; Soviet Union

USSR Academy of Sciences

(Moscow), 2980

Utilitarianism

and criminal sanctions, 515, 516 and ethics in social research,

839–840

and money, 1892

and nineteenth-century liberalism, 1599–1600

pleasure-pain principle, 2087 and social exchange theory, 2670

Utility theory. See Decision-making theory and research; Rational choice theory

Utopia (More), 3201–3202 Utopian analysis and design,

3201–3206

communitarianism, 355, 460–461 community failures, 2849 counterculture, 460–461, 462 Mannheim’s theory of, 2955–

2956

nostalgia and, 2847 prediction and, 2224–2225 social forecasting and, 2677

socialist, 2847, 2849, 3202–3203 Uusitalo, Hannu, 2451

Uzbekistan, 2982

sociodemographic profile, 2938

V

Vacancy chain models, 2691 Vaccines, 622, 878, 2177 Vaillant, Caroline O., 1729 Vaillant, George E., 1729 Vaishya (Hindu trader), 250 Vajpayee, Atal Bihari, 2132 Valachi, Joseph, 2018 Valanides, Nicolas, 1901 Valente, Thomas, 676 Validity, 3207–3212

concurrent, 3208 convergent, 3210 definition of, 3207

differential prediction, 3211 generalization, 3210–3211

of hermeneutic explanations, 2472

important points about, 3207 in life narrative, 2292

in moral judgment measurement, 1898

and multiple indicator models, 1908, 1909–1910, 1917, 1921–1922

in narrative history, 2292

in personality measurement, 2080 predictive, 3208

proportional reduction in error and, 1810–1811

qualitative data criteria, 2288–2289

quasi-experimental research designs, 2312–2315, 2317, 2323–2327

reliability vs., 1909, 2080 replication and, 2395–2397 in social comparison process,

2641

time use research, 3159 types of, 3207–3210

See also Construct validity Valkonen, Tapani, 2453 Value-added theory, 352

Value-free analysis. See Epistemology; Positivism; Scientific explanation

Values theory and research,

3212–3227

and collective behavior, 352, 353, 3213, 3218–3219, 3222

conceptualization of values, 3213

and evaluation research, 867–888

individualism and collectivism, 3218–3219

Inglehart’s postmodern thesis, 3222–3223

ordered priorities of values, 3213

rational choice theory and, 2336, 2338

Rokeach Value Survey, 3214–

3216

Schwartz Scale of Values,

3216–3217, 3218, 3219

See also Social values and norms

Van den Berg, Axel, 2220

Van den Berghe, Pierre, 841, 842, 1412, 2883

Van der Ploeg, Jan Douwe, 2432–2433

Van Lange, Paul A. M., 3221

Van Maanen, John, 247–248

Van Rees, Cees, 1649

Vander Mey, Brenda, 1276

Vanni, Icilio, 1464

Varela, Francisco J., 1557, 2088

Variables

bivariate relationship measures, 660

categorical and limited dependent, 3037–3038

definition of, 2249

in effective persuasion, 2094–2097

frequency distribution table, 658

graphic representation, 3015

hierarchical linear multilevel, 1173

less than normally distributed, 1796–1800

and level of analysis, 1591–1592

measures of association and, 1804–1812, 1966

models with excluded, 2251–2252

multiple indicators, 1907–1923

in narrative reviewing, 1845

precise specification of, 1803

reliability of measurement, 2343–2355

scatter plot shape and direction, 661

and secondary data analysis, 2478

time series regressions, 2679

time-varying indepedent, 1691

validity generalization, 3210–3211

See also Analysis of variance and covariance

Variance (statistical)

