Encyclopedia of Sociology Vol

and divorce bans, 700

Durkheim on function of, 775–776, 1032, 2385, 3278

experience vs. conversion, 3283

family and. See Family and religion

gender and, 997, 1057, 2379

genocide and, 1069, 1071

hate speech and, 275–276

historical sociology and, 1198, 1199

on human nature, 2086–2087

and incest taboo, 1272

and interfaith dialogue, 3289

and interfaith marriage, 911, 1411, 1776

and legislation of morality, 1560, 1580

Native American, 137–138,

3277–3278, 3279, 3281, 3282

new paradigm of, 2367–2368, 2374–2375

and ordination of women, 2379

paradigm shift in, 2964–2971

personality theories and, 2086–2087

political correctness and, 2142

political expression of, 2358–2362

as political orthodoxy in premodern states, 2138

and professional clergy, 2259

sectarian, 1303

and secularization, 2482–2489

secularization of, 935, 937–938, 2373, 2374

sociological defining feature of, 2382–2383

and sociology of culture, 563

subjective, 2384–2385

suicide and, 3081

theology and doctrines, 3284–3286

world, 3277–3289

See also Church and state; Judaism and Jews; Protestantism; Religious movements; Religious organizations; Religious orientations; Roman Catholic Church; Sociology of Islam; specific denominations and sects

Religion in Secular Society

(Wilson), 2483

Religion, politics, and war,

2356–2364

decline of liberal mainline denominations, 2379

and ethnicity, 3288

and fundamentalism and, 2361, 2369, 2371, 2378, 2943, 2944–2945, 3288

and secularization, 2485–2486

Religious fundamentalism. See Fundamentalism

Religious movements, 2364–2376

categories of, 2364–2368

and counterculture, 460, 461, 2366, 2367, 2374, 2969

fundamentalism, 277, 462, 1577, 1580, 2361, 2368–2373, 2378, 2386, 2966–2967

new movements, 2366–2368, 2374, 2380, 3286–3288

new paradigms in, 2966–2967

and social conservative vs. communitarian view of moral decline, 359

and social movements, 2719, 2969

theoretical understanding of, 2373–2375

See also World religions

Religious organizations, 2376–2387

in American society, 145–146, 2376–2377

changes in, 2364

civil liberties challenges, 315

and civil rights movement leadership, 315, 2365, 2374, 2377, 2493

and consensus formation, 2379–2380

corporate, 441

current trends, 2379–2380

denominational politics, 2377

Jewish, 2377

secularization and, 2482–2489

in sociological context, 2377– 2379

special-purpose, 2380

theological texts and, 3285

umbrella, 2380

voluntary associations, 3227, 3228–3230

in world religions, 3286–3287 Religious orientations, 2382–2387

democracy and, 605 and interfaith dialogue,

3288–3289

pluralism and, 2969–2970

and world religions, 3277–3289

See also Religious movements Religious sociology. See Sociology of

religion

Relman, Arnold, 1818

Remarriage, 2387–2395

blended families, 112–113, 126 comparative rates in developed

countries, 1749 division of labor in, 2390 divorce and, 488, 2885 divorce potential, 125 divorce rate, 1747, 2393

first marriages vs., 2390–2393 following divorce, 708–709, 1746,

2387, 2388

and life cycle, 1625 marital quality and, 2390 mate selection and, 1779,

2388–2390

parental roles and, 2033, 2389, 2390–2392

predictors of, 2388 of previously married

couples, 1748 rate decline, 2387

rate for divorced women, 1746 rate upswing, 1744

rates, 1970–1990 (table of), 1742 rates by age, 1742, 1743, 1748,

1779, 2388 stability of, 2392–2393 variables in, 1750

after widowhood, 126, 1749, 2387, 2388, 3255, 3259

Remick, Helen, 371, 372

Remmling, Gunter, 2956

Rempel, J. K., 335

Repeated cross-sectional surveys, 1687

Replication, 2395–2397, 2471

secondary data analysis, 2481

Report to the Nation on Crime and Justice, 2684

Reports on the World Social Situation, 2916–2917

Reppucci, D., 76

Representative democracy, 602–603

and political elites, 2627

and political party systems, 2154, 2156–2157, 2164

and religious interests, 2358–2362

Representativeness

and decision processing, 594–595

and electoral system, 2156–2157

Repression (emotional), 1713–1714

Reproduction. See Childbearing; Birth and death rates; Demographic transition; Fertility determinants; Pregnancy and pregnancy termination

Reproduction of Mothering, The

(Chodorow), 992–993

Republic, The (Plato), 1644, 3202

Republican Party

conservatism and, 1603

factors in emergence of, 2154

machine politics, 2125, 2126

and political polls, 2278

protest movements within, 2267

voter classification, 3233, 3234

Resampling methods. See Bootstrapping; Sampling methods

Research and Development

Corporation (RAND), 1038, 1041

Research Assessment Exercises

(Great Britain), 227

Research Center for Group

Dynamics (University of

Michigan), 1013

Research Committee 38 (ISA),

1633–1634

Research Committee on Social Trends, 1039, 2682

Research Committee on

Stratification (ISA), 550

Research funding in sociology,

2397–2401, 2475

Research methods. See Case studies; Comparative-historical sociology; Ethnomethodology; Ethnography; Evaluation research; Qualitative

