Encyclopedia of Sociology Vol

MESA. See Middle East Studies

Association of North America

Mesomorphy, 1717, 1718

Messedaglia, Angelo, 1465

Messianic movements, 2367, 2968–2969

Messick, David M., 3222, 3223

Messick, S., 3211

Messner, Steven, 503, 671

Mestízo culture (Mexico), 1857, 1858

Meta-analysis, 1843–1852

definition of, 1843

drug abuse programs, 718

of four ‘‘established’’ sex differences, 2531–2534

human sociobiology, 2880

narrative reviewing and, 1844–1845

replication and, 2397

reviews of evidence, 1845–1849

seven steps in, 1845–1849

trends in practice of, 1849–1850

Metaforecasting, 2678

Metatheory, 1852–1855

Marx’s historical materialism as, 1782

Polish sociology and, 2120

two types of, 1852–1853

underlying constituents of, 1852

Methadone, 712, 715

Method of agreement/method of difference, 386

Methodological anarchism (Feyerabend concept), 823

Methodological individualism, 1027

Methotrexate, 2238, 2239

Metropolis algorithm, 3039

‘‘Metropolis and Mental Life, The’’ (Simmel), 1772

Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs), 307, 2478, 3194– 3195, 3196

mobility patterns, 1416

suburbanization and, 3070–3071, 3072–3073

world comparison, 3194

Mexican Americans, 636, 1860

family structure, 123

household structure, 127

Mexican Revolution of 1910, 1856,

1857, 1858, 2411, 2414

Mexican studies, 1855–1864 age pyramid, 610, 611

age-standardized crude death rate, 611, 613

AIDS/HIV incidence, 2592 clinical sociology, 328 demographic characteristics,

1535, 1536 divorce rate, 706

drug crop control program, 713–714

drug trafficking, 2135 economic liberalization, 1539 family size, 977

fertility decline, 627, 2178 gender role changes, 941, 1861 health-care system, 375, 380–381 immigrant discrimination, 58 indigenous empires, 2999

labor movement, 1531, 1532 life table, 612

low suicide rate, 3079 Mexican history, 1855–1858 political and social tradition,

1536

political corruption, 2135 protest movement, 2271

U.S. border tensions, 1936, 1937 Mexican tourism, 3169 Mexican-American War, 1856 Mexico. See Mexican studies Mexico City, Mexico

as megacity, 312

population size, 1859, 1860, 2179 Meyer, Adolf, 2085

Meyer, John W., 427–428, 738,

1085, 1086

Meyer, Katherine, 2379

Meyer, Leonard B., 1925

Mezzogiorno, 1466–1467 Mianamata disease, 2724–2725 Michael, Robert T., 2539, 2550, 3091 Michaels, Stuart, 2539, 3091 Michels, Robert, 3054

on development of oligarchies, 229, 603, 606, 1533, 2163, 2377, 2623–2624, 2627

and German sociology, 1074

and Italian sociology, 1464, 1465

and political sociology, 2162, 2163

Michaelson, William, 309

Michigan, right-to-die issue, 587

Michigan Panel Study of Income

Dynamics, 2480

Michigan school of voting behavior, 3233, 3234–3236, 3237

Michigan State University, 681

MicroCase (instructional

package), 411

Microeconomics, 725, 2670, 2671

Microprocessor, 1345

Microsociology

crime theories, 662, 663, 666–670

of institutions, 2340

macrosociology vs., 1703–1705

Mid Atlantic Medical Services, 1822

Middle Ages

Arab-Muslim conquests, 2940

boundaries, 1932

civil law system, 473

corporate organization, 441–442

marriage and kinship systems, 1516–1517

religion and heresies, 2968–2969

university development, 1179

Middle class

African American, 2492, 2493,

2496, 2497, 2498, 2499

alienation among, 103

and downward mobility, 3050

industrial sociology and, 1309

and new religions, 2380

and race relations, 321–322

See also Bourgeoisie; Social class; Social stratification

Middle East peace accords (1974, 1978), 2048

Middle East Studies Association of

North America, 1868–1869

Middle Eastern Diaspora Communities in America (Bozorgmehr and Feldman eds.), 1872