definition of, 158, 659–660

See also Analysis of variance and covariance

Varieties of Police Behavior (Wilson),

2108, 2114

Vasudev, Ivotsna, 1901, 1902

Vatican II. See Second Vatican

Council

Vatican Bank, 3250

Vaughan, Diane, 2878, 3250

Vaughn, John C., 2792

Vaupel, J., 1629

V-chip (electronic device), 1762– 1763, 2185–2186

VCRs (videocassette recorders), 2185

VDL model, 1567

Veblen, Thorstein, 724, 735, 1423,

1576, 2209, 2520, 2986, 3054

conspicuous consumption concept, 3168

Veditz, C. W. A., 1422

Veiling of women (Islamic), 2949–2950

Vemer, Elizabeth, 2390

Vendee, The (Tilly), 2918

Venezuela

economic liberalization, 1539, 1541

fertility decline, 627

political corruption, 2134, 2135

Ventura, Jessie, 3068

Verba, Sidney, 2282, 3235

Verbal ability, sex differences study, 2531

Verbal behavior. See Conversation analysis

Verkko, Veli, 2450

Veroff, J., 2303

Verret, M., 1026

Vertical-dyad linkage (VDL) model, 1567

Veterans Administration, 374–

375, 582

Veterans Health Administration, 588

Viagra, 2555

Victimization surveys, 491–490, 530, 535, 549

and feminist theory, 989 Victimless crimes, 1576, 1577–1578 Victorian era, 2125

children’s status, 2036 women’s status, 1697

Videocassette recorders (VCRs), 2185

Vienna Centre, 3156

Vienna Circle, 821, 1027, 1028,

2192–2193, 2756

Vierkandt, Alfred, 1074, 1075

Vietnam, 2974, 2978

anticolonial revolution, 3001 family size, 978

French colonization in, 2975 independence movement, 2975 peace conference triad

(1954), 332

peasant rebellion study, 2977 Vietnam War, 1875, 1877,

1878, 2975

African American conscription and casualties in, 1879, 2270

antiwar protest movements, 2266, 2269–2270, 3067, 3069, 3139

free expression and, 273, 274 heroin use, 711

marriage rate and, 1741, 1744 political alienation and, 101, 103 public opinion polling, 2275,

2276

sociology of combat and, 1881 student movements and, 3069

Vietnamese Americans, 175 household structure, 127 as refugees, 180, 181

Vigilante groups, 2109

Village life. See Rural sociology Vincelli, Guido, 1467 Vinogradoff, P., 1025 Violence

as aggression subtype, 68 in cities, 311

civil rights movement, 2495 community studies, 365

facilitators of collective, 349

genocide and, 1066–1072

juvenile, 1484–1485, 1487–1488, 1490–1491, 1494, 1498

kin selection and ethnic, 2882–2883

literary sociology and, 1650

media cues to, 74, 75, 272, 1762–1763, 2858

nationalist movements and, 1199, 1947–1948

political, 2145

protest movements and, 2266, 2269–2270

riots and, 555–556

self-esteem and, 2516

sexual jealousy and, 2886

societal reduction measures, 76

subcultures of, 534, 663–664

terrorist, 3137–3142

treatment of, 521

of war, 3241–3245

See also Aggression; Crime, theories of; Crime rates; Criminology; Family violence; Homicide; Revolutions; Sexual violence and exploitation

Violence Against Women Act of

1994, 985

Violence and the Police (Westley), 2114

Virginia Company, 3174

Vishnu (Hindu deity), 3280

Vision quests, 3277–3278

Vital registration system, 632

Vocational training, 1488, 3263

Vodun, 65

Vogel, S. R., 2190

Vogel, Steven, 1104, 1105,

1106, 1109

Vögelin, Eric, 1075

Voice of America, 274

Voice recognition software, 408

survey research analysis, 418

Vold, George, 1497, 3247

Volkgeist (folk spirit), 475

Volpato, Mario, 1469

Voltaire, 2482–2483

Voluntary associations, 3227–3231

altruism and, 114, 115, 118

characteristics and objectives, 3227–3228

communitarian view of, 358– 359, 360

current research, 3228–3229

origin of, 3227

political organizations, 2147–2152

Voluntary childlessness. See

Childfree adults

Volunteering, 114, 115, 118

Von Beyne, Klaus, 2153, 2154, 2155

Von Neumann, John, 329, 591,

1045, 1049, 2335

Voting behavior, 3231–3240

aggregate data analysis, 3232–3233

American trends, 144

issue voting, 3235–3236

liberal/conservative, 1602–1603

mass media research on, 1765–1766

normal vote vs. realignment, 3235

party identification and, 3234, 3236

political alienation factors, 101, 103

political elites and, 2627, 3233, 3234

polls, 575, 1686, 2273–2274, 2278–2279

rational choice theory, 2339

social class relationship, 604, 3233, 3234

survey-based research, 3232, 3233–3238

Voting rights

African American, 58

exclusions, 602

historical development of, 3001

and political party systems, 2154

and representativeness, 2156– 2157

for women, 703

women’s protest movements, 2266

Voting Rights Act of 1965, 58

Vroom, V. H., 1568, 1569

Vroom’s expectancy model of motivation, 1568

Vujacic, Veljiko, 1199

W

W. K. Kellogg Foundation, 2400

Wach, Joachim, 3278, 3283, 3286

Waddington, David, 353

Waerness, Kari, 2453

Wage gap. See Comparable worth

Wage labor system. See Labor force; Labor movement and labor unions; Work and occupations