methods; Survey research; Statistical methods

Research on Social Work Practice, 2845

Research replication. See Replication

Research synthesis. See Meta-analysis

Research Working Group on the Ottoman Empire, 1876

Residential homes

for drug abuse, 715

long-term care, 1652, 1654–1655

Residential segregation. See Housing; Segregation indices

Resolving Social Conflicts (Lewin),

1013

‘‘Resource curse,’’ 643–644

Resource dependency, 737–738

and environmental sociology, 800, 805

and social exchange theory, 2674

Resource mobilization theory, 791, 1871

of collective behavior, 353–354

and social movement organizations, 2723

Resources. See Social resources theory

Resources, natural. See Human ecology and environmental analysis

Respite care, 1658

Response bias, 213

Responsibility

cultural variants in attributions of, 198

as prosocial behavior trait, 116

Responsive Communitarian Platform,

The: Rights and

Responsibilities, 357

Responsive communitarians, 355, 356–360

Responsive Community, The

(journal), 356

Rest, James B., 1899

Restitution, as criminal sanction, 515

Restlessness, circular reaction and, 350

Rethinking Marxism (journal), 1757

Retirement, 2401–2410

age of, 3061

community case studies, 245

continuing care communities, 1664

as death ‘‘cause,’’ 584

and decreased male labor-force participants, 1524

determinants of, 2405–2406

early, 2404, 2406, 2407, 2408

first pension plan, 2402

gender and race issues, 2406–2407

historical development of, 2402–2404

international comparisons, 2407–2408

measurement of, 2406

social factors of, 79

social security payments and, 2403, 2796, 2803, 2804

women’s income, 84

Retirement Research Foundation,

588

Retributivism, 516

Rettig, S., 2350

Reuel, Denney, 1595

Reurbanization, 311

Revelle, Roger, 1218

Revenge of the Past, The

(Naimark), 1948

Revenue Act of 1921, 2402

Reverse discrimination, 2706

Review (journal), 1869, 1872

(Re)vision (Rich pun), 991–992

Revised Feelings of Inadequacy

Scale, 2512

Revitalization movements, 2367

Revolutionary Armed Forces of

Colombia (FARC), 2135

Revolutions, 2410–2415

analysis of Iranian, 1870– 1871, 1873

Chinese socialist, 2849

civil law effects of, 473–474

coalitions within, 331, 332, 333

collective behavior factors, 349

comparative historical analysis of, 383, 384, 2413, 2414, 3000–3001

conflict theory on, 416

contemporary theory of, 1707–1708

counterculture groups, 460 creole decolonization and, 1267 enforcement coalitions and,

415–416

historical case studies of, 1198 J-curve hypothesis of, 349 Lenin’s theory of, 2848–2849 Mao’s theory of, 2849

Marx’s theory of, 2339, 2410–2411, 2412, 2413, 2414

Merton’s anomie concept and, 165

nationalism and, 3001–3002 Old Regime vs. Third

World, 2412 outcomes and, 2414 postcommunist, 2851 proletarian, 2848–2849 rebellions vs., 2410

social movements and, 2717 socialist, 2848–2849 Southeast Asia studies, 2977 state and, 3000–3001

and status incongruence, 3050

See also American Revolution; French Revolution; Mexican Revolution of 1910; Russian Revolution

Revolutions of 1848, 3000, 3001

Revue française de sociologie, La, 1026

Revue internationale de sociologie, 1025 Rewards

and behavioral conformity, 2616 and compliance, 400

as external social control, 2657 group cohesiveness and, 2615 helping behavior and, 115, 2774 and intrinsic motivation,

2059–2060

of parenting, 2034

and social justice, 2697, 2701–2704

and work satisfaction, 3272, 3275

See also Reinforcement theory; Social exchange theory

Rex, John, 226

‘‘Rhapsodien’’ (Reil), 2087–2088 Rheaume, Jacques, 328 Rheinstein, Max, 1554

Rhetoric of censorship, 268–269 Ricardo, David, 1597

Rice, Stuart A., 3231

Rich, Adrienne, 991

Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison, The (Reiman), 3248

Richards, Audrey, 289

Richardson, Laurel, 1637

Richmond, Mary, 2843

Rickert, Heinrich, 819–820, 2957

Ricketts, Erol, 3199

Rickman, David, 194

Ricoeuer, Paul, 3281

Riemann, Gerhard, 1635

Riemer, Svend, 1275

Riesman, David, 4, 1582, 1595,

2529, 2624

Riggs v. Palmer, 466

‘‘Right to die’’ movement, 585, 586, 3064, 3065, 3083

Rights. See Civil rights; Human rights, children’s rights, and democracy

Right-wing extremism political parties and, 2160 survivalist counterculture,

461–462

Riker, William, 331, 2920

Riley, Matilda White, 150, 1618

Rinaldi, A., 583

Rinde, Erik, 1425

Ringer, Benjamin, 54

Riots. See Crowds and riots Rising expectations theory, 1491,

2270, 2493 Risk

control theory on, 667

lifestyle and health, 1639–1642 macro-level research, 2877–2880 micro-level research, 2876–2877 rational decision theory and, 350 sexual behavior and, 2559, 2577 technological, 2874–2579

