Encyclopedia of Sociology Vol

composition changes, 636

demographic methods, 609–620

demographic transition, 620–629, 633, 2176–2183

density/crowd behavior relationship, 557

density/"stakes in conformity’’ relationship, 665

distribution changes, 2179–2180

dynamics in less developed countries, 928–929

ecology of, 444, 737, 738

economic growth and, 1218

and environmental sociology, 801, 807, 1216–1222

and epidemiology, 813

expansive nature of, 1218

and family and household structure, 924

food supply and, 1219

growth as disorganizing influence, 531, 1229

growth rate, 749, 1005, 1007–1008

historical overview of changes in, 2175–2177

human ecology and environmental analysis, 1210–1220

labor-force changes and, 1521, 1523–1524

Malthusian model, 632–633, 1005, 1008, 1525

Mexican growth rate, 1859

Middle Eastern countries, 1866

neo-Malthusian perspective, 1219–1220

nonparametric statistics on, 1956–1971

projections, 616–617, 2180–2183

redistribution, 1945, 2179–2180, 2181–2182

regional highest growth rates, 627–628

and replacement fertility, 2181

rural declines, 2428, 2432

sampling, 283–287, 1687, 2444–2449

shifts in, 3195–3196

size range, 609, 632–633

socioeconomic characteristics, 634

Southeast Asian growth rate, 2974

stability of, 1231

stable vs. nonstable models, 618–619

territorial distribution, 633–634

of United States, 2180

in urban societies, 3193

urbanization and, 310, 311–312

world figures, 2177

of world’s largest metropolises, 3915

See also Census; Cities;

Demography

Population control. See Family planning

Population Council, 636

Population parameters. See

Population, sampling

Population Reference Bureau,

623, 627, 628

Populist Party, 2426

Porkorny, Alex D., 3078

Pornography, 2184–2188

censorship and regulation of, 271, 274–275, 2185

child, 274

erotica vs., 2184–2185

feminist opposition to, 274–275, 2186–2187

and legislation of morality, 1577, 1579

and theories of crime, 505, 2186, 2187

Portes, Alejandro, 182, 848, 1538,

2639–2640, 2640, 2782

Portocarero, Lucienne, 425

Portugal

African colonization, 60

Latin American colonization by1, 536–1637

Southeast Asian inifluences, 2974

Positive mental health, 2188–2191

normality vs., 2191

Positivism, 540, 722, 1465,

2192–2195

on criminal behavior, 528, 529

critical theory rejection of, 539, 541, 543

and cross-cultural analysis, 548 and culture debate, 565

and epistemology, 818–819, 822 and German sociology, 1077 Hegelian rejection of, 1248–1249 humanism vs., 1246, 1249–1250 and Italian sociology, 1464, 1465 and Japanese sociology,

1477, 1479

main tenets of, 2194–2195 postpositivism, 2193–2194, 2220 pragmatism as response to, 2217 scientific explanation and, 2468 and secularization, 2483

and sentiments, 2522 uses of terms, 2192

Posse Comitatus, 462

Postadolescence, 26 Postcolonialism, 545, 1708, 1758 Postindustrial society, 2195–2205

characteristics of, 2195, 2196–2199, 2205

and convergence theory, 422 global division of labor, 697 and new industrial elites, 2626 and postmodern society,

2199–2201

and status incongruence, 3051 Postmodernism, 2205–2209

British sociological studies, 227–228

characterization, 2200

and convergence theory, 422 and cultural theory, 1756, 1784,

2173, 2206–2209 definition of, 1884 definitions of, 2200

disaster conceptualization, 682 epistemology and, 2207–2208 family and religion and, 935, 942 and feminist theory, 995 interpretative biography, 1635 legal anthropology, 1550 Marxist sociology as target of,

1756, 1757–1758, 1784 and medical sociology, 1816

modernization theory vs., 1884

and new criminologies, 505 postindustrialism and, 2199–

2201, 2202, 2203 radically modern, 2291

revised pragmatism and, 2220 science and, 2459 secularization and, 2489 sentiments and, 2528–2529 on social change, 2648

and social structure, 2819 and sociology, 2757, 2758 and Sokal hoax, 2207

and symbolic estates, 1512 and theories of crime, 504 ‘‘tourist gaze’’ concept,

3166–3167, 3172–3173

values research thesis, 3222–3223 Postone, Moishe, 1785 Postpositivism, 2193–2194, 2220 Poststructuralism, 1027, 1034, 1707

