Encyclopedia of Sociology Vol

types of assets, resources, and valued goods underlying, 2808

urban underclass and, 3198–3200

views of prestige, 1996–1997

voting behavior relationship, 3233, 3234

See also Caste and inherited status; Social and political elites; Social class

Social structure, 2822–2828

age effects on, 79–80, 3060–3061

agricultural innovation adoption and, 89–91, 2431–2432

anomie and, 165, 166

and career advancement, 1984–1985

city vs. urban, 3072–3073

cohort perspectives, 342–343, 345–346

culture debate, 563–565

definitions of, 2069, 2771, 2822

disaster symposium, 687

division of labor, 124–127

and economic sociology, 732

empirical analytic metatheory on, 1853–1854

and ethnomethodology, 858–859

fertility transition and, 626– 627, 628

helping behavior and, 117

identity theory and, 1253, 1254

individualism and, 1301

and inequality, 2705

intelligence and, 1383

kinship systems and, 1509–1512

legal systems interaction, 1559–1561

and legislation of morality, 1578–1579

literary reflection of, 1645

macro approach to, 710, 1708–1709

Marxist views of, 775, 2162–2163

mobility in, 2711–2716

models of, 2029

modernization theory and, 1885–1887

music and, 1924, 1926

and nationalist patterns, 1940–1942

Parson’s components of, 1560

personality and, 2069–2074

Polish sociology and, 2120

and political party systems, 2155–2158

and poverty theory, 2213

regularities in, 2822–2823

and religious orientation theories, 2384–2385, 2386

revolutions and, 2410–2414

role theory and, 2221

shift from mechanical to organic solidarity, 697–698

social capital and, 2638

social exchange theory and, 2671

and social inequality, 2689–2694

social network models and, 2029

social organization and, 2735–2745

social psychology studies on, 2771, 2772–2773

and social resources theory, 1793, 2790

and socialization, 2862

sociolinguistics and, 2901–2902

and status attainment, 2782

and structural lag, 3060–3067

and symbolic interactionism, 2768

and theories of state, 2162–2163

and theory of emotions, 780–781

values and norms in, 2836–2837

See also Social networks;

Structuralism

Social Structure and Disaster, 687

Social support

emotional depression and perceived lack of, 653

in multivariate analysis of stress, 1814

social networks and, 2732–2733

and social resources theory, 2790–2794

and widowhood, 3259–3260

Social surveys. See Data banks and depositories; Public opinion; Survey research

Social System of the Modern Factory, The (Warner and Low), 364

Social System, The (Parsons), 1813

Social systems

coalitions, 329–334

culture and, 564–565, 566

four functional requirements for survival, 2005

human ecology and, 1211

leisure and, 1583

organizational, 394, 2005–2014

psychological influences on, 2775–2778

role theory analysis, 2421– 2423, 2423

Social Systems of American Ethnic

Groups, The (Warner and

Srole), 364

Social Text (journal), 2207

Social time. See Time use research

Social traps, 2621

Social Trends (reports), 2684

Social values and norms, 2828–2839

adolescent changes in, 1, 3

age and, 29, 30, 31, 3064

aggression and, 2774

of agricultural communities, 164

altruism and, 115

in American society, 146

anomie as breakdown of, 164–165, 533

attitudes and, 185, 189, 2828–2829

as behavior explanation, 2838–2839

cohort differences in, 345–346

collective behavior and, 351, 353, 2616

communitarian, 354–356, 358– 361

community-based drug abuse prevention programs and, 716

concept of a norm, 2829–2830

concept of a value, 2828–2829

as conformity influence, 402–403, 523

countercultures, 460–462

cultural differences and, 663–664

death and dying, 582, 585

deviance theories, 663–672, 2657–2659

dimensions of importance, 2832–2836

emergent norm theory, 350– 351, 354

of emotions, 2527–2528, 3213 evaluative criteria, 2831–2832 and family violence, 983

and functionalism, 1031

in health and illness behavior, 1133–1134

institutions, 394 interrelationships, 2836 liberalism’s core view of, 355 love and, 1698

mass media and, 1766 as mate selection factor,

1775–1776

normative sanctions, 515, 518–519, 523

object units of, 2830–2831 origin of, 2836–2838

and positive mental health, 2190 rational choice theory and,

2340–2341

responsive communitarian, 357–359

role theory and, 2418 sanctions stemming from,

515, 523, 537

as social capital, 2638, 2639–2640 as social controls, 2657, 2661 social networks and, 2732 socialization and, 2855–2864 sources of change in, 2838 structural lags and changes, 3064 and student movement concerns,