Risse, Heinz, 2986

Rita, Lidia de, 1467

Ritalin, 718

Rites of passage, 1624, 2861 Ritzer, George, 1703–1704, 2027,

2208–2209

Robbery

deviance theories on, 664 juvenile rate, 1498

rate calculation, 497, 498 Uniform Crime Reports

definition, 492 victimization rates, 499

See also Burglary; Theft

Robert Wood Johnson Foundation,

587, 588, 715, 2400

Robertoland, 227

Roberts, Brian, 1338, 1578

Robertson, Roland, 1199

Roberty, Evgeny de, 2979

Robeson, Paul, 1071

Robespierre, Maximilien, 1066

Robinson, Dawn T., 1790

Robinson, J. P., 3209

Robinson, Ronald, 1266

Robinson, William S., 1592

Robotics, 699, 3266

Rochberg-Halton, Eugene, 2217

Roche Holding, Ltd., 1824

Rocheblave, Anne-Marie, 2415

Rockefeller Foundation, 637,

716, 2398

Rockwell, R. C., 2300

Rodman, Hyman, 2212

Roe v. Wade (1973), 2274, 2277 Roemer, John, 2815

Roemer, Milton I., 376

Rogers, Andrei, 620

Rogers, Carl, 1714, 1715, 1717,

1718, 2085, 2087, 2088

Rogers, Everett, 86, 87, 89, 676,

678–679

Rogers, Kim Lacy, 1636

Rogers, Mary F., 1648

Roh Tae Woo, 2131

Rohypnol, 488, 2577

Rokeach, Milton, 2120, 3214–3216,

3217, 3222, 3223

Rokeach Value Survey, 3214–3216,

3217, 3222, 3223

Rokkan, Stein, 574, 576, 2154–2155,

2450, 2452, 2453

comparative political analysis, 2922

Role change, 2424–2425, 2838

Role choice behavior, 1253, 1255

Role conflict, 2416–2417

Role playing, 2423

Role theory, 2415–2420

altruism and, 117–118

cognitive perspectives, 2417– 2418, 2424

disagreements and confusions on, 2415–2416, 2419

functionalist, 2416, 2421– 2423, 2425

history of, 2415–2416

and marginality, 2634–2635

organizational analysis, 2416– 2417

pragmatism and, 2221

recent trends in, 2418–2419

and self-concept, 2507–2508

and situational self-concept, 2506

small-group division of labor, 696

small-group role differentiations, 695, 2422–2423, 2774–2775

as social psychology perspective, 2415, 2417–2418, 2768, 2772

and socialization, 2855–2856, 2860, 2861

and status incongruence, 3050

structural, 2417

symbolic interactionist, 2417, 2423–2424, 2856, 3097

traditional, 2423

See also Gender roles; Parental roles; Social roles

Role theory: foundations, extensions, and applications, 2420–2425

Role-Construct Repertory Test, 2076

Romagnoli, Guido, 1467

Roman Catholic Church

adaptability study, 2379

alcohol consumption rates, 95

American affiliation figures, 146

in Canada, 2360

canon law, 473, 1513, 1514, 1516, 1545

case study of nun, 245

censorship by, 267, 268

communitarian elements in social teachings of, 355

divorce ban, 1516

historical antimaterialism, 1781

kinship and marriage teachings, 1514, 1516–1517

labor movement and, 1529

low suicide rates and, 3079, 3081

parochial schools, 2861, 2931, 2935

in Poland, 2357, 2365–2366

religious movement incorporation by, 2364–2365

and social movements, 2365– 2366

U.S. membership, 2376

and wars of religion, 2363

Roman law, 465, 473, 475, 476, 1513

Montesquieu comparative study of, 1545

Roman Republic and Empire,

2998, 2999

city-states in, 2998

civil law antecedents in, 465, 473

frontier line, 1932, 1935

mass destruction of Carthage, 1066, 1069

slavery in, 2811

Romance novels, 1699, 2171–2172

Romania

illegal abortion death rates, 2241

labor movement, 1532

political and government corruption, 2136, 2137

protest movement, 2267

revolution, 3001

Romanian, sociology in, 2117

Romantic fiction, 1648, 1699

Romantic love complex, 1698–1700

Romanticism, 1697, 1700

Rommetveit, Ragnar, 2415

Roof, Wade Clark, 2484

Room, Robin, 2451

Roos, J. P., 2453

Roosevelt, Franklin D., 1286, 1311, 1596, 2125, 2126, 2273, 2277, 2403, 3232, 3235

Roosevelt, Theodore, 1007, 2426

Root, Elihu, 1427

Roots (Haley), 67

Roots and Counterpoint (papers

collection), 179

Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, 2477

Roper, Elmo, 3232

Roper Public Opinion Research

Center, 317–318, 576

Rorschach ink-blot test, 2077 Rosaldo, M. Z., 992

Rosen, Bernard, 848

Rosen, Lawrence, 464

Rosenbaum, James L., 1989

Rosenberg, Gerald N., 2962

Rosenberg, M., 2344, 2346,

2347, 2350

Rosenberg, M. J., 335, 337

Rosenberg, Neil, 1927

Rosenberg, Stanley, 2512

Rosenfeld, Richard, 503

Rosengren, Karl-Erik, 1648, 2453

Rosenkranz, P. S., 2190

Rosenstock, Irwin M., 1814

Rosensweig, Mark, 633

Rosenthal, R., 1849–1850

Rosenthal, Sandra, 2217

Rosenzweig, Roy, 2170

Ross, Catherine E., 1834–1835

Ross, Edward, 1074, 1423

Ross, Edward Alsworth, 1738, 3245

Ross, Marc, 1070, 1071

Rossi, Alice S., 360, 989, 1618

Rossi, Peter, 156, 425, 1206, 1618,

2215, 2281, 2282

Rossiter, Clinton, 1598

Rostow, Walt W., 1705–1706,

1885, 1886

Roszak, Theodore, 459

Rotating panels, 1687

Rotation problem-correlated factors, 913–914

Rothchild, John, 460

Rothko, Mark, 656

Rothman, Ellen K., 483

Roturier. See Status incongruence Roueché, Berton, 814

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 527, 528, 1024, 1029, 1233, 1247, 1248, 1249, 1310