characterization of, 2206 critical theory and, 544 cultural theory and, 1758,

2172–2173

and historical sociology, 1199 Marxist sociology and, 1756,

1757, 1758

on words/symbols, 2206 Posttest-only control group design,

2322–2323

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and childhood sexual abuse,

290, 293

DSM inclusion as mental disorder, 1833

Potlatch, 1032, 2883–2884

Poulantzas, Nicos, 1755, 2163, 2814

Pound, Roscoe, 2961

Poveda, Tony, 3248, 3251,

3252–3253

Poverty, 2209–2217

African-American factors, 2333–2334, 2496–2499 aggression linked with, 71,

984–985 capitalism and, 241

centrifugal kinship system and, 1512

children and, 1287, 3062 in cities, 311

community studies, 365

conceptions of, 2210–2211

and crime rates, 531, 536

‘‘culture of poverty’’ explanation, 2211–2212

debates over, 1288

and decision-making voice, 603–604

declines in, 1286–1287

definition problems, 2210

definitions of, 1286–1288

demography of, 2214–2215

depression and stress resulting from, 656

‘‘deserving vs. undeserving poor’’ distinction, 2210–2211

earned income tax credit and, 1287

ecology and, 1214

environmental state of ‘‘strain’’ and, 663

epidemiology of, 817

and family planning, 955–956

and family policy in Western societies, 967–968

feminization of, 1288, 2033, 2215, 3048

food supply and, 1219

gender and, 1288, 2033, 2215, 3048

health-care deficiencies, 130

Hispanic-American rates, 1191–1192, 1287, 2215

illegitimacy and, 1260

income distribution and, 1285–1288, 2214–2215

individualistic attributions and, 2705

informal economy and, 1338

international, 1289

and life course mobility, 2715

macro-level deviance theories and, 663–666, 672

measures of, 2213–2214

minimum wage and, 1287

official level of, 2213, 2214

old-age, 2403, 2404

population and, 1217, 1221

relative vs. absolute, 2210–2211

rising expectations and, 1491

and rural areas, 2431

single-parent household, 127, 128, 2215, 3062

and slavery and forced labor, 2608

and social justice, 2705–2706

and social work, 2840–2841

Supplemental Security Income

and, 1286

theory and policy, 2211–2213

thresholds, 1286, 1720

as transitory state, 1288

underemployment and, 1720– 1721

and urban underclass, 2497– 2498, 3198–3200

War on Poverty program, 1286, 1494, 1882, 2404, 2760

and welfare programs. See Social welfare system

widowhood and, 3257

Poverty of Postmodernism, The

(O’Neill), 2208

Powell, G. Bingham, 2917

Powell, Walter W., 1647

Power, Martha Bauman, 1636

Power analysis (statistical), 3030–3032, 3033

Power Elite, The (Mills), 1773

Power theory

elites and, 2622

as exchange theory basis, 2669–2670, 2671–2672

interpersonal, 1456–1464

and juvenile delinquency, 1490, 1498

and nationalism, 1940

political vs. other types, 2997

and profession research, 2261–2262

and rape, 2587, 2589, 2590

and social inequality concept, 2690

and societal stratification, 2864–2868

and status attainment, 2781

three-dimensions of power, 2165–2166

on U.S. racial relations, 53–54

and values research, 3221

and war, 3242

Weber’s classic theory, 2165, 2865

See also Negotiation of power

Power threat hypothesis (Blalock concept), 847

Power transition theory, 3242

PPOs (preferred provider organizations), 1818, 1819

PQLI (Physical Quality of Life

Index), 2302

Prabhupada, A. C.

Bhaktivedanta, 3287

Prabhupada, Srila, 462

Practical sociology. See Sociological practice

Pragmatism, 2217–2224

and humanism, 1249–1250

influence on social science, 2219–2222

main ideas and variations, 2217–2219

and social problems, 2759

and sociology of knowledge, 2955

and symbolic interactionism, 2423, 2896, 3098

PRE measures (proportional reduction in error), 1810, 1811

Prebisch, Raul, 1087

Preconscious, 1713

Predatory property crime, 506

Predestination (Calvinist doctrine), 774–775

Predicting Success or Failure in Marriage (Burgess and Cottrell), 1726

Prediction and futures studies,

2224–2233

methods of prediction, 2226–2231

social forecasting, 2676–2680

social indicators, 2685

See also Futures studies as human and social activity

Predictive validity, 3208, 3211

Preference reversals, 598

Preferred provider organizations (PPOs), 1818, 1819

Pregnancy and pregnancy termination, 2233–2242

age demographics, 125

AIDS/HIV transmission, 2587, 2591

comparative health-care systems, 374, 378

conduct of, 2235–2236

and family planning, 952– 954, 2180

fetal effects of alcohol, 1640

fetal effects of smoking, 1640

lifestyle risks, 1640

maternity leave plans, 2033–2034

maternity leave provisions, 2033–2034, 3266

neonatal deaths, 1325, 1326, 2236

nonmarital, 484, 488, 1744

outcomes of, 2236–2238

pregnancy and birthrates, 2234–2235

pregnancy rate definition, 2234

pregnancy trimesters, 2233–2234

premarital, 1744

prenatal drug use incidence, 711

prenatal tets, 2237

rape fears and, 2587

response to pregnancy, 2234

and sexually risky behavior, 2559

sociological view of, 2884

termination of, 2238–2241

See also Abortion

unmarried, 125, 128, 484, 488, 634, 1258–1264, 1506, 1626, 1744, 2033

unplanned, 953–954, 2180, 2234

viable vs. nonviable, 2238

See also Birth and death rates; Childbearing; Fertility rate

Prehistoric population, 2175–2176

Prejudice, 2242–2248

conservatism and, 1600

ethnic, 844–846

homophobic, 2567, 2569–2570

racial, 2242–2246

social distance concept, 177

See also Discrimination;