3069–3070 subjective, 189

susceptibility to persuasion and, 2098

utopian designs and, 3202–3205 value-added theory of collective

action, 352, 353

values theory and research, 3212, 3219–3222

vectors of subsets, 3220 violations of, 165

work group, 2617–2618 Social welfare systems

changes in, 2804, 3064 entitlements and, 1221–1222,

2699

first institutionalization of, 2840–2841

marginal employment and, 1719–1720

military service and, 1882 neo-Malthusian arguments, 1220 and poverty theories, 2213 privatization of, 963

as social control, 2660, 2661 and social justice beliefs,

2705–2706

Temporary Assistance for Needy Families program, 1145, 1146, 1288, 1395

See also Social security systems Social work, 2840–2846

casework, 2841, 2842, 2853 degrees and training, 2845 knowledge base of, 2843 and Lewin’s legacy, 1015 practice of effectiveness

movement, 2843 practitioner-researcher, 2844 professional roots of, 2840–2841 professionalization of, 2841–2842 research design and sampling,

2843, 2845

sociology vs., 2840, 2844–2845

Social Work abstracts, 1611

Social Work Research and

Abstracts, 2845

Social-area analysis. See Cities Socialism and communism,

2846–2852

authoritarian communitarianism and, 356

capitalism vs., 237, 238

Chinese vs. Russian system, 2849 church-state relations and, 2357 classical elite theory vs., 2623 convergence theories and,