Middle Eastern studies, 1864–1875

ancient city-states and empires, 2998

countries covered, 1865

Demographic and Health

Surveys, 633

fertility transition, 628, 1008, 1867

Islamic fundamentalism, 2371

modernization theory, 1885

‘‘new Arab social order,’’ 1867–1868

pan-Arab nationalism, 1944

political corruption, 2132

slavery and involuntary servitude, 2601–2602, 2603, 2604–2608

terrorism, 3137, 3139

theoretical and methodological contributions, 1870–1873

women in labor force percentage, 3262

See also Islamic societies; Sociology of Islam; specific countries

Middletown (Lynd and Lynd),

363–364

Middletown in Transition (Lynd and

Lynd), 363–364, 367

Middletown studies (Lynd and Lynd), 363–364

Middletown III study (Caplow, Bahr, and Chadwick), 364

Midlife crisis, 2861

Midnight Cowboy (film), 2185

Midtown Manhattan study, 1834

Midwest Prevention Project, 716

Midwives, 375, 378

abortion services, 2240

Mifepristone (RU 486), 2238–2239

Migrant labor, 636, 1338, 1436, 1858, 1865, 2496, 2498, 2608

Migration. See Internal migration; International migration

Mikhailovsky, Nikolai, 2979

Milbank Quarterly, 1815

Milbrath, L. W., 2302

Miles, Catherine Cox, 999

Miles, Robert, 226

Milgram, Stanley, 404, 838

Miliband, Ralph, 1755

Miliband-Poulantzas debate, 1755

Military sociology, 1875–1883

and all-volunteer force, 1877–1881, 1882

and American defense establishment, 144

and American police uniform, 2112–2113

and democracy, 605 and dictatorships, 3002

and dynamics of revolutions, 416 and supranational

organizations, 3003 and widow status, 3255

See also War

Mill, John Stuart, 268, 818, 988,

990, 1577

as Japanese sociology early influence, 1477

and liberalism, 355, 1600 method of agreement/method of

difference, 386

on subjection of women, 2692 on women’s wage gap, 371

Millenarianism, 2368

Millennium Project, 1039

Miller, Arthur, 103, 104

Miller, Austin, 54

Miller, D., 3209

Miller, David, 559, 560

Miller, G. Tyler Jr., 1219

Miller, Gale, 247

Miller, Joan, 194, 198

Miller, Neal, 73, 2084, 2120, 2670

Miller, S. M., 1601–1602

Miller, Walter, 513, 534

Miller, Warren E., 3234, 3235

Miller v. California (1973), 274, 2186 Millet, Kate, 2576

Milling, 350

Mills, C. Wright, 821, 859, 1027, 1635, 1753, 1772, 2069, 2205, 2980, 3054

and humanistic sociology, 1250 ‘‘power elite’’ theory, 2162,

2624–2626, 2627

and sociology of knowledge, 2954 Milton, John, 268

Milward, A., 1934–1935

Min, Pyong Gap, 182

Minard, Charles Joseph, 3005

Mincy, Ronald B., 3199

Mind, Self, and Society (Mead), 3095

Ming Empire, 3000

Mingione, Enzo, 1338

Minnesota, 3068

Minnesota Conference (1967),

581, 582, 585

Minnesota Medical School, 582

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality

Inventory (MMPI), 2076, 2078

Depression Scale, 654

Minorities

comparable worth, 369–372 cultural innovation

transmission by, 2170 in legal profession, 468 rights ideology, 1945

See also Discrimination; Ethnicity; Race; specific groups

Minority Fellowship Program

(ASA), 156

Minority (within group) influence, 400, 403 Minority parties, 2157

Mintz, Beth, 443

Mirowsky, John, 1834–1835

Mirsepassi, Ali, 1870

Mischel, Walter, 2074, 2080, 2083

Mishler, Elliot, 1636, 1816

Mishra, Joya, 2166

Missing data, 3039

Misumi, J., 1566

Mitnick, Barry, 1098, 1099, 1100

Mitroff, Ian, 2456

Mitterrand, François, 2129 Mixed-motive games, 2337 Miyamoto, Frank, 179, 180, 181 Mizokawa, Donald, 194 MKULTRA (CIA brainwashing

program), 898 MLLSA (softwware), 3038

MMPI. See Minnesota Multiphasic

Personality Inventory

MOA (monoamine oxidase) inhibitors, 654

Moaddel, Mansoor, 1871

Mobility (geographical). See Internal migration; International migration

Mobility (social). See Education and mobility; Occupational and career mobility; Social mobility; Social stratification