Stereotypes

‘‘Preliminary Concepts for a Theory of Religious Movements’’ (Stark and Bainbridge), 2375

Premenstrual syndrome, 1816, 1833

Prenatal tests, table of, 2237

Prescription drugs. See Medications

Presidential elections. See Election polling; Voting behavior

President’s Advisory Commission on Consumer Protection and Quality in the Health Care Industry, 1826

President’s Commission on Country Life (1908), 2426, 2427

President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice, 2055

President’s Commission on Obscenity and Pornography (1971), 2184, 2815

Press. See Mass media; Mass media research

Press freedom, 273

Pressure groups. See Interest groups

Prestige, 416

social stratification theories, 1996–1997

See also Occupational prestige; Status attainment

Pretest observations, 2325

Pretransition societies, fertility determinants in, 1006–1007

Prevision. See Futures studies as human and social activity

PRI (Partido Revolucionario Institucional; Mexico), 1857–1858, 1859, 1861, 2135

Primal horde (Freudian concept), 1273, 1576

Primary data, 574

Primary groups. See Small groups

Primary jobs, 1985

Primary Mental Abilities

(Thurstone), 905

Primary metropolitan statistical area, 307

Primary sampling units, 2448

Primitive Classification (Durkheim

and Mauss), 1032

Primogeniture, 1350–1351

Primordial sentiments, 2906

Prince, Samuel, 681

Prince, The (Machiavelli), 1564

Princeton University, 1868

fertility transition research, 625–627

Office of Population

Research, 637

Princeton University Press, 2917

Principal components analysis, factor analysis vs., 913

Principes historiques du droit

(Vinogradoff), 1025

Principles of Biology (Spencer), 1029

Principles of Environmental Justice, 792

Principles of Psychology (James), 2218

Principles of Sociology (Spencer),

697, 1029

Principles of Topological Psychology

(Lewin), 1012

Printing press, 267, 275

Prison, The: Policy and Practice

(Hawkins), 2054

Prison, The: Studies in Institutional Organization and Change

(Cressey), 2052

Prison Community, The (Clemmer),

2051–2052

Prison Officers and Their World

(Kauffman), 2053

Prison population, 714, 2056, 2660

Prison riots, 352

Prison system. See Penology

Prisoner labor, 2603, 2608

Prisoner’s dilemma game, 596, 2337, 2338, 2419, 2620–2621, 2700, 3220, 3221

Prisons in Turmoil (Irwin), 2054–2055

Private funding organizations, 2400–2401

Private sphere

feminist theory on, 990, 991–993, 2601

health care industry, 1819–1826, 1827–1828

long-term care funding, 1659

religion and family in, 935, 942

Proactive aggression, 69

Probability sample surveys, 301, 2444–2448

survey research, 3088–3094

Probability theory, 2248–2252

decision-making theories, 590– 592

life tables, 615

main concepts, 2249–2250

sampling, 2250

scientific explanation, 2465, 2466

statistical inference, 3025–3026, 3030–3032

Probation and parole, 2252–2258

Probit analysis, 3038

Probit Analysis (Finney), 3035

Problem invariance, 598

Problem solving

small group interaction in, 2617–2620

small group vs. individual, 2618–2619

Procedural democracy, 545

Procedural justice. See Social justice

Proceedings of the Sixty-Fourth Annual

Congress of the American Prison

Association, 325

Process-produced data, 574

Production of Culture, The

(Crane), 568

Production system model, 2297

Production-oriented leadership, 1566

Productivity

labor-market experience and, 1989–1990

postindustrial, 2198

technology and, 3267, 3268

Profession of Medicine (Freidson),

1813–1814

Professional associations. See American Sociological Association and other sociological associations; International associations in sociology