422, 428

demise in Eastern Europe, 428, 1199, 1757, 2851

democracy and, 2848

and dialectical materialism, 1782

dictatorships, 3002

future of, 2852

governmental corruption, 2136–2137

and historical sociology, 1199

ideal of, 2847–2849

inadequate worker motivation and, 2813

and Italian politics, 2128–2129

labor movement and, 1529, 1530

law and legal system, 1548, 1554

legacies of, 2851–2852

liberal/conservative tags in, 1598

Marxist sociology’s identification with, 1752

Marx’s two-stage evolution into communism, 2847–2849

origin of term ‘‘socialism,’’ 2846

Polish sociology under, 2116

politically correct ‘‘party line’’ in, 2139

public tolerance of, 316, 317

reality of socialism, 2849–2851

revisions of Marxist theory, 2848–2849

in South East Asia, 2975, 2978

Soviet and Soviet bloc collapse of, 428, 1119, 1757, 2851

and Soviet Marxism-Leninism,

1751, 1782

Soviet sociology under, 2116

Soviet-type, 2849–2850

stratification parameters, 2810, 2812, 2813–2815

utopian, 3202–3203

See also Cold War; Marx, Karl; Marxism -Lenism; Marxist sociology

Socialist Party (France), 2129

Socialist Party (Germany), 1533

Socialist Party (Italy), 2128, 2129

Socialization, 2855–2864

in adolescence, 10–11, 34, 2852–2860, 2861

age appropriateness and, 1624

altruism and, 115

attitude formation and, 185

in childhood, 1057

communitarian vs. liberal views of, 358

contemporary issues and themes, 2862–2863

content and contexts of, 2856–2860

cross-cultural analysis of childhood, 550

and death and dying, 583

deviance theories and, 662

diverse meanings of, 2855

and family violence, 983–984

and gender identity and roles, 625, 997, 998, 1275, 2529, 2886

genocide and, 1071

as identity formation, 2856

illness behavior and, 1130

as internal social control, 2657, 2661

Judaic aims in, 1510

throughout life course, 2860–2862

of music performers and audiences, 1925

personal values and norms stemming from, 2837–2838

‘‘prisonization’’ as, 2052

racial resentment and, 2245

resocialization and, 2860

and self-concept, 2856, 2860, 2862

and self-esteem development, 2512–2513

sex differences and, 2529, 2530

and sexual behavior, 2537–2538

social class and, 2773

and social learning theory, 1716–1717, 2856

social psychology research on, 2771–2773

and social structure, 2822

and structural lag, 3062–3063

and youth subcultures, 514

Societal stratification, 2864–2874

classical theory, 2865–2866

distribution profiles, 2869–2874

educational mobility and, 2927

empirical tradition, 2865, 2866–2867

hierarchically ordered power relationships, 2864–2865

and intergenerational resource transfers, 1395–1397

levels of structural dimensions, 2868–2869

measurement and comparison data, 2870–2874

and status crystallization, 2869

utopian variants, 3202–3206

See also Social stratification

Societe de Sociologie de Paris, 1422

Society and technological risks,

2874–2880

disaster planning and research, 683–684

systems fragmentation and, 3104

terrorism and, 3138, 3139

war and, 3242–3243

‘‘Society and the Imperative of Death’’ (Fulton), 583

Society for Applied Sociology, 155, 326

Society for the Advancement of Field Theory, 1013

Society for the Scientific Study of Religion, 2373

Society for the Study of Social Problems, 155, 326, 2759, 2763

Society for the Study of Symbolic Interaction, 3096

Society of Captives, The (Sykes), 2052

Society of Sociology of Paris,

1025, 1026

Sociobiology, human, 2880–2888

aggression mechanisms, 69– 70, 72

altruism theory, 115, 2882–2884

conceptions of race and, 2329–2332, 2334

crime and criminal behavior theories, 502, 506, 528, 529

and culture, 563

depression theories and treatment, 652, 654–655

elements of theory, 2881–2886

evolution theory and, 876–877, 2880–2881, 2892

and genocide, 1068

and incest taboos, 1274

and law of anisogamy, 2884–2886

maximization principle, 2881

origination of term, 2880–2881

and self-esteem determination, 2513

as sexual behavior approach, 2537, 2566

social Darwinism and, 66, 2330

suicide predictors, 3079

See also Evolution: biological, social, cultural

Sociocultural anthropology,

2888–2894

anthropological method and theories vs., 2889

current issues, 2893–2894

ethnography and, 852–856, 2888