Rovine, Michael, 1737

Row frequency and percentage, 658 Rowan, Charles, 2110

Rowland, M. D., 76

Rowntree, B. S., 2210

Royal Society of London, 1423

RU 486 (mifepristone), 2238–2239

Rubakin, N. A., 2979

Rubenstein, Jonathan, 2114

Rubin, Beth A., 2961

Rubin, Gayle, 990–991, 992

Rucker, Darnell, 2217

Rueschemeyer, Dietrich, 389 RUGMARK program, 2607

Ruiz v. Estelle (1980), 2054

Rule of law, 1549

Rules, bureaucratic enforcement of, 230–231

Rules, The (Fein and Schneider), 488 Ruling class. See Social and

political elites Rumania. See Romania Rumiantsev, A. M., 2980 Rumor, 348

Run (statistical), definition of, 1969 Ruocco, Maria Ricciardi, 1467 Rural sociology, 2425–2436

agricultural innovation, 86–91, 677, 678, 2429, 2431–2433

American Indian

demographics, 134

declining number of agricultural workers, 3264

Japanese sociology and, 1478, 1479, 1480, 1481, 1483

kinship structure and, 1502 mental illness incidence,

1840, 1841

Mexican studies, 1858–1860 ‘‘new rural sociology’’ theories,

2429, 2431–2433 research agenda, 2427–2431 and social networks, 2728

underemployment, 1721, 1722 urban societies contrasted

with, 3192

Wageningen School approach, 2432–2433

Rural Sociology (journal), 2427

Rural Sociological Society, 2427,

2433

Rusconi, Gian Enrico, 1471

Rush, F., 2581

Rushdie, Salman, 279

Rushton, Philippe, 2140

Russell, Bertrand, 225, 821, 1457

Russell, D., 2583

Russell, Dan, 194

Russell, Diana, 1275–1276

Russell Sage Foundation, 2299, 2398

Russett, B., 2917

Russia

caesaro-papist church-state relations, 2357, 2358

disaster research, 687

ethnonationalist movements, 1934, 1945, 1946, 1948

family size, 977

health-care system, 380

labor movement, 1532

legal system, 1549, 1550

life expectancy, 623

nationalist movements, 1945, 3001

nuclear weapons, 3242

organized crime, 2136, 2137

political and governmental corruption, 2136–2137

post-communist conditions, 2136–2137

protest movements, 2271

sexually transmitted diseases, 2591

sociology, 2116–2117, 2979–2984

See also Soviet and post-Soviet sociology; Soviet Union

Russian Empire, 2998

Russian Orthodox Church, 938,

2357

Russian Public Opinion Monitor

(journal), 2983

Russian Revolution (1917–1923), 2411, 2412, 2643, 2664, 2849, 2851

historical sociology study of, 1198

and Soviet sociology, 2979

Russian Sociological Society,

2979, 2982

Rutkevich, Mihail, 2980

Rutter, Michael, 2090

Rwanda

caste and inherited status, 254

colonial boundaries, 1934

genocide, 68, 107, 1066, 1069, 1070, 1072

peace mediation, 2048 poverty in, 2216

Ryan, Bryce, 87, 677, 2429

Ryan, R. M., 2059–2060

Rybicki, Pawel, 2120

Ryder, Norman B., 346–347,

1618, 2678

Rytina, Steven L., 1853–1854

S

S&L scandal, 3250

Saalfield, Thomas, 2157

Sabatelli, Ronald, 1728

Sabatier, Paul, 1099, 1108

Sachs, Wolfgang, 1225

Sacks, Harvey, 247, 431, 432, 433,

435–437, 438

Sacred area preservation (Native American), 137–138

Sacred Canopy, The (Berger), 2483

Sahlins, Marshall, 1033, 2891

Sahner, Heinz, 1081

St. John’s wort, 654–655

St. Simon, Henri, 1309

Saint-Simon, Claude-Henri de Rouvroy, 1028–1025, 3202–3203

Saito, Y., 1632

Saksena, R. N., 1291, 1293 Salaries. See Wages and salaries Salinas de Gortari, Carlos, 2135 Salinas de Gortari, Raul, 2135 Salvemini, Gaetano, 1465, 1466 Sambians, 2569