Professions, 2259–2265

changes in, 2263–2264

information-based elites, 2626

marginal, 2259–2260

paraprofessionals, 2260

and postindustrial society, 2197, 2198, 2199, 2202

professionalization process, 2260

ranking of, 2259–2260

research study approaches, 2260–2262

retirement patterns, 2406

semiprofessionals, 2259–2260, 2261, 2262

sex differences, 2532–2533

sex segregation, 2259, 2262–2263

social work, 2841–2842, 2845

sociologist certification program, 155–156

suicide rates, 3078

system of, 2262

and voluntary associations, 3229

See also Occupational prestige

Prognosis. See Futures studies as human and social activity

Prognosis: A Science in the Making

(Polak), 1038

Progress, theories of, 2644–2645

Progressive era, 365–366, 2127

Prohibition, 526, 1576–1577, 1580,

2019, 2127

Project Camelot, 838, 839

‘‘Project Death in America,’’ 588

Project Metropolitan (Stockholm),

2454

Project Northland, 715

Project 100,000 (War on

Poverty), 1882

Proletariat

and capitalism, 238–239

and revolution, 2410, 2848–2849

See also Class struggle

Property

conservatism and defense of, 1598, 1601

crimes of, 506, 509–510, 556, 1576

liberalism and defense of, 1597

slavery tied to, 2596–2598

Prophecy. See Prediction and future studies; Social forecasting

Proportion tests, 1970

Proportional hazards models, 617, 871–873

Proportional reduction in error (PRE) measures, 1810–1811

Proportional representation, 2154, 2157, 2164, 2359, 2360

Proportionate random sampling, 2447

Proprietorship, 441, 442

Prosocial behavior. See Altruism

Prospect Theory, 592

Prospective. See Futures studies as human and social activity

Prosser, R., 3167

Prostate cancer, 1641

Prostitution, 2186, 2559–2561

child, 2607

deviance theories on, 664

global sex industry, 2560– 2561, 2607

homosexual, 2559, 2560, 2561

and legislation of morality, 1577

and sexually transmitted diseases, 2585, 2591–2593

studies of male clients, 2560

Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation Act of 1977, 2581

Protest movements, 2265–2271

collective behavior factors, 349, 350–354, 558

consequences, 2267–2268, 2270–2271

and countermovement resistance, 2266, 2267–2268, 2717, 2718

and crowd behavior, 557–558

extremist terrorists, 3139

Iranian studies, 1870–1871

music and, 1927

Native American, 136–137

participants and methods, 2268–2270

participatory decision-making in, 605

political alienation and, 101, 103

and political criminality, 2144–2145

popular vs. unpopular, 2269

and riots, 555–556

and triad coalitions, 333

See also Revolutions; Social movements; Student movements

Protestant ethic, 1577, 1885, 2211, 2456, 2483, 2943

values theory and, 3219, 3222

Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, The (Weber), 237, 389, 722, 774, 2483, 2942, 2986

Protestantism

American affiliation figures, 146

and American sociomoral political issues, 2361

and capitalism, 2942–2943

and censorship, 267

as conducive to democracy, 605

decline of liberal mainline denominations, 2379

ecumenical movement, 2365

evangelical expansion, 2966

expansion of, 937

fundamentalist, 2361, 2368–2372

and moral taint of poverty, 2211

and negative taint to poverty, 2211

schisms in, 2364, 2370

social activism of, 2365

and voluntary associations origin, 3227

and wars of religion, 2363

Provo Study, 1488

Provocation

aggression and, 72, 73

by politically alienated, 101–102

Prozac, 654, 718

Przygotzki, Nathalie, 1903–1904

PSDA. See Patient Self-Determination

Act of 1990

PSID (Panel Study of Income

Dynamics), 576, 1685, 2475, 2480

Psychiatry, 1832–1833

Psychoanalysis, 1713–1714

and adult dependency, 2063, 2067

critical theory and, 543

femininity/masculinity theory, 998

personality theories, 540, 1713–1714, 2084, 2087, 2089, 2090, 2860

Psycholinguistics, 2895

Psychological Abstracts (database),

409, 1015

Psychological Abstracts/PsycInfo, 1611

Psychological casualties. See Extreme influence: thought reform, high control groups, interrogation, and recovered memory psychotherapy

Psychology

Chinese study of, 298

and criminology, 528–529

and cross-cultural analysis, 548

depression theories, 650

evolutionary, 1234

See also Social psychology

Psychology of Being, The

(Maslow), 2087

Psychology of Helping and Altruism

(Schroeder et al.), 118

Psychology of Sex Differences, The

(Maccoby and Jacklin), 2530–2531

Psychology of supply and demand, 278

Psychometrics, 906, 908, 1909, 3039

intelligence testing, 1359–1360, 1362–1368, 1375, 1376, 2330

Psychosis. See Mental illness and mental disorders

Psychotherapy

as drug abuse treatment, 715

family therapy case studies, 247

personality theory and, 1713–1715

recovered memory, 901–902

Psychotropic agents, 717

PTSD. See Posttraumatic stress disorder

Puberty, 6

Public administration, 1951, 1952

Public data, 574–575

Public funding organizations, 2398–2400

Public goods theory, 2338

Public health

demographic transitions and, 622–623

diffusion of new drugs, 677–678

drug abuse control, 712–713

healthy life expectancy and, 1632

lifestyle risks, 1639–1642

and mortality rate decline, 2177–2178

as social control, 521

Public Health Service, 2398–2399

Public housing, 1656

Public interest group, 2148, 2149

Public opinion, 2272–2280

on alcoholism as disease, 96

on American political and social issues, 145

attitude as indicators, 190–191

attribution theory, 190

on civil liberties, 316–318 collective participants, 348 on drug abuse, 713 dynamics of, 2275–2276 Eurobarometers, 549, 577,