history of, 2888–2892

on Islamic society, 2944

linguistic analysis, 2891–2892

Malinowski’s work, 2118–2119

methods and organization, 2892–2893

and Polish sociology, 2117–2118, 2119–2120

rape explanations, 2579–2580

theory, 2889–2892

See also Anthropology;

Ethnography

Sociocultural ecology

and criminology, 531

and urban life, 308–309, 531–532

See also Human ecology and environmental analysis

Socioeconomic Index (SEI), 1997,

2000, 3265

Socioeconomic status. See Social class; Status attainment

Sociogenic theory of criminal behavior, 506

Sociograms, 2728–2729

Sociolinguistics, 2894–2912

collaborative work across disciplines, 2903–2904

conversation analysis and, 431–440, 2895, 2902–2903, 2904–2905

mutual embeddedness proposition, 2896–2897, 2906–2907

and personal and social identities, 2906–2908

sociocultural anthropology and, 2891–2892

Sociologia (Danish journal), 2451

Sociological Abstracts, 409, 1015, 1606,

1607, 1608–1609, 1610

citations for Middle Eastern studies, 1869

quality of life entry, 2300

Sociological Imagination, The

(Mills), 1027

Sociological Institute (Russia), 2979

Sociological Methodology (ASA

yearbook), 409, 414, 1611, 3034

Sociological Methods and Research

(journal), 3034

Sociological Practice: A Journal of Clinical and Applied Sociology, 326, 328

Sociological Practice Association,

325, 326, 328

Sociological Practice Review, 155, 156

Sociological Research Online

(quarterly), 413

Sociological Society (Great

Britain), 225

‘‘Sociological Technique in Clinical Criminology, A’’ (Alinksy), 325

Sociological Theory of Law, A

(Luhmann), 1558

Sociologie allemande contemporaine

(Aron), 1025

Sociologie des Sports (Risse), 2986

Sociologie du travail (Friedman), 1026

Sociologisk forskning (Swedish journal), 2451

Sociologisk Tidskrift (Norwegian

journal), 2451

Sociologists for Women in Society, 153–155

Sociology: Theory, Methods, Marketing

(Ukrainian journal), 2983

Sociology

and affirmative action, 47, 48, 49

of aging, 52–85

American Sociological

Association, 147–156

applied, 155–156, 168–171, 1237, 2845

British, 223–228

case studies, 244–248

clinical, 323–328

communitarianism and, 361 comparative historical analysis,

383

of culture, 172

definition and characteristics of community problems, 362, 363

disaster research and, 687 Durkheim’s coining of term, 327 of education, 2926–2935

of emotions, 773 environmental, 800–812 French, 1024–1029 German, 1073–1084 globalization of, 1090–1091 of helping, 117–118 historical, 1195–1200

and human rights, 1237–1238 humanistic orientation, 1246–

1251

hybridization, 2923–2925 inception as response to social

changes, 2644 Indian, 1290–1295 indigenization of, 1292 industrial, 1308–1316

international associations, 1422–1426

Internet resources, 413–414 Italian, 1464–1475

of language, 2894–2912

library resources and services for, 1604–1613

life histories and narratives, 1633–1638

literature reflecting, 1646 macro vs. micro, 1703–1705 Marxist, 1752–1759

and materialist theory, 1783–1784 mathematical, 1786–1792 medical, 1813–1818

metatheory in, 1852–1854 Middle Eastern studies and,

1868–1873 military, 1875–1882

models in, 2027–2028, 2029 of money, 1883–1893

as moral enterprise, 1246 music and, 1924–1927

Native American, 136 pantheon of founders, 1704 paradigm use in, 2027 phenomenology applied to,

2099–2106

of police, 2114–2115

Polish and Eastern European,

2116–2123

political, 2162–2168 popular culture studies,

2169–2175

and positivism, 2192–2195 postmodernist, 2205–2209 and pragmatism, 2220–2222 of prisons, 2051–2057

professional associations, 148–156 relevance of, 1237–1238

of religion, 2964–2974 research funding in, 2397–2401 rural, 2425–2436

social capital and, 2641 and social exchange theory,

2670–2675

and social philosophy, 2755–2758 and social problems theorists,

2759–2764

social work vs., 2840, 2844–2845 socialization orientations in,

2855–2856

sociocultural anthropology shared interests, 2893–2894

sociology of law relationship, 1553–1555

Soviet and post-Soviet, 2979–2985 specialized domains, 2913

of sport, 2986–2990

statistical methods since 1969, 3035–3039

structuralist, 1034, 1559–1560 suicide studies, 3079–3081 survey research use, 3087–3094 teaching of, 150