Mobutu Sese Seko, 2133

Modarres, Ali, 1872

Mode (statistical), 661

computation of, 659

Model T automobiles, 699

Models. See Paradigms and models

Models of Man (Simon), 3035

Moderate diffusionism, 675

Modern Sociological Theory in Continuity and Change (Becker and Boskoff eds.), 2980

Modern synthesis theory, 2880

Modern World System, The

(Wallerstein), 1197

Moderne Kapitalismus, Der

(Sombart), 733

Modernity (philosophical), 1884

fundamentalist reaction and, 2368–2369, 2370

postmodernist theorists on, 2648

and sociology of knowledge, 2954–2955

Modernization theory, 1883–1888

contributors to, 1885, 1886

convergence theory and, 422–423

critical theory and, 543–544

critiques of, 1886

and cumulative social changes, 2645–2647

dependency theory vs., 639–646, 1706–1707

ecology and, 1211

education and, 746–747, 754

factors in modernization, 2154

family structure and, 1389, 1501–1507

fundamentalism and, 2372

globalizing nature of, 1084–1086, 1886–1887

historical sociology and, 1199

influences on, 1885

Islamic society and, 2943– 2944, 2946

Japanese sociology and, 1478

Latin American studies and, 1537–1538, 1539

macrosociology and, 1705–1707 major explicit tenets of, 1884 Marxist sociology and, 1084–

1086, 1758 migration and, 1418

nationalism and, 1940–1941, 1946–1948

and political party system origins, 2154–2155

political sociology and, 2162 pragmatism and, 2219

religion and, 934–935, 942, 2966 rural sociology and, 2429–2430,

2431–2432

secularization vs. sacralization and, 2487–2488, 2489, 2966

social and political elites and, 2626–2627

and values theory, 3222–3223 vs. development, 1884

vs. industrialization, 1884 vs. philosophical concepts of

modernity and postmodernity, 1884

See also Postindustrial society; Postmodernism

Moe, Terry, 1100, 1101, 1106

Moerman, Michael, 433

Moghaddam, Fathali, 196

Mohammed. See Muhammad

Mohammed and Charlemagne

(Pirenne), 2940

Mohr, John, 1199, 1649

Mokrzycki, Edmund, 2120 Mola, Fortuny Loret de, 941 Moldova, 1934

Molina Enríquez, Andrés, 1857

Molitor, Grahm, 2677

Molm, L. D., 2673

Molotch, Harvey, 3252

Momomorphic genes, 2089

Money, 1888–1894

and evolution theory, 1885 ‘‘new money"/happiness

correlation, 2684

See also Wealth

Money market, 1885, 1889–1890 Mongol Empire, 1070, 2998 Monitoring the Future survey,