Same-sex attractions. See Sexual orientation

Same-sex coalitions, 331 Same-sex marriage, 111, 131, 315,

489, 1506

and endogamy norms, 1776 legal barriers, 2546

Samper, Ernesto, 2135

Sample selection bias, 2437–2444

Sampling procedures, 2444–2449 basic probability procedures,

2446–2448

and census, 283, 284–285, 286–287

cluster sampling, 2447–2448 estimators, 2440–2442

General Social Survey, 578 longitudinal research, 1687–1688 models of selection, 2439–2442 multistage, 2448, 2449

and nonparametric statistics, 1956–1971

and online surveys, 408 probability theory, 2249,

2250, 3088

and public opinion polls, 2273–2274

random samples, 2274, 2288, 2324, 2397, 2446–2447, 3232

and replication, 2397 resampling methods, 3039 sampling frame, 2445–2446 and standard error, 2449, 3088 survey research, 2444–2449,

3087–3088, 3232

variations and tests against null hypothesis, 456–457

Sampson, Robert, 365, 366, 514,

535, 536, 668, 1616

Samuelson, Paul, 2338

Samurai, 253

San Antonio, Texas, 2126 Sanchez-Jankowski, Martí, 530 Sanctions. See Criminal sanctions;

Punishment

Sandel, Michael, 104, 356

Sanitation, 2177

Sanneh, Kanja B. A. S., 381

Sanskritization, 250–251

Santer, Jacques, 2130

Santeria, 65

Sapir, Edward, 2890 Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, 2092 Saraceno, Chiara, 1472 Saran, A. K., 1224

Saris, William E., 2684

Sarkar, B. K., 1291

Sarney, José, 2135

Sartori, Giovanni, 1470, 2153 Sartre, Jean-Paul, 989, 1071 Sarvodaya Movement, 3289 SAS. See Society for Applied

Sociology

Satanic Verses, The (Rushdie), 279

SATs (Scholastic Aptitude Tests),

2439, 2497

male vs. female mathematics scores, 2532

Saud, king of Saudi Arabia, 2132

Saudi Arabia, 1866

abolishment of slavery in, 2602

royal corruption, 2132

sociodemographic profile, 2938

Saul-Paul: A Double Life

(Hilbrand), 3053

Saussure, Ferdinand de, 1032, 2205–2206, 2891

Savigny, Friedrich Karl von, 475

Savings and loan scandal, 3250, 3253

Sawhill, Isabel, 3199

Saxton, Stanley, 2221

Sayrs, Lois W., 2680

Scacco, A. M., Jr., 2578

Scaife Foundation, 1601

Scales. See Factor analysis; Levels of analysis; Measurement

Scales for the Measurement of Attitudes

(Shaw and Wright), 3209

SCAN (Sociology and Computers: a

Newsletter), 407

Scandals, political. See Political and governmental corruption

Scandinavia

‘‘clean’’ government reputation, 2130

cohabitation, 109

comparative remarriage rates, 1749

feminist theory, 990

high suicide rate, 3079

homosexual marriage legalization, 111

labor movement, 1529, 1531

life expectancy, 1631

relative marriage rate, 1749

See also Denmark; Finland; Iceland; Norway; Scandinavian sociology; Sweden

Scandinavian Sociological

Association, 2451

Scandinavian sociology, 2449–2455

Scanning for optical character recognition, 408

Scapegoating, 696, 1311

Scarce, Rik, 839

Scartezzini, Riccardo, 1472

Scatterplots, 659, 3017–3019 jittered, 3017–3018, 3019 locally weighted, 3017 matrix, 3018, 3020

of residuals, 3016

shape and direction of, 661 univariate, 3015

Scenarios (futures studies), 1041–1042, 2678

Schaeffer, Nora Cate, 2707

Schaeffle, Albert, 1074, 1423

Scharping, Rudolf, 361

Schattschneider, E. E., 2273

Scheff, Thomas, 782, 783–784

Scheffé, H., 3035

Schegloff, Emanuel A., 247, 431,

432, 435–437, 438–439, 2904

Schein, Edgar, 893, 895

Scheler, Max, 2520–2521, 2953–

2954, 2955, 2956, 2957

Schelling, Thomas, 735

Schelsky, Helmut, 1076, 1077, 1079 Schelsky school, 1076, 1077, 1079 Schemas, 2509, 2751

Schematic processing, 2424 Schengen Agreement (1985), 1934 Schengen Convention (1990),

1934, 1935

Scheuch, Erwin, 576, 1075, 1079,

1080, 3052

Schilder, P., 1718

Schizophrenia, 1836, 1838, 1839

Schlesinger, Arthur M., 1580

Schlick, Moritz, 821

Schmid, Thomas, 245

Schmidt, Calvin F., 3008

Schmoller, Gustav von, 733, 1423 Schnaiberg, Allan, 1214, 1229 Schneider, David, 2891 Schneider, H. K., 2670 Schneider, Joseph, 2762 Schneider, Mark, 3072, 3074 Schneir, Miriam, 989

Schoeck, Helmut, 1079

Schoenwald, S. K., 76

Schofield, R., 633

Scholastic Aptitude Tests (SATs),

2439, 2497

male vs. female mathematics scores, 2532

School systems. See Educational organization

School violence, 1484–1485, 1487–1488, 1491

School vouchers, 315

Schooler, Carmie, 656, 1619,

2070–2071, 2072, 3271

Schools. See Education; Educational organization; Education and mobility; Sociology of education