urban, 3191–3197, 3191–3198 UseNet Newsgroups, 414 values theory, 3213–3225

of work, 3269

Sociology (Japanese journal), 1480 Sociology among the social sciences,

2913–2926

new school of communitarians and, 356–359

Sociology and Social Research (journal),

326, 1864

Sociology of agriculture. See Rural sociology

Sociology of art. See Art and society

‘‘Sociology of Art, The’’ (Barnett), 173

Sociology of Art and Literature, The

(Albrecht, Barnett, and Griff eds.), 172–173

Sociology of Childhood (ISA

research committee), 550

Sociology of culture. See Culture; Mass culture

Sociology of Culture (Kloskowska),

2121

Sociology of Culture, The: Emerging Theoretical Perspectives (Crane ed.), 568, 569

Sociology of democracy. See Democracy

Sociology of development, 300, 754

Sociology of Diasters: Contributions of

Sociology to Disaster Research, 687

Sociology of education, 2926–2937

and development, 754

empirical studies, 2929–2934

home vs. school influences, 2933

reformist projects, 2934–2935

Sociology of emotions. See Emotions

Sociology of environmental issues. See Environmental sociology

Sociology of Islam, 2937–2953

Gellner’s theory of Muslim society, 2943–2944, 2946, 2947

and gender issues, 2948–2950

and Islamic state, 2948

Muslim minorities, 2950–2951

and religious experience, symbols, and theology, 3280, 3281, 3282, 3284, 3285

and social theory, 2941–2948

Sunni and Shi’a sects, 3286

Sociology of knowledge, 2953–2960

ideation change, 1009–1010

and ‘‘new sociology of knowledge,’’ 2958–2959

Sociology of Knowledge, The (Stark),

2956–2957

Sociology of law, 2960–2964

comparative legal systems, 1545–1551

definition of, 1576

and international law, 1426–30

legislation of morality, 1560, 1575–1581

relationship to general sociology, 1552–1555

relationship to legal theory, 1555–1559

role of general theory in, 2963

social-structural model, 1559– 1560

See also Law and society

Sociology of literature. See Literature and society

Sociology of religion, 2964–2974

on defining feature of religion, 2382–2383

family and, 936, 937

French School and, 1024

new paradigm in, 2367–2368, 2374–2375

religious movements and, 2364–2375

religious organizations in context of, 2377–2379

sect formation and, 2378–2379

Weber’s economics-based analysis, 2942–2943

world traditions, 3277–3289

Sociology of science. See Science

Sociology of Sport Journal, 2988

Sociology of Teaching, The (Waller),

2927, 2986

Sociometry, 1014, 1027, 2613, 2729

Sociomoral Reflection Measure

(SRM), 1899–1900

Sociomoral Reflection Measure-Short

Form (SRM-SF), 1903

Socioterritorial belonging. See Territorial belonging

Socrates, 3079, 3202

Sodomy laws, 315

SOFI. See Institute for Social Research (Sweden)

Software. See Computer applications in sociology; specific packages

Soga, 1549

Sohrabi, Nader, 1871

‘‘Sojourner’’ concept, 178

Sokal, Alan, 2207–2208

Solidarity

collective, 2631, 2632–2633, 2635

and social capital, 2640

Solidarity movement (Poland), 1532, 2121, 2268, 2365–2366

Solipsism, 2217

Solis, Leopoldo, 1858

Solomon, king of Israel, 2998

Solomos, John, 226

Somalia, 1865, 1866, 1867, 1934

slavery and forced labor in, 2603, 2606

Somatotype personality, 1717–1718

Sombart, Werner, 384, 733, 1074,

1075, 2711

‘‘Some Principles of Stratification’’ (Davis and Moore), 1030

Some Remarks on the Social System

(Lockwood), 225–226

Song lyrics analysis, 1927

Sons of Liberty, 2125

Sorensen, Aage, 1349, 2452

Sorokin, Pitirim, 115, 681, 821,

1027, 1081, 1424, 1932, 2921

on cyclical dynamics of societal change, 1705, 2644

on education and mobility, 2927

on family structure, 1505

functionalist hypothesis, 2866

and rural sociology, 2426, 2427, 2428

and Russian sociology, 2116

on social dynamics, 2662

and social inequality concept, 2690

on societal stratification, 2865–2866, 2867

and Soviet sociology, 2979, 3054

and status attainment, 2781

stratification profile, 2869–2870

stratification profile, 2869–2870

time use research, 3155–3156

Soros, George, 588, 2983

Sosiologia (Finnish journal), 2451

Sotsiologicheskie Issledovania (Soviet

journal), 2981

Soule, Sarah A., 2961

Souls of Black Folk, The (Du Bois), 55

South, U.S.