Wagenfeld, Morton O., 1840

Wageningen School, 2432–2433

Wages and salaries

comparable worth and, 369–372, 2141, 2706

discrimination in, 689–691, 3265

global inequalities in, 2691, 2705–2706

human capital theory on, 1989–1990, 1991

inequality from marginal employment, 1721–1722

job shifts and, 1983

in legal profession, 470

life-cycle pattern in, 1624– 1625, 1983

as occupational prestige factor, 2000

percentage of household income, 1719

and status attainment, 3047–3048

of temporary workers, 1724

women’s earnings gap, 370–372, 984, 1720, 3265

work generating, 3261

and work hours, 3262–3263

worker characteristics and, 1991–1993

See also Income distribution in the United States

Wahid, Abdurraham, 2131

Wainer, Howard, 3008

Waite, Linda, 360

Waitzkin, H., 2288–2289

Wakenhut, R., 1899

Waldegrave, James, 1045

Walden Two (Skinner), 3204

Waldinger, Roger, 1872

Walesa, Lech, 2268

Walker, Lawrence J., 1902

Walker Report (1968), 555

Wallace, Anthony F. C., 2966

Wallace, Karl M., 1727

Wallace, Michael, 2961

Wallace, Samuel, 1203

Wallas, Graham, 225

Waller, Willard, 2927, 2986, 3098

Wallerstein, Immanuel, 383, 387,

645, 697, 728–729, 1265, 1785

and historical sociology, 2297

world system theory, 1089–1090, 1706, 1758, 1876, 2646, 2690

Walster, Elaine, 1508, 2700, 2701

Walster, G. William, 1508,

2700, 2701

Walton, John, 1706–1707

Waltz, Kenneth B., 3241

Walzer, Michael, 356

War, 3241–3245

as aggression, 68

balance of power coalitions and, 332–333, 3242

censorship and regulation of expression and, 274

combat study, 1881

conflict theory on, 415, 3243–3244

contemporary conflict patterns, 2363

decision making and, 3244–3245

decolonization and, 1267

democracy in relationship with, 605, 3244

divorce rates and, 701, 702

ecology and, 1214

and enslavement of prisoners, 2601, 2603

evolutionary perspective on, 878, 1029

genocide and, 1066, 1067, 1068–1069

international law on, 1429–30

interstate system and, 3241–3243

rape and, 2578–2579

religion and, 2356, 2362–2363

social evolution and, 898, 1029

societal socialization and, 1068–1069

sociology of combat and, 1876–1877, 1881, 1882

systemic theories of, 3242 terrorism and, 3140 total, 1067

widow status from, 3255

See also Peace; Revolutions War crimes, 1429, 1948

War on Crime, 2112–2113

War on Drugs, 2760

War on Poverty, 1286, 1494, 1882, 2404, 2760

Ward, Frank Lester, 2192

Ward, Lester, 168, 1423, 1424

Warhol, Andy, 3079

Waring, E., 3251

Waring, Joan, 345

Waris, Heikki, 2451

Wark, Gillian R., 1902–1903

Warner, Lloyd W., 363, 364–

365, 582, 583

Warner, Malcolm, 1533

Warner, Stephen, 2367, 2374–2375,

2485, 2964

Warner Brothers, 1768

Warning labels, 1640

Warren, B., 1085

Warren, Carol A. B., 245

Warren, Robert, 367

Wars of religion, 2363

Warsaw Pact, 2362

Washington, right-to-die issue, 586–587

Washington, Booker T., 66

Washington, George, 285, 2125

Washington University, 1834

Wasilewski, Jacek, 2121

Wasserman, Ira M., 3079, 3081

Watanuki, Joji, 1480

Watergate scandal (1972–1974), 1764, 1766, 2127

public opinion and, 2274, 2276, 2277

as white-collar crime research impetus, 3248

Waters, Mary, 843

Watson, Alan, 1157, 1555–1556,

1560

Watson, John B., 1249, 1505

Watt, W. Montgomery, 2939, 2945

Watts, Jon, 375

Watts (Los Angeles) riots, 2495

‘‘Weak ties’’ theory. See ‘‘Strength of weak ties’’ hypothesis

Wealth

distribution of, 1283–1285, 1311

and distribution of power, 416

and family size, 975–976

materialist theory on inequality of, 1784–1785

money as material representation of, 1890

slave-created, 55–56

and social justice, 2705–2706

and social origins of deviance, 663

See also Economic institutions

Wealth and Poverty (Gilder), 723

Wealth of Nations, The (Smith), 697,

721, 1771, 2340

Weapons of mass destruction, 3242, 3243

Web. See Internet; Web sites

Web sites

content-analysis, 421

futures studies, 2231–2232, 2957

quality-of-life studies, 2686

religious movements literature, 2375