717, 2784

‘‘Monkey Trial’’ (Scopes trial), 2369, 2370

Monoamines, 652, 654

Monopoly capitalism, 1754

Monothetic-polythetic distinction, 3183–3185

Monson, Ingrid, 1925

Monte Carlo techniques (Markov chain), 3039

Montenegro, 2362

Montesquieu, 1024, 1031, 2520

legal systems comparison, 1545

Montgomery, James, 2419

Montgomery (Alabama) bus boycott (1955), 2269, 2493, 2494

Monthly Catalog of United States

Government Publications, 1613

Monthly Review (journal), 1754

Mood

and decision processing, 593

depression, 648–656

marital happiness and, 1727

persuasive attempts and, 2096

Mood-modifying substances. See Drug abuse

Moon, Sun Myung, 2366

See also Unification Church

Mooney, James, 133

Moore, Barrington, 386, 605,

1886, 2154

historical sociology study, 1198, 2918

and macrosociology, 1704, 1706, 1707

Moore, Erin, 1901

Moore, Wilbert E., 423, 1030,

2676–2677, 2690, 2813

Moore, William, 1352

Moot legal system, 464

Mora, José María Luis, 1856

Moral Commonwealth, The

(Selznick), 356

Moral development, 1894–1906

in adults, 1900, 1903–1904

altruism and, 114–118

cognitive stages doctrine, 1895–1897

communitarian view of, 357– 358, 359, 422

and criminal transgression, 519–520

criticisms and further research, 1900–1904

cultural influences on, 1901

family and religion and, 943

gender bias argument, 1900, 1902–1903, 2089

idealism and, 1248

measurement of, 1897–1900

religious orientation and, 2384

and social justice, 2700–2701

theoretical foundation of, 1894–1895

See also Ethics; Ethics in social research; Morality

Moral Economy of the Peasant:

Subsistence and Rebellion in

Southeast Asia (Scott), 2977

Moral infrastructure, 357–358, 359

Moral judgment. See Moral development

Moral Judgment Interview (MRJ),

1897–1898

Moral Judgment Test (MJT), 1899

Moral Majority, 462, 1580, 2371,

2717, 2719, 2723

Moral panics. See Legislation of morality

Moral relativism, and ethics in social research, 840

Moral sociology, 1024

Morale et la science des moeurs, La, 1024

Morality

as aggression justification, 74

communitarian obligation viewpoint, 355

definition of, 1894

legislation of, 1575–1581

male-biased double standard, 701

postmodernity and, 2207, 2208

See also Moral development

Morality of care, 1900, 1902–1903

Morawska, Ewa, 569

Morcellini, Mario, 1473

More, Sir Thomas, 54, 3201–3202

Moreno, Jacob, 1027, 1034, 1977,

2415, 2425

on group structure, 1611

on social networks, 2728–2729

sociometric research approach, 2613

Morgan, Barrie S., 2502

Morgan, Lewis Henry, 1271,

1272, 2889

Morgan, Robin, 2187

Morgenstern, Oskar, 591, 1049

n-person game theory, 329, 2335, 3221

Morin, Edgar, 824

Morioka, Kiyomi, 1480

Mormon Freemen, 462

Mormonism

affinity of religion and family in, 936

low alcohol consumption rates, 95

as new religious movement, 2366, 3287

Moroccans (ethnic), 692

Morocco, 1865, 1866, 1867

fertility decline, 628

Islamic society study, 2944

political corruption, 2132

slavery and slave-like practices, 2604, 2605

sociodemographic profile, 2938

Morphine, 713

Morra, Gianfranco, 1470

Morrill Acts of 1862 and 1890, 1180

Morris, Albert, 3245

Morris, Aldon D., 2270

Morris, Charles, 2218

Morris, David G., 2053

Morris, Michael, 2211

Morris, William, 3203–3204

Morselli, Enrico, 1465

Mortality. See Death and dying; Life expectancy

Mortality modeling, 619

Mortality rates. See Birth and death rates; Infant and child mortality

Mortality transitions, 621–623, 633–634

as fertility transition factor, 624, 625, 627, 628, 629, 2178

historical markers in, 2176–2177

in Middle East, 1867

population projections and, 2181–2183

rate decline, 2177–2178

Morton Thiokol Corporation, 3253

Mosaic law, 2840

Mosca, Gaetano, 603, 1464, 1465, 2163, 2164, 2622–2623, 2626, 2690

Moscovici, Serge, 197, 350, 400, 403

Moscow University, 2980

Moses, 3053, 3280, 3283

Moskos, Charles, 1876

Moskowitz, W., 1653

Moslem law. See Islamic law

Moslems. See Islamic societies; Sociology of Islam

Mosteller, Frederick, 3036

Mother-father-child triad, 331

Motherhood

child custody and, 702

divorce effects on, 706, 707–708

emotional depression and, 655

role of, 2036

unmarried, 125, 128, 484, 488, 634, 1258–1264, 1506, 1626, 1744, 2033

See also Childbearing; Parental roles; Pregnancy and pregnancy termination; Singleparent households