578–579, 3223 on governmental

unresponsiveness, 101 Internet as polling potential,

1768–1769

on liberal/conservative beliefs, 1602–1603

low rating of lawyers, 468

policy effects of, 2276–2277, 2282 polling approaches, 575, 1686,

2273–2275, 2277–2279, 3232 polling quota samples, 2444–2445 polling survey data collection

methods, 575 on rape, 2583

on sexual harassment, 2581 social surveys, 821, 2769 survey instruments, 576–579 survey research, 3087–3094

See also Voting behavior Public policy analysis, 2280–2285

adult education, 23 biotechnology advances, 1824 conceptual development,

2280–2281

data banks and depositories, 574–577

deviance theories, 666, 667–668, 669–670

drug abuse, 711–717 evaluation research, 2282–2283 family policy, 963–964

filial responsibility, 1021–1022 health care financing, 1814, 1827 health policy, 1159

illegitimacy, 1261 implementation analysis, 2284 interest group lobbying,

2115, 2150 language policy, 2909 long-term care funding,

1658–1659

marital adjustment, 1731 medical-industrial complex,

1824–1826

methodological research, 2281 outcome analysis, 2283–2284 policy explanation, 2281–2282 pro-family programs, 2033 public opinion and, 2276–

2277, 2282

and quality of life concept, 2686 response to structural lag, 3064 social indicators, 2687–2688 and social problem objectivist

paradigms, 2760, 2764

social security systems, 2797–2805 sociological research funding,

2398–2401

time use research, 3163–3165 utilization of, 2284–2285

See also Government regulation Public schools. See Educational

organization

Public spaces, communitarian view of, 359

Publications

American Sociological Association, 150, 153, 154, 155

Asian-American studies, 179 clinical psychology, 326 electronic, 413 ethnography, 854–855

first use of term ‘‘clinical sociology,’’ 325

historical sociology, 1197 Japanese sociology, 1481–1482 library resources, 1606

library search techniques, 1608–1611

life histories and narratives, 1635–1636

Middle Eastern studies, 1864, 1868–1869

neoconservative, 1601 on-line indexes access, 1607 on qualitative methods, 2293 rural sociology, 2427 Scandinavian sociology, 2451 on small group research,

1980, 1981

on social indicators, 2685 of social work, 2845

sociological computing, 407, 409, 411

Soviet and post-Soviet sociology, 2981, 2983

sport sociology, 2987, 2988

Web sites for nonelectronic, 414

Public Interest, The (periodical), 1601

Publishing industry, 1647–1648, 2172

Puerto Ricans

divorce rates, 126

household structure, 127

Puerto Rico, 3263

Pugliese, Enrico, 1467

Pugwash meetings, 2047

Pukumina (Jamaican religion), 65

Punch, Maurice, 3248, 3249–

3250, 3253

Punched-card system, 283, 406, 420, 575, 580

Punishment

and behavioral conformity, 2616

as deviance prevention, 667, 2341

of nonconformity, 525–526

parental style/child’s deviant behavior relationship, 2858

as social capital factor, 2638

social learning theory on, 1717

sociology of, 517–518

three dimensions of, 2659

See also Capital punishment; Corporal punishment; Criminal sanctions; Penology; Rewards; Social exchange theory