research grants, 2400

social indicators, 2685

sociological journals, 1606

sociology-related, 406–407, 413–414

survey sampling specialists, 2445

Webb, Beatrice, 225, 853,

1310, 1423

Webb, G. L., 2053

Webb, Sydney, 1310, 1423

Weber, Alfred, 1074, 1075, 1235

Weber, Max, 542, 568, 939, 1028, 1116, 1234, 1754, 2193, 2208, 2265, 2889

British sociology and, 226

on bureaucracy, 229–230, 231, 232–233, 603, 697, 698, 1312, 2163, 2623, 2627

causal interpretation, 387

church-sect typology, 2365, 2366–2367, 2373, 2378

class definition, 2163

and community, 362

and comparative-historical analysis, 383, 386, 389

conflict model, 414, 415

on death, 581

on democracy, 603

and economic sociology, 721, 722, 732, 733–734, 806, 2640, 2690

and emotions, 774–775, 785

and epistemology, 820, 822

and ethnography, 852

on Gemeinschaft, 2630

and German sociology, 1074, 1075, 1077

and historical sociology, 1196, 1197, 1199

ideal type definition, 3181

Indian sociology and, 1290, 1291

on industrialization, 2643

on interpersonal power, 1456, 1458

on Islamic society, 2941, 2942–2943, 2946

as Japanese sociology early influence, 1478

law definition by, 1544–1545

legal conceptualizations, 1553– 1554

legal system typology, 464, 1546–1547, 1548, 1549, 1554

macro and micro sociological themes of, 1704

and modernization theory, 1885

on musical notation, 1924

on nations and nationalism, 1199

on origins of capitalism, 237, 238, 542

and phenomenology, 2099

philosophical influence on, 2756

and political organization, 2162, 2163–2164

on political party system, 2153

power conception, 2165, 2865

Protestant ethic concept, 237, 389, 722, 774, 2483, 2986, 3219, 3222

and secularization tradition, 2483 on social belonging, 2632

on social change, 2645, 2647 and social inequality concept,

2690

and social status, 3049, 3050 social stratification theory,

2815–2816, 2927 societal stratification theory,

2865, 2868, 2967

and sociological significance of family therapy, 247

and sociology of knowledge, 2954, 2955, 2957

and sociology of religion, 2373 on state as institutionalization of

power, 2162

on sultanistic regime, 2133 and territorial belonging,

2629–2630

and theory of action, 2099

and theory of rationalization, 541 on types of action, 2519–2520 and values theory, 3219, 3222 warning against monocausal

theory, 724

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale,

1362–1363, 1376

Wedding ceremony, function served by, 1734–1735

Wedlock, Eldon D., 2143, 2146 ‘‘We-feeling,’’ 2632

Wegener, Bernd, 1997, 2705 Weibull model, 871–873 Weick, Karl E., 1975

Weill, Felix, 1075

Weimar Republic (Germany),

606, 2268

German sociology during, 1074–1075

voting behavior research, 3233 Weinberg, Ian, 424

Weinberg, S. Kirson, 1275

Weiner, Bernard, 194, 195

Weiner, Marcella B., 2555–2556

Weiner, Myron, 2154

Weis, D. L., 2538

Weisbund, D., 3251

Weisman, Avery, 582

Weiss, Carol H., 2284–2285

Welfare Reform Act of 1996, 1261 Welfare state

in American society, 144 comparative research, 376–

377, 930

convergence theories, 426–427 countercultures and, 460 fertility decline and, 624 growth of, 3002

health care industry and, 1827 health-care and social

services, 378

Krzywicki’s ‘‘industrial feudalism’’ as precursor, 2118

liberalism/conservatism and, 1601

long-term care funding, 1658–1659

social security systems, 2795–2805 Welfare system. See Social

welfare system Well-being. See Quality of life Wellman, Barry, 367

Wellness Councils of America, 588

Wellpoint Health Networks, 1822

Wells, H.G., 1038

Weltanschauung, 2953, 2955

Wesolowski, Wlodzimierz, 2120,

2122

West, Cornel, 2220, 2221 West Africa, countries of, 60 West Bank, 1866

West Germany. See Germany

Westergaard, John, 224, 225

Westermarck, Edward, 1274,

2449–2450

Western, Bruce, 385

Western Electric Company, 2325

Western Marxism. See Marxist

sociology

Westley, William, 2114 Westmarck Society (Finland), 2451 Westphalian system (1648), 1933,