Mothers Against Drunk Driving

(MADD), 2722, 2877

Motivation

‘‘audience effect’’ and, 2615

behavioral, 1128

control research, 2060–2061

and high vs. low self-esteem, 2515

intrinsic and extrinsic, 2059–2060

leadership and, 1568–1569

personal autonomy and, 2059–2060

rational choice theory and, 2338–2339, 2340–2341

social comparison process and, 2651–2652

and social values research, 3221–3222

and value types, 3216–3217, 3223

values vs., 2829

work orientation and, 3269–3270, 3270–3271

Motor vehicle accidents. See

Drunken driving

Motor vehicle theft

rate calculation, 497–498 Uniform Crime Reports

definition, 492 victimization rates, 499

Motorcycle gangs, 460 Mottura, Giovanni, 1467 Mouffe, Chantal, 545 Mourning. See Bereavement Movies. See Film industry Mowrer, O. Hobart, 73, 2087

Moynihan, Daniel Patrick, 847, 2281,

2333, 2818

M-plus model, 3039

MRA. See Marriage Registration Area

Mucha, Janusz, 2119

Muckrakers, 2124

Muhammad (Mohammed), 2937, 2939, 3053, 3280, 3281, 3285, 3286

Muir, John, 802

Muir, William, Jr., 2114

Mukherjee, Ramkrishna, 1290, 1291,

1292, 1293, 2301–2302, 2307

Mukherji, D. P., 1291

Mulhall, M. G., 3005–3006,

3007, 3008

Mulkay, Michael, 2459

Muller, John H., 1927

Müller, Karl Valentin, 1076

Muller, Kate, 1927

Mullet, Etienne, 1903–1904 Mullins, Nicholas, 1012 Multiattribute dynamic decision

model (MADD), 1015 Multi-Attribute Utility Analysis, 2618 Multiculturalism

accommodation and, 1402 ethnicity and, 843, 2049 leadership and, 1570

in Mexico, 1861

Moral Majority view of, 1580 political correctness and,

2139–2140

and status incongruence, 3054

Multidisciplinary studies. See Sociology among the Social Sciences

Multihospital corporations, 1819– 1820, 1821

Multilingualism, 2909

Multinational Comparative Time

Budget Research Project, 3156

Multinational corporations. See Transnational corporations

Multinational legal system, 1550

Multinational organizations, 3003

peacekeeping and, 1429, 2046, 2048

See also International Court of Justice; International Monetary Fund; United Nations; World Bank