School-to-Work Act of 1994, 763

Schrecker, John, 2645

Schroeder, David A., 118

Schudson, Michael, 2173

Schuessler, Karl F., 2299–2300

Schultz, T. P., 633

Schuman, Howard, 190–191, 317

Schumpeter, Joseph, 474, 724, 733,

1266, 1356, 1424, 2164, 2273

on elite rule and mass apathy, 2627

and rational choice theory of democracy, 2339

Schutz, Alfred, 226, 246, 856, 1479,

1932, 2099, 2756

‘‘stranger’’ concept, 2635

Schütze, Fritz, 1633, 1635

Schwartz, B., 1998

Schwartz, Barry, 1636

Schwartz, Gary, 513

Schwartz, Michael, 443

Schwartz, Pepper, 359, 2539, 2540,

2542, 2555

Schwartz, Shalom H., 3213,

3216–3217, 3218, 3222, 3223

Schwartz, Sharon, 2190

Schwartz Scale of Values, 3216–3217, 3218, 3219, 3222, 3223

Schwarz, Frederick C., 2370

Schwendinger, Herman and Julia,

511–512

Science, 2455–2463

applied research and development, 2460–2461

case studies, 2455

controversial aspects of, 2461 disciplines, 2458

economic determinism and, 722 historical, 2456–2457

Kuhn’s model of change in, 2024–2027, 2193, 2458– 2460, 2756

meta-analysis of sex differences in achievements in, 2532–2533

normal vs. revolutionary, 2458–2460

normative ethos, 2456 philosophy of, 1077

and postindustrial society, 2197 and postmodern society, 2206,

2207–2208 pragmatic view of, 2217,

2218, 2219

research fraud and, 2458 social stratification in, 2457

sociological definitions of, 2455 and sociology of culture, 563 and sociology of scientific

knowledge, 2458–2460 women’s careers in, 2786 work groups, 2457–2458

See also Scientific explanation

Science Indicators (journal), 2685

Science sociale, La, 1025

Scientific communities, 2025–2026 Scientific explanation, 2463–2473

building on existing data, 2465 and causal inference models,

255–256

critiques of hypothetico-deductive model, 2468–2472

deductive vs. inductive logic in, 2465–2466

deterministic laws and, 2465 Enlightenment, 2206, 2207, 2208 falsification and, 2464, 2466,

2470–2471

German sociology and, 1077 materialism and, 1781, 1785 and mathematical sociology,