2356, 2363

WFS. See World Fertility Survey

What is a Case? (Ragin and Becker eds.), 243

Wheaton, Blair, 656

Wheelan, Susan, 1979–1980

Wheeler, Stanton, 3251–3252, 3253

Wheeler-Howard Indian

Reorganization Act of 1934, 136

When Work Disappears (Wilson), 3198

Whiskey. See Alcohol

White, Cynthia, 172

White, Douglas, 548

White, Harrison, 172, 739, 1789,

1984, 2298, 2662

vacancy chain model, 2691 White, Leslie, 2891

White, Lynn K., 1737

White, Martin, 225

White, Michael J., 2501, 2502 White Aryan Resistance, 462 White Citizen’s Council, 2266 White-collar crime, 530, 3245–3255

convictions and sentencing, 3251–3252

definitions of, 3245–3246, 3247, 3248, 3251

neutralization theory on, 1496 offenders, 3251

research and theory implications, 3252–3254

violation types, 3249–3250

White-Collar Crime (Sutherland), 3247 White-collar jobs

in labor market hierarchy, 1988 and postindustrial society, 2197,

2198, 2199

Whitehead, Alfred North, 821 Whitehead, Barbara Dafoe, 106 Whiteness, concepts of, 56,

57–58, 62

WHO. See World Health

Organization

Who Shall Survive? (Moreno),

2728–2729

Whorf, Benjamin, 2890

Whyte, Martin, 360, 1734

Whyte, William F., 244, 363, 364,

365, 510, 696, 2041

street-corner gangs study,

2611, 2613

Wiarda, Howard, 1537

Wiatr, Jerzy, 2119

Wicklund, R. A., 2509

Widaman, K. F., 1899

Widgery, Alban, 1292

Widowhood, 3255–3261

case studies of, 244–245

cross-cultural, 3255–3256

demographics, 126, 3256–3257

divorce adjustment compared with, 3258–3259

as life-cycle transition point, 1616

as longer duration for women, 2177

and non-cohabiting frequency of sex, 2539

remarriage, 126, 1744, 1749, 2387, 2388, 3255, 3259

research findings, 3257–3258

Social Security benefits, 2406, 2799

and social support, 3259–3260

suicide rate, 3078

Wiederman, M. W., 2541

Wiener, Susan J., 3199

Wierzbick, Susan, 368

Wiese, Leopold von, 1074, 1076, 1077

Wigmore, John Henry, 1555

Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test, 1960, 1961

Wildavsky, Aaron, 2762

Wilensky, Harold L., 426, 427,

2260, 2261

Wiley, Mary Glenn, 196

Wiley, Norbert, 2219–2220

Wilks, S. S., 3035

Willer, David, 2672, 2673

Willet, David, 362

Willey, Kathleen, 2581

Williams, Dale E., 2270

Williams, Eric, 321

Williams, Patricia, 54

Williams, R. M., Jr., 689

Williams, Raymond, 1756, 2169,

2171

Williams, Robin M., 3214

Williams, Terry, 510

Williams & Connolly, 469

Williams v. Employers Liability Assurance Corporation, Limited

(1961), 465

Williamson, John B., 2211

Williamson, Oliver, 726, 735

Willing to pay (WTP) vs. willing to accept (WTA), 594

Willis, Cynthia, 197

Willis, Paul, 2171

Wilson, Bryan, 2483–2484

Wilson, David S., 118

Wilson, Edward O.