Punk rock counterculture, 460, 461, 462

Pure-conflict games, 2337

Puritanism, 2211, 2456

divorce grounds, 701

work ethic, 1577, 1885, 2211, 2456

Purnell Act of 1925, 2426

Purposive action model, 2838–2839

Pursuit of the Millennium, The

(Cohn), 2367

Putnam, Robert, 359, 368,

3228, 3229

Pyschodynamic theories of depression, 649

Pyschogenic theory of criminal behavior, 506

Q

Qabus-Nameh (Unsuru’l-Ma’ali), 1564

Q-analysis, 3183–3185, 3187, 3188

Qatar, 1865, 1866

QCA (qualitative comparative analysis), 386

Qin dynasty, 2998–2999

Qing dynasty, 3000

QL. See Quality of life

QOL. See Quality of life

QPL (Questionnaire Programming

Language), 410–411

QSERVE (interactive data access system), 409

Quadagno, Jill S., 483–484

Qualitative comparative analysis (QCA), 386

Qualitative Health Research

(journal), 2293

Qualitative Inquiry (journal), 2293

Qualitative methods, 2287–2296

artistic aspects, 2291–2293

comparative-historical sociology, 386

computer analysis, 410

content analysis, 417–421

criminal analysis, 530

cross-cultural analysis, 547

ethnomethodological case studies, 247–248

macrosociology, 1709–1710

middle-group approaches, 2289–2291

phenomenological research, 2100

scientific explanation, 2468

social forecasting, 2677–2678

See also Data analysis

Qualitative models, 2296–2299

Qualitative Sociology (journal),

854, 2293

Quality of American Life: Perceptions, Evaluations, and Satisfactions

(Campbell et al.), 2300

Quality of dying, 585, 587–588

Quality of life, 2299–2309

definitions of, 2301–2304

health promotion and, 1171

human ecology and, 1229

measurement of, 2302–2304, 2683–2684

nursing home improvement interventions, 1672

retirement and, 2404

as social indicator, 2683–2684, 2685, 2686–2687

summary indices of, 2686–2687

theories of crime and, 503

widowhood as diminishment of, 3257–3258

Quality of Life and Pharmacoeconomics

in Clinical Trials (Spilker), 2301

Quality of Life Newsletter, 2301

Quality of Life of Cancer Patients, The (Aaronson and Beckman eds.), 2301

Quality of Life Research

(journal), 2301

Quality of Life Valuation in Social Research, The (Mukherjee), 2301–2302

Quantitative law of effect, 214

Quantitative methods, 1633

of criminal analysis, 530

of cross-cultural analysis, 547

macrosociology, 1709–1710

meta-analysis, 1843–1850

of prediction, 2227–2231

statistical, 2028, 3034–3039

statistical graphics, 3011–3019

statistical models, 2028

tabular analysis, 3107–3126

typologies, 3182–3185

Quantity principle, and decision processing, 593–594

Quarks, 2459, 2470

Quasi-experimental research designs,

2309–2328

construct validity threats, 2324–2325

external validity threats, 2323–2324

internal validity threats, 2312–2315

measurement and, 1792–1803

nonexperimental designs, 2321–2322

panel study as, 1686

public policy, 2282 statistical conclusion validity

threats, 2326–2327 Quebec, Canada

church-state relations, 2360 legal system, 464

national movement, 1941, 1947, 2719

separatist political violence, 2145, 2271

Queen, Stuart A., 483–484 Queens College-CUNY, interactive

database access, 409 Questionnaire Programming

Language (QPL), 410–411 Questionnaires

computerized self-administered, 410–411

and secondary data analysis, 2478 survey research, 578, 3088–

3090, 3093 Quill, Timothy, 587

Quine, Willard Van Ormand, 823

Quinlan, Karen Anne, 586, 3084

Quinnry, Richard, 3247

Quint, Jeanne, 582

Quirino, Elpidio, 2131

Quota samples, 2444–2445

Qur’an. See Koran

R

Race, 2329–2335

adulthood transition and, 35 affirmative action and, 47–

52, 2706

African peoples and, 61–63 AIDS/HIV risks, 2587–2590 alcohol use and, 94–95 alienation and, 102, 103 altruism and, 117

in American society, 142, 143 attributional patterns and,

196, 197

biological conceptions of, 2329–2332

census and, 284–285, 286 childbearing and, 125, 1010, 2032 childlessness and, 109

as Chinese immigration exclusion law basis, 175

classification systems, 62, 2330–2332

collective mobility of, 2715–2716

as conflict theory factor in deviance, 670

and crime rates, 498, 530– 532, 534, 536

and critical theory, 539, 541

cycle theory, 177

and direct and indirect discrimination, 689–694

diversity in American cities, 308

divorce and, 112, 126, 705, 707, 708

drug abuse policy and, 714

education and, 145

educational achievement and, 2931, 2932–2933

equality of opportunity and, 830

and ethnicity, 841

ethnicity differentiated from, 2329

European imperialist view of, 320–321

and family households, 127, 925

and family planning, 955– 956, 966

genocide and, 1067, 1070, 1071–1072

and hate speech, 275–276

helping behavior and, 117

hypodescent rule and, 2331–2332

income inequality and, 2691, 3048

infant and child mortality and, 130, 1334

informal economy and, 1340

intelligence and, 1372–1373, 2330

intermarriage and, 1407–1415

intermarriage and divorce rates, 1750

intermarriage demographics, 124

intermarriage/occupational achievement intersections, 2691

interracial courtship, 485

interracial marriage laws, 949, 1776

interrelationship with class. See Class and race

life expectancy and, 125, 1631

manipulation of classifications, 62–63

marital age and, 124, 1750

and mental illness diagnosis, 1838

military sociology and, 1879, 1880

music ascriptions and, 1926

and nursing home residents profile, 1667

and occupational segregation, 379, 2012, 3046, 3264–3265

‘‘one-drop rule,’’ 1296–1297

political correctness and, 2140, 2141

population composition studies, 633

poverty level and, 2215

prejudice and, 2243–2246

protest movements. See Civil rights movement

public opinion shifts on, 2275

quality of life and, 2300

remarriage rates, 126, 2388

retirement and, 2406–2407

segregation and desegregation, 2491–2499

segregation indices, 2500–2504

singlehood and, 107–108

social conceptions of, 2332–2334

social Darwinism and, 2330, 2334

and social stratification, 253, 558, 2817–2819

South African categories of, 62

and status attainment, 3044, 3046

and status incongruence, 3054

stereotypes of, 64, 197–198, 2243

and structural lag, 3063

suburbanization and, 3074–3075

suicide rates, 3078, 3079

and underemployment, 1721, 1722, 1724

and uneven power allocation, 1940

and urban riots, 555–556, 557, 558, 2269, 2270, 2495, 2661

voluntary association membership and, 3227, 3228

See also African American studies; American Indian studies;