1786–1791 measurement and, 2467 and metatheory, 1852–1854 objectivity in, 2467

and philosophy of science, 1077

positivism and, 2194–2195

postmodern, 2207–2208

and prediction, 2226–2233

replication and, 2395–2397, 2471

and social philosophy, 2756, 2757

stochastic laws and, 2465

theory testing in, 2466–2467

Scientific management theory, 697

Scientific method. See Epistemology; Scientific explanation

Scientific rationalism, 1085, 1086, 1247

Scientific realism, 822–823

Scientism, 544

Scientology, 900, 2366, 3287

Sciolla, Loredana, 1472

SCLC. See Southern Christian

Leadership Conference

Scope conditions, 671

Scopes, John, 2369, 2370

Score construction, 2346

Score estimation, and factor analysis, 914–915

Scores. See Factor analysis; Levels of analysis; Measurement

Scotland

civil law, 465

divorce law reforms, 703

Enlightenment in, 2335, 2340

Scott, James C., 2977

Scott, Joan, 1708–1709

Scott, Kesho Y., 57

Scott, W. A., 3214

Scott, W. Richard, 2004

Scottish Enlightenment, 2335, 2340

Scripps Foundation, 637

SDA Archive (interactive data access system), 409

SDS. See Students for a

Democratic Society

Seal, B. N., 1291

Sears, R. R., 73

Seaside resorts, 3168

Seasonal Variations of the Eskimos: A Study in Social Morphology

(Mauss), 1032

Seattle-Denver Income Maintenance

Experiment (SIME-DIME), 2213

Second International (Marxist

Workers Congress), 723

Second Sex, The (Beauvoir),

988, 989, 990

Second Vatican Council (1962–

1965), 2365

Secondary data analysis and data archives, 2473–2482

advantage and disadvantage, 2477–2478, 2480–2481

data archives, 2473–2477

and Durkheim’s suicide study, 574, 1595, 3080

nature of secondary analysis, 2477–2481

replication, 2481

Secondary jobs, 1985

Secondhand smoke, 1640

Second-order partial, 451

Sects, formation of, 2364, 2365, 2366–2367, 2378

Secularization, 2482–2491

early and recent concepts of, 2482–2489

Enlightenment and, 2965–2966

myths of, 2484–2485, 2486, 2966

paradoxes of, 2487–2489

political correctness and, 2142

of religion, 935, 937–938, 2373, 2374

values theory and, 3222

Security, 3216

Sedition Act of 1798, 273

Sedition Act of 1917, 273

Seditious libel laws, 273

Seduced by Death (Hendin), 3084–3085

Segal, David and Mady, 1876

Segerstedt, Torgny T., 2450, 2451

Segregation and desegregation, 2334, 2491–2500

African American studies, 54, 56, 57, 58, 66

in American cities, 308, 532

in American society, 143, 145

black-initiated return to segregated programs, 2498–2499

and coercive labor practices, 2608

and crime rates, 532

desegregation vs. integration, 2495–2496

and fears about interracial sex, 1408

health care access and, 1152

in housing, 1152

Jim Crow laws, 54, 62, 2491, 2761

occupational, 3264–3265

occupational by sex, 370

protest movements, 2269

recognition as social problem, 2761

and residential inequality, 56, 57, 143, 250, 845, 2500–2504

and social impact of legal changes, 2962

South African apartheid, 62, 250, 1940, 2047, 2146, 2725

Southern desegregation initiatives, 2493, 2494–2495

Supreme Court rulings, 145, 2491, 2493, 2494

from urban population shifts, 3072, 3196

See also Civil rights movement

Segregation indices, 57, 2500–2505

SEI (Socioeconomic Index), 1997,

2000, 3265

Seidler, John, 2379

Seidman, Robert, 1497

Seidman, Steven, 2207–2208, 2220

Seigfried, Charles Haddock,

2220, 2221

Seik, Eikichi, 1478

Selection models. See Sample selection bias; Sampling procedures

Selective fallacy, 1593

Selective serotonin inhibitors (SSRIs), 654

Self. See Identity theory; Self-concept

Self-actualization, 1304, 1714, 1715,

1718, 2085, 2087–2088

Self-appraisal. See Self-concept

Self-concept, 2505–2510

attitudes reinforcing, 185, 2508

and childhood sexual abuse, 290

cognitive dissonance theory and, 339

cognitive-distortion model of depression, 651

consequences of, 2508–2509

development of, 2506–2508

German idealism and, 1248–1249

hierarchy of roles in, 2505–2506

identity theory, 1254–1255

inaccuracies in, 2750

and internalized values and norms, 2837

interpersonal relations and, 2506–2508, 2773, 2774

James (William) on, 2083

‘‘looking-glass self’’ concept, 2089, 2344, 2507, 2512, 2750, 2856

performance relationship, 2508–2509

personality overlap with, 2082, 2083

and relationship with community, 357

role theory on, 2423–2424, 2506, 2507–2508

self-esteem and, 2506, 2508, 2511, 2512

self-esteem vs., 2511

self-perception and, 2750

situational, 42–44, 2506

social comparison theory on, 2507, 2650, 2651, 2653, 2856

and social self, 2218

socialization as formation of, 2856, 2860, 2862

stable, 2505–2506

symbolic interaction theory on, 2423, 2856, 3095–3100

Self-confidence, self-esteem vs., 2511

Self-control

aggression and, 74

crime theory and, 667

as illusion in positive mental health, 2190

socialization and, 2856

Self-determination. See Personal

autonomy

Self-efficacy, 116, 1895

definition of, 2750

self-esteem vs., 2511

See also Alienation

Self-employment, Social Security

coverage, 2798

Self-esteem, 2511–2518

aggression and, 72, 2516– 2517, 2777

consequences of high or low, 2514–2517

consistency of, 2347–2350

definition of, 2511, 2750

depression and, 651

global, 2511–2512

‘‘looking-glass self’’ concept, 2089, 2344, 2512

measurement protocols, 2344– 2350, 2512

multidimensional trait model, 2511

peer group as source of, 2513, 2860

persuasion and, 2096

role theory and, 2424

school performance and, 2859

and self-concept, 2506, 2508, 2511

self-expectations adherence and, 2837

sex differences in, 2534

social comparison and, 2654

sources and functions of, 2512–2514

Self-fulfilling prophecy

and academic achievement, 2932

and dangers of forecasting, 2676

deviant labels and, 1577

sex roles and, 2530

Self-help movements, 2717

Self-identity theory, 2750

Self-image. See Self-concept

Self-interest

prejudice and, 2245–2246

rational choice theory and, 2338, 2339

social vs. self-control and, 667

‘‘Selfish gene’’ metaphor, 2882

Selfishness, altruism vs., 2882, 2883–2884

Self-perception, 893

definition of, 2750

dissonance theory and, 339

Self-presentation behavior. See Affect control theory and impression formation

Self-regulation. See Self-control

Self-report measures

depression measurement, 653, 654

juvenile delinquency and crime, 1488, 1490, 1492

life history, 1616 self-esteem, 2516 voting behavior, 3232

Self-schemas, 2509

Seligman, Brenda, 1271

Seligman, Martin., 651, 652

Sellin, Thorsten, 664, 3247

Selye, Hans, 3055

Selznick, Philip, 356, 566 SEM. See Structural equation

modeling

Semantic differential technique, 186 Semigroup concept, 2298 Semiotics, 2958

Semmelweiss (Hungarian

physician), 2464

Semyonov, Moshe, 643

Sen, Amartya, 1220

Seneca Falls convention (1848), 989 Senegal

poverty in, 2216 sociodemographic profile, 2938

Senghor, Léopold Sédar, 66 ‘‘Senior boom,’’ 345 Sennacherib, 1069

Sennet, Richard, 542

Senofonte, 2520

Sensenbrenner, Julia, 2639–2640 Sentimental novels, 2171, 2172 Sentiments, 2518–2529