on genocide, 1068

and sociobiology, 1234, 2881, 2882, 2892

Wilson, J. M., 1933

Wilson, James Q., 506, 603, 2056,

2108, 2114

Wilson, Robert N., 172

Wilson, Warner, 2303

Wilson, William Julius, 536, 830

on class and race, 319, 1490

on government services, 964, 968

on permanent underclass, 513, 845, 2212–2213, 2497– 2498, 3198

social disorganization theory, 366

Wilson, Woodrow, 1423, 1945

Wimbledon, 2985

Winant, Howard, 319

Winch, Robert, 1777

Windelband, Wizhelm, 819–820

Wine, 92, 95, 1642

‘‘Winner-take-all’’ elections, 2164

Winnings, division of, 330, 332

Winrod, Gerald B., 2370

Winship, C., 2439

Winternitz, Milton C., 324, 325

Wippler, Reinhard, 1080

Wirschaft und Gesellschaft

(Weber), 1075

Wirth, Louis, 324, 325, 367, 1209,

1425, 1502, 1772, 2959

Wisconsin Idea, 1180

Wisconsin Longitudinal Study of the High School Class of 1975, 972

Wisconsin model, 757–758, 2714, 2782–2783, 2784, 2785–2786, 2788

Wish, Myron, 1978

Wissenssoziologie, 2953, 2954, 2956

Wissler, Clark, 675

Witchcraft, Oracles and Magic among the Azande (Evans-Pritchard), 2890

Withey, Stephen B., 2300, 2303,

2683–2684

Wittfogel, Karl August, 1075

Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 821, 1783,

2756, 2757

Wohl, Stanley, 1818

Wohlin, Nils R., 2450

Wohlstein, Ronald, 555

Wold, Herman, 3035

Wolf, Eric R., 2939

Wolf, Susan Berns, 460

Wolfe, Alan, 358

Wolfe, D., 696

Wolfensohn, James, 1321

Wolff, Janet, 173, 1647

Wolfgang, Marvin, 534, 664,

1488, 1489

Wolpe, Joseph, 2085

Wolters, O. W., 2978

Women

adolescent sexual behavior patterns, 2551–2552

AIDS/HIV risk, 2586, 2587, 2589–2590

as caregivers of elderly, 129

comparable worth issue, 369–372, 645, 2706, 3048

conformity inclination, 403

depression incidence, 649, 652–653

direct and indirect discrimination against, 689–690

divorce and, 701–705, 707–708

divorce factors, 112

educational and occupational status attainment factors, 2785–2786, 3046, 3048

educational opportunities, 962

employment/mental health link, 1837

family and household roles, 695–696

family law rights of, 951

as family violence victims, 196, 247, 981

fertility transition factors, 624, 627, 634, 635, 2181

income disparity. See subhead comparable worth issue above

juvenile delinquency rate rise, 1489

kinship systems and, 1515

in labor force, 123, 126, 127, 142, 239, 424–425, 512, 624, 625, 703, 705, 962, 972, 973, 981, 1009, 1219, 1523–1526, 1579, 1729, 1837–1838, 2032, 2262, 2404, 2406, 2532, 2706, 3046, 3064, 3262, 3266

in legal profession, 468, 2262, 2263

and leisure, 1584, 1585

life expectancy, 1630, 1631

life-cycle events, 1623

and literary sociology, 1648

love expectations of, 1700

male leadership image and, 1570

marriage statistics, 1738

media stereotypes, 1767–1768

mental health status, 1837–1838

Mexican studies, 1861

military service by, 1879–1880

morality of care and, 1900, 1902–1903

motherhood role, 2036

noneconomic domestic roles of, 122

occupational segregation, 370– 372, 379, 1060–1062, 1716, 2012, 3046, 3262, 3264–3265