Multiparty system, 2154

Multiphasic Personality Inventory

Depression Scale (MMPI-D), 653

Multiple Analysis Project (MAP),

2903

Multiple factor analysis, 905–906

Multiple Factor Analysis

(Thurstone), 3035

Multiple indicator models,

1907–1924

definition of, 1907, 1912

and factor analysis, 908, 1920–1921

and good measurement protocols, 2345

with nonrandom measurement error, 1917–1920

overidentified, 191

of quality of life, 2303–2304, 2306, 2307

reliability of, 1908–1909, 1921

and single-indicator models, 1910–1912

standardization and, 2991–2996

strengths and weaknesses of, 1920–1923

validity of, 1908, 1909–1910, 1917, 1921

Multiple personalities, 2087–2088

Multiple personality disorder, 901

Multiple regression analysis, 452–456, 1812

nonadditive effects, 456

statistical methods, 3035–3036

Multiple time series design, 2318–2319, 3152

Multiple-influence model of leadership, 1568

Multiple-linkage model of leadership, 1568

Multiplism, critical (evaluation research concept), 866

Multistage sampling, 2448, 2449

Multi-step flow, 670

Multisystemic Therapy, 76, 1917

Multitrait-multimethod matrix, 3210

Multiuniversity, 1180

Multivariate analysis of variance, 1922

models for, 2028

statistical methods, 3003–3039, 3108

Multivocality, 2206

Multiway tables, 3036

Mulvey, E. P., 76

Munch, Edvard, 3079

Muncie, Indiana (Middletown

studies), 363

Muqiddimah (Ibn Khaldun), 1564

Muraoka, Miles Y., 2301, 2305–2306

Murder. See Homicide

Murdock, George P., 548, 1502,

1506, 2893

Murphy, Charles F., 2125

Murphy, John M., 1903

Murphy, Lois, 114

Murray, Charles, 968, 1382, 2213,

2330, 3198

Murray, Henry, 2085

Murstein, Bernard, 1775, 1778

Muscat, 2602

Musée social, Le (monograph collection), 1025

Music, 1924–1930

African and African-American,

64–65

innovations and transmission of, 2170

notation, 3005

punk rock counterculture, 460, 461

song lyric analysis, 1927

Muslim Society (Gellner), 2943 Muslims. See Islamic society;

Sociology of Islam

Musolf, Gil Richard, 2221

Mussolini, Benito, 1310, 1357, 3002

Mutapa Empire, 2999

Muthén, Bengt O., 3039

Mutran, Elizabeth, 1692 Mutually assured destruction,

3138, 3242 Myanmar. See Burma Myers, Charles A., 422 Myers, Martha, 670

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator,

2076, 2079

Myrdal, Gunnar, 2451, 2692

Mysticism, 2968–2969

countercultures, 460–461, 2969, 3287–3288

religious movements, 3286 Mythology and ritual

and core religious myths, 3280–3283, 3284, 3285

and French School of

Sociology, 1025

and French structuralism, 1032

N

Nabokav, Vladimir, 1648

NAC. See Native American Church

Nadel, S. F., 1034, 2417

Nader, Laura, 1549

NAE. See National Association of

Evangelicals

Naficy, Hamid, 1872

NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement), 794, 2433 labor movment opposition, 1531 Mexican participation, 1859, 1861

Nagai, Michio, 1480

Nagel, Stuart, 2280

Naimark, Norman M., 1948

Naive art, 173

‘‘Naive’’ psychology, 192 Nako, K., 1998 Nalewajko, Ewa, 2121

Namboodiri, Krishnan, 1213

Nanck, Guru, 3287–3288

Napoléon, emperor of France, 1179, 3242

Napoleonic code (Code Napoléon), 474, 475, 1513

Napoleonic Wars, 1933

Narcissism, aggression and, 72

Narcotics. See Drug abuse

Narcotics Anonymous, 715

Narrative reviewing, 1844–1845, 2291, 2902

Narrativists. See Life histories and narratives

NASA. See National Aeronautics and

Space Administration

Nash equilibrium, 330

NASS. See North American Society

for the Sociology of Sport

Nassau County (New York) political machine, 2125

NAT theory, 2878

Nathan, Laura E., 2478

Nation at Risk, A (education

report), 769

Nation of Islam, 2950

National Abortion Federation, 2240

National Academy of Sciences,

1226, 2461

Disaster Research Group,

681, 686

National Action Party (PAN;

Mexico), 2135

National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, 2270

National Advisory Council for Health Care Policy, Research, and Evaluation, 2399

National Aeronautics and Space

Administration, 2682, 2878, 3253

National AIDS Behavioral Survey,

2541, 2550

National Association of Evangelicals,

2370, 2380

National Association of Social

Workers, 2842

National Audubon Society, 780, 802

National border relations, 1931–

1939

and borderless Europe, 1934–1937

cross-border crime and trafficking, 1935–1936

four interaction types, 1935

and guest workers, 2608

historical boundary setting, 1933–1934, 1939, 2356

nationalism and, 1944–1945

self-determination doctrine and, 1945

transnational corporations and, 3178

See also Nationalism

National Cancer Institute, 2399,

2687

National Center for Health Statistics, 701, 816, 970, 1157

marriage and divorce rates, 1743, 1744, 1748, 1749, 1750

National Center for Juvenile Justice, 1489

National Center for Prevention and Control of Rape, 2576, 2577

National Center for Social Research on Alcohol and Drugs, 2451

National Center of Scientific

Research, 1026

National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect, 2581

National Commission on Excellence in Education, 769

National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence in the United States, 2269