and interracial sexual relations, 1408

low alcohol consumption rate, 94

segregation policy, 54, 62, 2491–2492

subculture of violence in, 664

South Africa

apartheid, 62, 250, 1940, 2047, 2146

apartheid abolishment, 2725

clinical sociology, 328

fertility rate decline, 220

involuntary servitude, 2602, 2608

political crime, 2146

post-apartheid peacemaking, 2047–2048

protest movement, 2270

racial classification, 2332

racial conflict, 321

social change, 941

status attainment, 3044

women in labor force percentage, 3262

South America. See Latin American; Latin American studies; specific countries

South Commission (1990),

1319–1321

South Korea

dependency theory, 642

fertility decline, 627, 2178

labor movement and unions, 1531, 1532

political corruption, 2131

rapid economic expansion/ population growth, 2179

widowhood, 3255–3256

Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce

(Reid), 2978

Southeast Asia studies, 2974–2979

fertility transition, 622

history, 2974–2976

women in labor force percentage, 3262

Southeast Asian Refugee Studies

Project, 182

Southern Africa, countries of, 60

Southern Baptist Convention,

2370, 2376

Southern Christian Leadership

Conference, 2492, 2494, 2495

Southern Organizing Committee,

791

Southwest Network for Environmental and Economic Justice, 791

Southwood, Kenneth, 2703

Soviet and post-Soviet sociology, 2116–2117, 2979–2985

bureaucratic development, 2163

Marxist sociology and, 1756, 1757

suppression and revival, 2979–2980

time use research, 3155, 3156

See also Russia; Soviet Union

Soviet Sociological Association

(SSA), 2980, 2981, 2982

Soviet Union

in Cold War-era triad, 332

Collins’s predicted collapse of, 1708

communist dictatorship, 3002

cross-border crime upswing, 1936

equality for women, 990

forced labor, 2608

Marxism-Leninism, 1751, 2982

Marxist view of democracy, 601–602

political corruption, 2136–2137

secularization, 2485

social movement emergence, 2718

socialism, 28, 2846, 2849, 2849–2851

See also Russia

Sowell, Thomas, 1233

Sozanski, Tadeusz, 2122

Soziologie heute (König), 1077

Space program, 2682

Spain

divorce laws reforms, 703

divorce rate, 706

Latin American colonization by, 1536–1637, 1934

legal system, 471, 474

long-term care and care facilities, 1652, 1653, 1661

marijuana decriminalization, 712

multilingualism, 2909

nationalist movement, 3001

and New World empire, 2999

and New World slavery, 2600

political and governmental corruption, 2129

retirement patterns, 2407

Southeast Asian influences, 2974

tourism in, 3169

unemployment, 3263

women in labor force percentage, 3262

Spanier, Graham, 1508, 1726, 1727,

1728, 2393

Spann, Othmar, 1075

Spates, James L., 3214

Spatial ability, sex-differences study, 2531

Spearman, Charles, 905–906, 908,

909–910, 1364, 1365, 2348

Spearman rank correlation, 1795, 1957, 1969

Spearman-Brown Prophecy,

2348–2349

Specialization, 697, 698, 699

Speech. See Conversation analysis; Language; Sociolinguistics

Speech-recognition programs, 1981

Spencer, Herbert, 297, 581, 582, 819, 1028, 1271, 1423, 1465, 1466, 2889

evolutionary ‘‘fitness’’ theory, 2881

evolutionary racial theory, 2330

and evolutionary theory, 879

and functionalism and structuralism, 1029, 1030, 1031

on historical progress, 2644–2645

as Japanese sociology early influence, 1477

macro-level phenomena concerns, 1704

and modernization theory, 1885

as Polish sociology influence, 2117

and positivism, 2192, 2193

and secularization, 2483

social Darwinism of, 66, 2330

on specialization and routinization, 697, 698

Spengler, Oswald, 877, 2644

Spenner, Kenneth L., 270

Spickard, James, 940

Spilerman, Seymour, 557, 1614–

1615, 1991

Spirit of the Laws, The

(Montesquieu), 1545

Spitzer, Steven, 1498

Split panels, 1687

Split-half reliability, 2347–2348

Spock, Benjamin, 2036–2037

Spohn, Willfried, 569

Spoils system, 2127

Spontaneous abortion, 2233– 2234, 2238

Sport, 2985–2991, 3077

Spousal division of labor, 695–696

Spragens, Thomas, Jr., 356

Spreadsheet software, 418–419

SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences), 1607, 1923, 2035

Spurzheim, J. C., 1717

Sri Lanka, 2362

high suicide rate, 3082

political corruption, 2132

religious movement, 2366, 3288

Srinivas, M. N., 1291, 1292, 1293

SRM. See Sociomoral Reflection

Measure

SRM-SF. See Sociomoral Reflections

Measurement Short Form

Srole, Leo, 364

SRS (simple random sampling), 2446–2447

SSA. See Soviet Sociological

Association

SSCI. See Social Sciences Citation Index

SSDA. See Social Science Data

Archives

S-shaped curve (innovation adoption/diffusion), 87, 677

SSI. See Supplementary Security

Income

SSRIs (selective serotonin inhibitors), 654

SSRS (Systematic-simple random sampling), 2446–2447

SSSP. See Society for the Study of Social Problems

Stability, as reliability component, 2343, 2346, 2350–2354

Stable criminal subculture, 1494

Stable population model, 618

Stack, Stephen, 3079, 3081

Staffen, Lisa R., 2876–2877

Stakeholders, 602

STAKES. See National Research and

Development Centre for Welfare

and Health (Finland)