ordination of, 2379

percentage in top professions, 2259

poverty and, 1288, 2033, 2215, 3048

in professions, 2259, 2262–2263

prostitution and, 2560–2561

relatively high status in Southeast Asia, 2976

remarriage potential, 2388–2389

retirement income, 84

semiprofessional occupations, 2261, 2262

sexual activity norms, 2568–2569

sexual harassment and, 2580–2581

sexual violence toward, 2576–2583

sexually transmitted disease risks, 2578, 2583, 2584

as single-parent household heads, 2033

as slaves in Africa and Asia, 2601

Sociologists for Women in

Society, 153–155

status in Muslim societies, 2948–2950

suffrage, 703

as temporary workers, 1724

Victorian-era view of, 1697

voluntary association participation, 3228

‘‘women’s work’’ categories, 1525, 3264

See also Childbearing; Pregnancy and pregnancy termination; Widowhood

Women, Infants and Children

Program, 1334

Women’s movement, 558

and Equal Rights

Amendment, 2267

and family violence, 981

and mass media research, 1768

nineteenth-century, 989

outcomes evaluation, 2724

and rape awareness, 2576

rejection of masculinity-femininity scale, 999

as social movement, 2717, 2719

See also Feminist theory; Gender; Gender roles

Women’s work. See Occupational segregation

Wonderlic Personnel Test, 1375,

1376

Wood, Ellen Meiksins, 1785

Wood, James, 2380

Wood, W., 2530

Woodiwiss, Anthony, 227–228

Woods, Cindy J. P., 1903

Woolcock, Michael, 2641

Woolf, Virginia, 989

Woolgar, Steve, 2459, 2763

Word processing, 407–408

Work and occupations, 3261–3269

access to, 35

in adolescence, 8–9, 11–12, 13, 34–35

in adulthood, 26, 27

affirmative action and, 47

African American job categories, 56–57

in American society, 141

Asian-American clustering, 181–182

authority in industry study, 383

commitment and, 3273–3274

comparable worth issue, 369–372, 2706

corporate organizations and, 395–396, 442–443

daily time use, 3160

definitions of work, 3261, 3269

deviant behavior/limited opportunity linkage, 665

direct and indirect discrimination, 689–693

See also Occupational segregation

division of labor, 696–697, 698–699

employee benefits, 1282

employment relationship, 3269–3276

ethnomethodological workplace studies, 860

evolution of, 3261–3262

externalization of work, 3267–3268

family life separated from, 122

gender and, 122, 1059–1062, 1720–1721

gender differences in job satisfaction, 3275

ghettoization in, 1061

glass ceiling/glass escalator in, 1061

group performance, 2617–2618

from home, 1339, 1341, 3267–3268

homosexuality and, 111

industrialization and, 122

of Jewish immigrants, 2333

job preparation, 3263

job satisfaction, 3270, 3272– 3373, 3275

job-allocation process, 3263

labor force emergence, 3262–3263

See also Labor force

lawyer status, 468–471

leisure studies, 1582–1584

in life course, 1614–1615

links to school, 28–29

marginal employment, 1719–1725

Mexican categories, 1860

mobility path model, 1692, 1982–1994

motivation and, 3270–3271

organizational demographics, 395–397

and organizational structure, 696–697, 699, 2002, 2003–2004

orientation to, 3269–3276

part-time workers, 1720, 1725, 3262–3263, 3268

personality as factor in, 2071–2073

planful competence and, 13, 32

popular culture transmission and, 2170

in postindustrial society, 2197, 2198, 2202

prestige studies, 1997–2001

professions distinction, 2259– 2260

race and, 35, 1059, 1060, 2716

retirement and, 2401–2410

segregation by sex, 370–372, 1060–1062, 1716, 3264–3265

See also Occupational segregation

sexual harassment and, 2591–2592

smokefree workplaces, 1640

social security coverage, 2798, 2799

as socialization agents, 2860

sociological conception of, 3261

and sociology of culture, 563

specialization of roles, 696, 698–699

standardization of skills, 398–399

stratification and, 1996–2000, 2813, 3265

structural lag and, 3060, 3061–3062

structures, 3263–3265

suburbanization of, 3073–3074

systems theory and, 3102–3205

temporary workers, 1724, 1725, 3268, 3275

transition from school to, 2714

transition to adulthood and, 30–32

white-collar crime and, 3247– 3248, 3252, 3253

‘‘women’s work’’ categories, 1525, 3264

worker participation and control, 605

workplace changes, 3275–3276

workplace group conflict resolution, 1111

workplace social control, 3274–3275

See also Equality of opportunity; Labor force; Occupational prestige; Wages and salaries

Work ethic. See Protestant ethic

Work of equivalent value. See Comparable worth

Work orientation, 3269–3277

Working class

British cultural studies of, 2169–2170, 2171

historical sociology on, 1197

industrial sociology on, 1309

marital communication problems, 1736

poststructural challenge to Marxist theory of, 1756, 1757

racial division in, 321

and voice in decision-making, 604

See also Class struggle; Proletariat; Social class; Social stratification

Working poor

definition of, 1720

See also Marginal employment

Workplace. See Work and

occupations

Worland, Stephen T., 2697, 2698

World Bank, 240, 685, 742, 793, 930

anticorruption program, 2138

cross-cultural survey, 549

dependency theory and, 642

international comparisons of poverty, 2216

population policy report, 641

research funding in China, 302

and state sovereignty, 3003

World Development Report, 2937

World Tables of Economic and

Social Indicators, 2476

World Commission on Environment and Development, 1222

World Conference on Women (Beijing; 1995), 932, 1768

World Congress of International Sociological Associations (1970), 2117

World Congress of Sociology

(1894), 1423

World Congress of Sociology

(1986), 1292

World Congress of Sociology (1991),

1482–1483

World Congress of Sociology

(1998), 682

World Cultures data, 548

World Cup, 2985

World Development Report, 2937

World Dynamics (Forrester), 2662

World economy. See Globalization and global systems analysis

World Fertility Survey, 548, 633

World Food Organization, 2922

World Future Society, 1038

World Futures Studies Federation,

1038, 1039

World Handbook of Political and Social Indicators (Russett et al.), 2917

World Health Organization, 930,

2152, 2922

Quality of Life group, 2302

sexually transmitted diseases statistics, 2591, 2593

World Modernization (Moore), 423

World population estimates, 2181

World religions, 3277–3290

institutions, 2376–2386, 3286– 3287

intersection of, 3288–3289

myth and ritual, 3280–3283, 3284, 3285

theology and doctrines, 3284–3286

See also Religion; Religious organizations; Religious orientations; Sociology of religion; specific religions