National Committee on Pay Equity, 372

National Conference of Charities

and Corrections, 2841

National Congress of American

Indians, 137, 1298

National Council for Crime Prevention (Sweden), 2451

National Council of Churches,

2370, 2380

National Council of Senior Citizens,

2148–2149

National Council on Measurement in Education, 3207

National Council on the Aging, 1395

National Crime and Victimization

Survey, 491–500, 530, 982

National Crime Survey, 1488–

1489, 2475

and social indicators, 2682

on rape, 2576

National differences. See Comparative-historical sociology; Cross-cultural analysis

National Election Study, 190, 3093

National Endowment for the Arts, 276

National Endowment for the Humanities, 2398

National Environmental Policy Act,

803–804

National Family Violence Surveys,

982–983, 984, 985

National Health and Social Life

Survey, 2538, 2550

National health insurance, comparative perspectives, 375, 2804

National Health Service (Great

Britain), 378

National Hospice Organization, 588

National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 711, 717, 2559

National Incidence Study of Child

Abuse and Neglect, 289

National Income and Product

Accounts, 2682

National Indigenist Institute

(Mexico), 1858, 1861

National Institute for Drug

Abuse, 2398

National Institute of Anthropology

and History (Mexico), 1858

National Institute of Child Health

and Disease, 2399

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 637, 2398

National Institute of Demographic

Studies, 1026

National Institute of Education, 2398

National Institute of Mental Health,

1237, 1840, 3034–3035

Catchment Area Program, 1834

depression treatment study, 655

research funding, 2398, 2399

National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse, 97, 1640

National Institute on Aging, 53, 1157

cohort studies, 344

research funding, 2398, 2399

National Institute on Drug

Abuse, 710, 717

National Institutes of Health,

636, 717

AIDS research, 2585

National Labor Relations Act of

1935, 1530, 1553, 2266

National Labor Relations Board,

2403

National Liberation Front

(Algeria), 2132

National list system (of representation), 2154, 2157

National Longitudinal Surveys of Labor Market Experience, 2475–2476, 2479

National Medical Enterprises,

1820, 1821

National Nursing Home Surveys

(1995), 1667

National Opinion Research Center

anomia items, 167–168

civil liberties views, 316, 317

as data bank, 577, 578

on family size, 973

NLS data sets, 2475–2476

occupational prestige study, 1997

peacetime disaster research, 681

quality of life research, 2299–2300

secondary data analysis and, 2478

and social indicators, 2682, 2684

University of Chicago, 1479

National Organization for

Women, 2267

National Origins Act of 1924, 175

National Research and Development Centre for Welfare and Health (Finland), 2451, 2452

National Research Council, 2461

population policy report, 633, 635

racial discrimination perception, 56

National Research Council/National Academy of Sciences report (1981), 371

National Right to Life

Committee, 3084

National school systems. See Educational organization

National Science Foundation, 637, 2398, 2399, 2475, 2476, 2532, 2682, 2685

Systems Theory and Operations

Research, 3104–3105

National security, as censorship rationale, 273–274

National Socialism. See Nazism

National Study of Organizations,

2476–2477

National Survey of Families and

Households, 1729, 1748, 2538

National Survey of Family

Growth, 923

National Survey of Health and Development (Great Britain), 1488

National Surveys of Adolescent

Males, 2550

National Surveys of Men, 2550

National Toxics Campaign Environmental Justice Project, 791

National Training Laboratory

(Bethel, Maine), 1013

National University of Mexico, 1858

National Urban League, 326

National Violence Against Women

(1998 survey), 2557

National Wildlife Federation, 790

National Youth Survey, 494–495,

496, 497, 1488, 1489

on criminal delinquency and crime, 1488, 1489

Nationalism, 1939–1949

and civil law development, 473

following decolonization, 1267–1268

definition of, 1930

demographic factors, 636

genocide and, 1067, 1070

identity and, 1939–1940

in Iran, 1871

and Japanese sociology, 1483

and Latin American

corruption, 2134

in Mexico, 1856, 1858

movements, 1941–1944, 3001– 3002

peripheral, 1267–1268

and political party origins, 2154

regional and global influences, 1944–1945, 1948

social constructions of, 1940–1941

in Southeast Asia, 2975, 2978

in Soviet former republics, 1199, 1934

and state development, 3001–3002

state reaction to, 1945–1946

and violence and terrorism, 1199, 1947–1948, 3137

and war, 3244

See also National border relations

Nation-states. See National border relations; Nationalism; State

Native American Church, 137

Native American Rights Fund, 1298

Native Americans. See American

Indian studies

Nativistic movements, 2367

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), 1944, 1948, 2130, 2143, 2362, 2608, 3003