Asian-American studies; Class and race; Racism

Race Matters (West), 2220 Race relations theories, 53–54

resentments and, 2245

See also Class and race;

Prejudice; Racism

Racial prejudice. See Prejudice Racial profiling, 1491

Racial resentment, 2245 Racial unconscious theory

(Jung), 2090 Racism

antiblack ideology, 55, 56, 57–58, 66

apartheid, 62, 1940, 2047, 2146 capitalism and, 319–321, 322 collective aggression and, 349 environmental, 789, 803,

809, 1159

environmental equity and, 789, 790, 795, 796

environmental sociology and, 803 ethnicity and, 844–845

eugenics and, 879

feminist theory and, 988, 989 genocide and, 1067 imperialist roots of, 320 institutional, 53–54 prejudice and, 2242–2246 resistance movements, 58

Social Darwinism and, 2330, 2334 stereotypes, 64, 2243

U.S. historical, 57–58

of white working class, 321

See also Class and race; Discrimination; Segregation and desegregation

Radcliffe-Brown, A. R., 563, 564,

1030, 1031, 1034, 2890

Radical activist countercultures, 460 Radical democracy, 545

Radical individualism, 316 Radical positivism, 2468 Radical sociology, case studies,

245–246

Radical-Marxist criminology, 504– 505, 534–535

Rado, Sandot, 650

Radojkovic, Mroljub, 1472

Radway, Janice, 1647, 1648, 1650,

2171–2172

RAE. See Research Assessment

Exercises

Raffault, J., 1025

Ragin, Charles, 243, 386, 547,

1709–1710, 2297

Rahe, R., 3055

Rahim, M. A., 1569

Rahmann, F., 2939–2940

Rainwater, Lee, 2452

Rama, 3288

Ramirez, Francisco O., 427–428,

2662

Ramos, Fidel, 2131

Ramsoy, Natalie R., 2451

R-analysis, 3183–3185, 3187, 3188

Rand Corporation, 1876, 1877, 1881

Medical Outcome’s Study, 2306 Random measurement error,

1908–1909, 1917 Random net theory, 1790

Random sampling, 2274, 2288, 2324 procedures, 2446–2447 replication, 2397

Randomness

causal relationship experiment design, 2312, 2322–2323

hierarchical linear model effects, 1176–1177

probability theory and, 2249, 2252

Range (statistical), definition of, 659 Rank, Otto, 2058, 2085, 2087 Rank-dependent theory, 592, 598 Ranke, Leopold, 1180

Rao, M. S. A., 1291

Rap music, 1926

Rape, 2556–2559, 2587–2594 AIDS/STDs and, 2576, 2585 and blaming the victim, 2579 British definitions of, 499 child sexual abuse

similarities, 2581

common law definition of, 2587 criminological theories of,

503–504

explanations for, 2579–2580 gang, 2580

juvenile age and arrest rate, 1489

law revisions, 2576, 2578

legal definition, 2577

male honor and, 2579, 2580

of male victims, 2578

marital, 950, 2588–2589

rapist typologies, 2588

and sexually explicit media content, 2187

stranger vs. nonstranger, 2556–2557, 2558–2559, 2588

treatment and prevention, 2583

Uniform Crime Reports

definition, 492, 499

and war, 2578–2579

Rape in Prison (Scacco), 2578

‘‘Rape: The All American Crime’’ (Griffin), 2587

Rapoport, Anatol, 1791

Rappaport, Roy, 1226, 1228, 2891

Rasler, Karen, 1871

Rastafarianism, 64, 65

RATE (computer software), 3037, 3038

Rating scales, attitude measurement, 185–186

Ratio level measurement, 1793

Ratio scales, 1793

Rational choice theory, 2335–2343

base rate information, 591

and coalitions, 330

and collective behavior, 349–350, 2335, 2338–2339

criminological theory and, 535–536

of democratic voting behavior, 2339

deterrence theory and, 519, 529

differential association theory and, 533

and economic sociology, 732, 939, 2335–2336, 2338

and exchange networks, 2674

feminist theory and, 996

functional explanation, 2341– 2342

game theory and, 2335, 2336–2337, 2419

and human nature, 1234

and institutions, 2340, 2342

and interest group formation, 604

and interpersonal power, 1459 and mathematical sociology, 1791 and new paradigm of

religion, 2375

and postmodernism, 2206 and public interest group

support, 2149

and Scandinavian sociology, 2452 and social networks, 2731

and social values and norms, 2340–2341, 2835–2836, 3222

and status incongruence, 3050 and voting behavior, 3236 and war, 3244

See also Social exchange theory ‘‘Rational Choice Theory and

Religion’’ (1994 conference), 2375

Rational legal systems, 464 Rationalism. See Scientific

rationalism Rationality

individualism and, 1306 postmodern theory on, 2206 secularization and, 2483 variability of judgment and, 598