World system model, 747, 1084, 1085, 1089–1090, 1197, 1199,

1214, 1309, 1535, 1538, 1539, 1706, 1758, 1876, 2646, 2690

applied to Ottoman Empire and Turkey, 1871–1872, 1873

World systems. See Globalization and global systems analysis

World Tables of Economic and

Social Indicators, 2476

World Trade Organization, 22433

World Values Survey (WVS), 549,

3223, 3229

World War I

Armenian genocide, 1070

and collapse of international systems, 2362

conscription, 1876

demographic results, 610

intelligence testing, 2330

and nationalist revolutions, 3001

self-determination policy following, 1945

World War II

and African American

opportunity, 2493, 2494, 3264

cohort effects, 2861

and collapse of international systems, 2362

conscription, 1876

demographic results, 610, 622, 703–704, 1625, 2032

fertility transition, 622, 626

Japanese-American relocations, 123, 177, 178, 180–181

life course effects, 1619

life-cycle perspective, 1625

marriage rate upswing, 1741

military sociology, 1876, 1881

modernization theory following, 1706

nationalism following, 1944

Nazi genocide policy. See

Holocaust; Nazism

and power elite, 2624

in Southeast Asia, 2975

student antiwar movement, 3069

and survey research development, 3232

university-government cooperation, 1180

war crimes trials, 1429

World Wide Web. See Internet;

Web sites

Worldwatch Institute Report

(1990), 1222

Worms, René, 1025, 1422, 1424

Wounded Knee occupation (1973), 137

Wright, Erik O., 723, 1754, 2054,

2692, 2814–2815

Wright, J., 3209

Wright, James D., 102–103

Wright, Jim (politician), 2128

Wright, Sam, 555

Wright, Sewell, 259, 908

path analysis, 259, 455–456, 1788, 3035

Wrong, Dennis, 1223

Wu Jingchao, 298

Wundt, Wilhelm, 820, 1074, 1423

Wuthnow, Robert, 1707, 2380, 2484,

3228–3229

WVS (World Values Survey), 549,

3223, 3229

WWW. See Internet

X

X-rated films, 2185

Y

Yahweh, 3280, 3282, 3283, 3285

Yale School of Medicine, 324, 325

Institute of Human

Relations, 325

Yale University, 3251

Yale University Bulletin, 325

Yamaguchi, K., 2672, 2674

Yamassee War, 134–135

Yankee City studies (Warner), 363, 364–365

Yasemin, Soysal, 2662

Yasuda, Saburo, 1480

Yeager, Peter C., 1102, 1103, 1106, 1107, 3247–3248, 3248–3249, 3250, 3252, 3253

Year in Civil Liberties, The

(ACLU), 315

Yeltsin, Boris, 2136, 2981

Yemen, 1865, 1866, 1867, 1947

sociodemographic profile, 2938

Yetton, P. W., 1569

Yilmaz, Mesult, 2132

Yin, P., 1628

Yinger, Milton, 459, 460–461,

462, 463

Yoneda, Shotaro, 1477, 1478

Yoruba, 54

Yoshida, Tamito, 1480

Young, Donald, 1237

Young, Lawrence, 2375

Young, M. Crawford, 1944

Young Americans for Freedom (YAF), 3069

Young Generation of Peasants

(Chalasinski), 2119

Youth crime. See Juvenile delinquency, theories of; Juvenile delinquency and juvenile crime

Youth culture, 460, 512, 514

innovation and transmission of, 2170, 2171

and legislation of morality, 1578–1579

and religious movements, 2366, 2367, 2374

Youth curfews, 315

Youth gangs. See Gangs

Yugoslavia (former), 1, 1934,

1946, 1948

conflicts in, 1199, 2362–2363

nation-state formation from, 2362

socialist economic modifications in, 2850

sociology in, 2117

wartime rape, 2579

Yule’s Q phi, 661

Z

ZA. See Zentralarchiv fur Empirische Sozialforschung

Zagare, Frank C., 332

Zago, Moreno, 1472, 1473, 2231

Zaire

AIDS/HIV infection, 2583

genocide, 68

sultanistic ruler, 2133

Zald, Mayer N., 1941, 1942

Zambia

AIDS/HIV infection, 2591

family and population policy, 931

poverty in, 2216

and analytic induction method, 2297

and sociology of knowledge, 2954 Zola, Irving K., 1816

Zolberg, Vera, 173, 174

Zoloft, 654

Zoning laws

against ‘‘adult’’ ventures, 2186 and suburban exclusionary

policies, 3072, 3073 Zorbaugh, Harvey Warren, 324 Zoroastrian, 3287–3288 Zuckerman, Harriet, 342–343, 2458 Zulu Empire, 2999

Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale

(SDS), 654

Zuravin, Susan, 195

Zurcher, Louis, 554

Zvoina, William, 3038

Zweigert, Konrad, 472, 1545, 1547

Zwelakhe, Tshandu, 643

Zylan, Yvonne, 2961