Stalin, Joseph, 298, 2136, 2608,

2812, 2979, 3137

Standard American model of kinship mapping, 1514–1515

Standard Cross Cultural Sample

(Murdock and White), 548

Standard deviation (statistical)

definition of, 659

variance compared with, 660

Standard error, 457, 2449

Standard error of mean, 3029

Standard Metropolitan Statistical

Areas (SMSAs), 2478

Standard of living

divorce effects, 706, 707–708

industrialization and, 1217, 1219

Standardization, 2991–2996

Standardized partial regression coefficient, 453–454

Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing, 3207, 3210, 3211

Stanford Political Dictionary, 1979

Stanford Research Institute, 1041

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale,

1362

Staniszki, Jadwiga, 2121

Stanley, J. C., 2325, 2327

Staples, William, 1636

Star plots, 3021

Stare decisis, 476

Stark, Oded, 633

Stark, Rodney, 665, 2367, 2374–2375, 2381, 2484–2485, 2967

Stark, Werner, 1958, 2956–2957

Starovoitova, Galina, 2981

Starr, Bernard D., 2555–2556

Starr, Paul, 375

Starr-Weiner Report, 2555–2556

State, The, 2996–3003

bureaucratization in, 1198

child support and, 1261

church-state relations models, 356–358

constitutions and, 3000–3001

definition of term, 2996

ecology and, 1213

emergence in Europe, 1933, 2356, 2362

expansion of, 1266

formation and breakdown studies of, 1707–1708

formation history, 2362–2363, 2998–3002

globalization and, 1092, 1093, 2362

historical sociological studies of, 1198

individualism and, 1303

Islamic society relationship, 2948

liberal model, 3002

See also Welfare state

macrosociological approach to, 1707–1708

Marxist theory of, 1755, 2162, 2163

materialist theory on, 1785

national, 1198

national boundaries and, 1931–1938, 1939

nationalist movements and, 1941, 3001–3002

nation-state definition, 2997

negation of power by, 1951–1955

and organizational functioning, 2006

political power of, 2997–2998

reaction to nationalist movements by, 1945–1946, 3002

regulatory function, 1099, 1228

role in globalization, 1092, 1093

role in higher education, 1184–1185

structuralist theory of, 2162–2163

and territorial belonging, 3129

war and twentieth-century nationstate formations, 2362–2363

See also Democracy

State, Culture, and Society

(journal), 1869

State Department, U.S., Human

Rights Practices report, 2607

State Self-Esteem Scale, 2512

State socialism, 728

State system. See National border relations; State, The

Static-group comparison, 2316

Stationary population, 616

Stationers’ Company, 267

Statistical Analysis of the Social

Organism (Comte concept), 1029

Statistical Breviary (Playfair), 3005

Statistical graphics, 3003–3023

in data analysis, 3003, 3011–3019, 3039

history of, 3005–3007

multivariate data, 3018–3019

nonparametric, 1795

perception research, 3009–3011

standards, 3007–3009

See also Content analysis

Statistical inference, 3023–3034

confidence intervals, 3026–3027

logic of, 3027–3030

models, 2028

nonrandom samples and, 3033–3034

power and Type I and Type II errors, 3030–3032, 3033

probability level, 3025–3026

and replication attempts, 2396

and statistical and substantive significance, 3032–3033

traditional tests, 3024–3025

variance and standard deviation, 659, 660

Statistical methods, 3034–3039

analysis of variance and covariance, 158–164

categorical and limited dependent variables, 3037– 3038

comparative-historical sociological analysis, 385–386, 389, 390

computer programs, 409

computer-intensive methods, 3039

conclusion validity, 2326–2327

contingency table analysis, 3036–3037

correlation and regression analysis, 447–457, 2251, 3035–3036

covariance structure models, 3037

crime rate calculation, 491–492, 503–504

and cross-cultural analysis, 547

demographic, 608–620

descriptive, 657–661

distributions, 2869–2870

event history analysis, 869– 874, 3037

factor analysis, 905–921, 1788, 3036

graphics, 3003–3022

inference. See Statistical inference

latent structure analysis, 3038

linear models, 592–593

measures of association, 1804–1812

models, 1787, 2028, 3015–3017

multilevel and panel models, 3038–3039

multiple tests of significance, 3030

nonparametric, 1795, 1956–1971

quasi-experimental research design errors, 2326–2327

sampling theory, 2444–2449

social indicators, 2684

standardization, 2991–2996

statistical and substantive significance, 3032–3034

stochastic processes, 3036

tabular analysis, 3108–26

time series analysis, 2679, 3142–3153

Type I and Type II errors, 3030–3032

typologies, 3186–3187

See also Content analysis; Crime rates; Measurement; Measures of association

Statistical Methods (Snedecor), 3035

Statistical Methods for Research Workers

(Fisher), 3006, 3035

Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), 1607, 1923, 2035

Statistisk Sentrabyrå, 2451

Status attainment, 3042–3049

aspiration level formation, 2781, 2782–2783

and capitalism, 238

conformity and, 404

crystallization levels, 2869

definers and models, 2782

and delinquent subcultures, 511

and education, 758, 2713, 2782, 2783–2785, 2928, 2929–2931

and emotions, 777–778

establishment of field, 3042

and expectation states theory, 880, 882

gradational groupings, 2816

income and, 3047–3048

incongruence concept, 3049– 3054

inherited, 250, 251, 1239–1240, 2810, 2811, 2869

leisure displays and, 1583

marriage and, 1734–1735

in mate selection theory, 1775–1776

measurement devices, 2866

models of, 2782–2783, 2817

nonformist/innovative behavior allowed by, 403–404

occupational prestige and, 2000–2001, 2259–2260, 3045–3047

professions and, 2259–2260

social network position and, 2733

social psychology studies of, 170–171, 2780–2789

and social reproduction, 3042, 3043, 3045

social surveys, 578

tourism and, 3166, 3168

upward structural mobility and, 2868

and urban life, 307

Weber’s studies, 1704

See also Social and political elites; Social class; Social stratification

Status crystallization, 3051 Status incongruence, 3049–3055

configurations of, 3053 at elite level, 3053–3054

and relative deprivation, 349, 1940, 2701, 3050

widowhood and, 3255 Status inconsistency. See Status

incongruence Status quo

conservative vs. liberal ethos, 1598, 1600

endowment effect and, 594

Status System of a Modern Community, The (Warner and Lund), 364

Status-value formulation, 2702 Stavisky affair (1934), 2129 STDs. See Sexually transmitted

diseases

Stearns, Linda B., 2501

Stebbins, Robert, 1587

Steele, B. F., 288

Steele, C. M., 73

Steen, Sara, 671

Stefano, Antonino, 2968

Steffen, Gustaf Fredrik, 2449

Steffens, Lincoln, 2124, 2126

Stein, J. A., 2513

Steinberg, Stephen, 845, 2332–2333

Steiner, Ivan D., 2617

Steinmetz, Devora, 1511 Steinmetzarchief (Amsterdam Arts

and Sciences Real Academy), 575, 576

Steinmo, Sven, 375

Stem family, 1503–1504

Stem-and-leaf plots, 659

Stepfamilies. See Blended families Stephens, Evelyne Huber, 389 Stephens, John, 389, 390 Stepney, Bishop of, 225, 1706 Stepwise regression analysis, 456 Stereotypes