affect control theory and, 43–44, 45

attitudes and, 187 norms of, 2527–2528

postmodernism and, 2528–2529 social impact of, 2524–2526

See also Emotions ‘‘Separate but equal’’ ruling,

2491, 2492

Separation of powers, 473–474, 1952, 2624

Sequential games, 330

Serbia, 2362, 2363

genocide by, 68

nationalism, 3001

use of wartime rape, 2579

See also Kosovo

Serendipitous model of kinship mapping, 1514–1515

Serfdom, 1811, 2597, 2602

Serotonin, 70, 652, 654, 3079

Servants, 3262

Service, Elman R., 2891

Service employment

independent contractors, 3268

in Mexico, 1860

postindustrial shift to, 2196, 2197, 2199, 2430, 3276

working mothers as factor, 3266

See also Informal economy

Servile labor. See Slavery and involuntary servitude

Servile marriage, 2602

Set theory, 2296

Settlement houses, 365–366, 2841

Seventh-Day Adventism, 2366, 3287

Sevigny, Robert, 328

Sewell, William, 1854, 2427,

2714, 2782

Sex and Temperament in Three

Primitive Societies (Mead), 998

Sex differences, 2529–2537

contextual influences, 2534–2535

feminist theory denial of, 2886

gender roles and, 2418

See also Gender roles

gender terminology and, 1057–1058, 2529, 2886

infant mortality rates, 222

life expectancy, 126, 1630–1631, 1827, 2177, 2180

meta-analysis of four established beliefs on, 2530–2532

mortality rate, 222–223

reproduction potential, 2884

sociobiological law of anisogamy and, 2884–2886

theoretical accounts of, 2530

See also Femininity/masculinity; Gender; Sex stereotypes

Sex discrimination

occupational, 370

sexism and, 988, 989, 1838

sexual harassment as, 1063, 1880–1881, 2580–2581

UNESCO report on global conditions of, 1767–1768

See also Comparable worth; Occupational segregation; Sex stereotypes; Women’s rights movement

Sex in America (Michael et al.), 2550

Sex offenses

civil liberties and, 317

sexually explicit materials and, 2187

Sex ratio

Asian immigrants, 123, 176

marriage squeeze, 1775

Sex research. See Sexual behavior patterns

Sex Roles (journal), 2418

Sex stereotypes

attribution theory, 197–198

conformity and, 403

femininity/masculinity, 997, 2568

gay and lesbian sexual behavior, 2554–2555, 2556

mass media, 1699, 1767–1768

and mental health theories, 2190

rape-prone societies and, 2591

sex differences and, 2530, 2534

and sexual behavior, 2569

Sex telephone services, 2185

Sex tourism, 2560–2561, 2607

Sexism. See Sex discrimination

Sex-role models. See Gender; Gender roles; Femininity/masculinity; Role theory; Socialization

Sexual abuse. See Childhood sexual abuse

Sexual assault. See Rape; Sexual violence and exploitation

Sexual behavior in marriage and close relationships, 2537–2549

gay men and lesbian relationships, 2545–2547, 2554–2555

infidelity studies, 2541–2545

interpersonal attraction and, 2537–2548

love and, 1697

rape and, 950, 2577–2578

theoretical frameworks, 2537– 2538

Sexual behavior patterns, 2549–2564

approaches to, 2537

in close relationships, 2537–2548

consent and coercion, 2556– 2559, 2577–2580

See also Rape

descriptive characteristics of, 2538–2541

extramarital/extradyadic, 2541– 2545

frequency of sex, 2539, 2553, 2555

in gay and lesbian adolescents, 2552–2553

in gay male and lesbian relationships, 2539–2540, 2545–2547, 2554–2555, 2561, 2570

incest and, 1270–1277

and Islamic control over women, 2949–2950

in life course, 2550–2556

love and, 1697

number of partners, 2540, 2553

oral sex prevalence, 2553, 2569

outside of marriage, 487, 1734, 2568

peer group socialization, 2859

premarital, 2568

premarital rates in China, 302

risk reduction, 2579–2581

risk-taking, 1641–1642, 2559, 2585–2593

same-sex relationships not identified as ‘‘homosexual/ bisexual,’’ 2554

serial monogamy and, 2553

sexual satisfaction and, 2540

in single adults, 2553–2555

sociobiological law of anisogamy on, 2884–2885

See also Prostitution; Sexual orientation

Sexual development

Freudian stages of, 1713

of gay men and lesbians, 2570

See also Infantile sexuality theory

Sexual harassment, 1063, 2580–2581

Hill-Thomas case, 2581

and political correctness, 2141

suit against Clinton, 2128, 2581

two forms of, 2581

and women in the military, 1880–1881

Sexual material. See Pornography

Sexual orientation, 2564–2575

and adolescent sexual attraction, 2552–2553

AIDS/HIV and, 1641, 1642, 2559, 2570, 2585–2586, 2587, 2588, 2590, 2591

AIDS/HIV risk reduction, 2589

bisexuality, 2571–2572, 2577, 2581

case studies, 245

character of relationships, 2545–2547

and childhood sexual attractions, 2551

civil liberties issues, 315

conceptualization changes, 2564–2565, 2570

current concepts of, 2567–2573

declassification as mental disorder, 1833

disease model, 2567

family arrangements, 1064

gay and lesbian relationships, 111–112, 489, 2539–2540, 2545–2547, 2554–2555, 2570

gay men vs. lesbian frequency of sex, 2539, 2555

and gender, 2565–2567

and hate speech, 275–276

heterosexuality, 2567–2569

homosexuality, 1234, 2569–2571

and legislation of morality, 1580

and life-course sexual behavior, 2551, 2552–2553

military policies on, 1878, 1879, 1881

political correctness and, 2140

and prostitution, 2559, 2560, 2561

rape and, 2578

religious organizations and, 2380

same-sex marriage trend, 111, 131, 315, 489, 1506, 1776