Rationality and Society (journal),

1791, 2375

Rationalization, theory of, 541 Rational-legal authority, 230 Ratzel, Friedrich, 1933 Ratzenhofer, Gustav, 1074 Rawls, John, principles of justice,

2698–2699, 2700, 3205 Reactance theory, 2325–2326

and aggression, 69 and motivation, 2060

Reactive arrangements, 2325–2326 Reading

literary reception theory and, 1648

as virtue, 1650

See also Literacy

Reading the Romance (Radway), 1648

Reagan, Ronald, 101, 1150,

1159, 1825

and deregulation, 3250 drug abuse policy, 712

and fundamentalism, 2371

and Iran-Contra affair, 2128

and Social Security system, 2799

and voting behavior, 3234

Reality construction, 2099

case studies, 246–247

Reason, 1303

and emotion, 773, 785–786

See also Rational choice theory; Rationality

Reasoned action theory, 189

Rebellions. See Revolutions

Recent Social Trends (study),

576, 2682

Reception theory (literary), 1648

Reciprocal altruism, 115, 2882, 2883–2884

and family care, 1391, 1394, 1567–1568, 1657–1658

Reciprocal causation, 261

social learning theory and, 1716–1717

Reciprocity

Lévi-Strauss principle of, 1032

marital balancing of, 1508

in Native American potlatch, 1032, 2883–2884

as social capital basis, 2637, 2638, 2640

and symbolic interactionism, 2423–2424

and territorial belonging, 3129

Recorded culture, 568–569

Recovered memory psychotherapy, 901–902

Rectilinear coordinate graphs, 3005

Recursive models, and causal inference models, 256, 257, 258, 261

Redfield, Robert, 367, 1506,

2428, 2483

Redlich, Frederick, 1813, 1834, 3055

Redlining, 3072

Reductionism, 1780

Reed, Gary E., 3253

Reed, Mark, 2658

Reeducation programs, 892–898

Reference group theory, 2702–2704, 2752–2753

See also Role theory; Self-concept

Reference services. See Data banks and depositories; Library resources and services for sociology

Reflected appraisal model (selfesteem), 2515

Reflections on the Revolution in France

(Burke), 1599

Reflex arc (Dewey concept), 1014

Reflexive thinking. See Self-concept

Reform movements, 853, 2717

Reformation, 2154, 2211, 3227

See also Protestantism

Reformatories, 518

Réforme sociale, La, 1025

‘‘Reforms as Experiments’’ (Campbell), 866

Refugee Act of 1980, 143

Refugees

demographic factors, 636

distinguished from immigrants, 180

Indochinese, 180, 181, 182

interviews with, 299

Regime, definition of, 2356

Regional sociological organizations, 153

Règles de la méthode sociologique, Les

(Durkheim), 819, 1024

Regression analysis. See Correlation and regression analysis

Regression coefficients, 259, 262, 451, 1693

Regression line. See Linear regression models

Regression-discontinuity design, 2319–2320

Reher, D., 633

Rehnquist, William, 587

Reich, Charles, 460, 1773

Reich, Robert, 1091, 1347

Reichel-Dolmatoff, G., 1225

Reid, Anthony, 2978

Reid, Whitelaw, 1357

Reification theory, 541, 543

Reigrotzki, Erich, 1076

Reil, Johann Christian, 2087–2088

Reiman, Jeffrey, 3246, 3248

Reinforcement theory

cognitive dissonance, 338

operant conditioning, 209–210, 214, 1716, 2085, 2670

social learning, 1717, 2768 Reischauer, Robert D., 3199 Reiss, Albert J., Jr., 2108, 2682,

3034, 3247 Reiss, I. L., 2537 Reiss, Ira, 1778

Relational power theory, 2165 and social inequality, 2693

Relational properties of collectives, 1592

Relative deprivation

collective protest and, 349, 1940 and distributive justice, 2701 and status incongruence, 3050

Relative mobility, 2712

Relativism

and liberalism, 355

and scientific knowledge, 2459, 2955

and sociology of knowledge, 2953, 2954, 2955

Reliability, 2343–2356 consistency and stability as

components of, 2343 multiple indicator tests of,

1909–1910, 1917

in narrative research, 2292 of observation systems, 1977 in personality measurement,

2075–2076 qualitative data criteria,

2288–2289

replication and, 2395–2397

of single-indicator measures, 1921 and specificity of variables, 1803 time use research, 3159

validity vs., 1909, 2080 Religion

African traditions, 65 and alcohol use, 94–95

and canon law, 473, 1513, 1514, 1516, 1545

and caste and inherited status, 250

and censorship, 267 and cohabitation, 109

and conservatism, 1598, 1599 divine experience and, 3283