African-American, 64, 2243

on aging and sexual activity, 2556

as attitude subtype, 184, 189 as attribution shaping, 197–

198, 2244 conformity and, 403 functions of, 185

of fundamentalism, 2368, 2369–2370, 2371

gender. See Sex stereotypes and intermarriage, 1411

as learned, 185

of marijuana use, 713

mass media and, 1767–1768, 1773

and mental illness diagnosis, 1838 and reference group perceptions,

2752, 2753 of whiteness, 56

See also Discrimination; Prejudice Sterilization

and eugenics, 1272

and family planning, 954, 2178 Sterling, Robert, 197

Sterling, Theodore D., 2396

Sternberg, R. J., 1850

Sternberg, Robert, 1368

Stevens, S. S., 1793, 1800

Steward, Julian, 2891

Steward, Lyman and Milton, 2368

Stewart, John A., 2459

Stigler, George, 1101

Stigmatization

concept of, 1815

as criminal sanction, 520 of homosexuality, 2570 of urban underclass, 3198

Stimulus diffusion, 676 STIRPAT (environmental impact

equation), 808

Stochastic Models for Social Processes

(Bartholomew), 2668, 3036 Stochastic processes, 2249,

2465, 3036

Stochastic Processes (Doob), 3035

Stockholm University, 2452

Stogdill, R. M., 1565, 1567–1568

Stoics, 2519

Stokes, Donald E., 3234, 3235

Stone, Christopher, 443

Stone, Gregory, 2221

Stone, Lawrence, 1504, 1505

Stone, Philip J., 1978, 1979

Stonequist, Everett, 2634

Stonich, Susan, 1221

Storytelling. See Life histories and narratives

Stouffer, Samuel A., 314, 316–317,

1876, 1881, 2193, 3038, 3093

Strain theory, 166

of collective behavior, 353

of deviance, 664, 1494–1495, 2775

Strain toward symmetry model, 335, 336

‘‘Strange Disappearance of Sick America, The’’ (Putnam), 368

‘‘Stranger’’ concept (Simmel and Schutz), 2635

Strangers from a Different Shore: A History of Asian Americans

(Tataki), 180

Strassoldo, Raimondo, 1468

Strategic narrative concept, 388

Stratham, Anne, 2417, 2423

Stratification. See Social stratification

Stratified random sampling, 2447

Straus, Murray, 503, 505

Straus, Robert, 1815

Strauss, Anselm, 582, 1813, 2221

Strauss, B., 2290

Straw polls. See Election polls

Street Corner Society (Whyte), 244,

363, 364, 365, 2611

Street gangs. See Gangs

Streib, Gordon, 1388

‘‘Strength of weak ties’’ hypothesis, 2693, 2731–2732, 2791, 2792, 2827

Strength-of-position hypothesis, 2791

Stress, 3055–3059

aggression and, 73

as caregiver burden, 1658

collective situations, 683

depression and, 649, 651, 653, 656

of divorce, 705, 707

homelessness and, 1205

integrative and time-lagged models, 3056–3057

mediating factors, 3056

medical sociology studies, 1814

personal dependency and, 2066

social comparison process and, 2654

social networks counteracting, 2732, 2733

Strikes. See Labor movements and unions; Industrial sociology

Stripp, H., 3081

Strodtbeck, Fred L., 3212

Stroessner, Alfredo, 2134

Stroke, 139, 1641

Structural analysis, 1027

in macrosociology, 1703–1704

Structural assimilation, 842

Structural conduciveness, 353

Structural equation modeling (SEM), 908, 1692, 1910, 1914–1915, 1918–1923

benefits and use limitations, 1922–1923, 2346–2347

hierarchical linear models, 1922

and mobility research, 2817

significance of, 3039

Structural functionalism. See Functionalism and structuralism

Structural Holes (Burt), 737

Structural lag, 3060–3067

cultural lag concept and, 3066

and social structural responses, 3063–3066

and theories of change, 3066–3067

Structural properties of collectives, 1591

Structural regulation of speech, 269

Structuralism, 226, 1031, 1034, 1707

anthropological, 563, 564, 2891–2892

British, 568

French, 563, 1027, 1032–

1034, 1035

and German sociology, 1078

and Latin American studies, 1537

and Marxist sociology, 1753, 1754, 1755, 1756, 1784, 2162, 2163

and prison sociology, 2051

and public opinion, 2273

and revolutions, 2413

and role theory, 2417

and social mobility, 2712, 2713

and social networks, 1034–1035, 2729–2731

theory of collective behavior, 352–354

theory of personality, 1717–1718

theory of poverty, 2211–2212

theory of state, 2162–2163

See also Functionalism and structuralism; Social structure

Structurally unemployed. See Job displacement

Structuration theory, 226

Structure of the Scientific Revolution, The (Kuhn), 2023, 2374, 2458–2459

Structure of the Social World, The

(Rybicki), 2120

Structured strain theory. See Strain theory

Strumilin, S. G., 2979, 3155

Stryker, Robin, 388, 390, 1102, 1106,

1107, 1108, 1109

Stryker, Sheldon, 1253, 1256, 1257,

2221, 2417, 2423, 2505, 2508

Student movements, 3067–3070

anti-Vietnam War, 2269–2270

Chinese Tianenmen Square,

2268, 2718, 2721–2722, 3067

civil rights participants, 2268, 2495

countercultures, 460, 461

and crowd behavior, 558

and German sociology, 1079

interaction theories, 351–352

life history data, 1635

and political criminality, 2144–2145

popular culture critique by, 2169

resource mobilization theories, 353–354

Student Nonviolent Coordinating

Committee, 2495, 3069

Students for a Democratic Society, 460, 3069

Studies in Ethnomethodology

(Garfinkel), 226

Studies on Crime and Crime Prevention

(journal), 2452

Study of Sociology, The (Japanese

journal), 1480

Study of Sociology, The (Spencer), 297

Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences in Risks of Treatment (SUPPORT), 587–588

Study-findings comparisons. See Meta-analysis

Sturzo, Luigi, 1424

Styron, William, 651

Subcultures

countercultures vs., 459, 460

criminal and delinquent, 509–514, 534, 1494

cultural approach and, 566, 567

definition of, 509

stratification, 2818

Subgame perfect equilibrium, 330

Subjection of Women, The (Mill),

988, 990

Subjective well-being measurement, 2683–2684

Subordinate Behavior

Description, 1566

Sub-Saharan Africa

AIDS epidemic, 2591–2593

involuntary servitude, 2602, 3262

political and governmental corruption, 2132–2134

population growth, 628

slave trade from, 2598, 2599

women in labor force, 3262

Substance abuse. See Alcohol; Drug abuse

Substance Abuse and Mental Health

Administration, 715

Substantive legal systems, 464

Subtle prejudice, 2245

Subunemployed, definition of, 1720

Suburbanization, 3070–3077

African American integration and, 2498

alcohol consumption patterns and, 94

in American urban system, 3070–3071, 3194

cities and, 311, 3070–3071, 3194