Natural disasters. See Disaster research

Natural Hazards Research

Center, 682

Natural law, 1427

Natural Resources Defense

Council, 803

Natural selection

altruism and, 2882

behaviorism and, 209

Darwin’s theory of evolution by, 876, 878, 2330, 2334, 2369, 2418, 2880–2881, 2885

and maximization principle, 2881–2882

racial theories and, 2330, 2334

sexual selection and, 2885–2886

Nature vs. nurture, 998

intelligence and, 1369–1373, 2090, 2140, 2330

personality traits and, 2090

sex differences and, 2530

Navajo, 138

Nazism

as authoritarian communitarianism, 356

compliance with authority and, 404

as dictatorship, 3002

divorce laws, 703

and ethnonationalism, 1944

and eugenics, 1272

expansionist policy, 1933

forced labor camps, 2608

Frankfurt School study of, 2169

genocide policy, 1066, 1067, 1070, 1384, 2206

and German families’ ‘‘legacy of silence,’’ 1512

and German sociology, 1074, 1075

as 1920s protest movement, 2268

party corruption and patronage, 2130

racial views, 1272, 2332

structuralist view of rise of, 2163

Total War concept, 1067

use of judicial discretion by, 477

war crimes trials, 1429

NCHS. See National Center for Health Statistics

NCS. See National Crime Survey

NCVS. See National Crime and

Victimization Survey

Neal, A. G., 2346, 2350–2351

Nebbia, Giorgio, 1473

Need-Achievement Dictionary, 1979

Needle (IV) exchange programs, 712, 1642, 2588

Needs, values differentiated from, 2829

Neff, Ronald, 1276

Negative identity, 460

Negative Income Tax, 2213,

2282, 2284

Negative moods. See Depression

Negative self-schema, 651

Negotiation of power, 1950–1956

group conflict resolution, 1111–1117

group decision-making, 597

interpersonal conflict resolution, 1452

and interpersonal power, 1456–1464

pragmatic theory and, 2221

See also State, The

Negritude movement, 66

Neighborhood structure

community studies, 364–366 ethnic succession, 532

and territorial belongings, 3131 and underclass, 2212, 3200

See also Community

Neitz, Mary Jo, 567, 568

Nemeroff, Charles, 652

NEO Personality Inventory, 2079 Neo-Chicago School, 853 Neoclassical economics, 725,

726–727

Neoclassical price theory, 2340 Neoconservatism, 1600–1601,

1603, 1758 Neofunctionalism, 1031, 2484

and feminist theory, 996 Neoliberalism. See Neoconservatism Neolithic period, 2175 Neo-Machiavellians, 2623 Neo-Malthusianism. See

Malthusian theory Neo-Marxist theory, 1078, 1214,

2814–2815, 2928

‘‘late capitalism’’ terminology, 1078–1079

See also Conflict theory Neo-Nazis, 462 Neo-Weberians, 2815–2816

NEP (new ecological paradigm), 806–807

Nepal

child labor, 3262 poverty, 2216

slavery and slave-like practices, 2605, 2606–2607

time use research, 3161, 3162 Nepotistic favoritism, 2822 Nested games, 330

Nestlé company, 3174

Netherlands

‘‘clean’’ government reputation, 2130

cohabitation, 109

divorce rate, 706

drug policy, 711–712, 713

ethnic status incongruence, 3051

family policy, 966

health-care system, 374, 375, 376, 377

job discrimination against immigrants, 693

long-term care and care facilities, 1653, 1655, 1659

marijuana decriminalization, 712

occupational mobility, 3046

physician-assisted suicide, 3085–3086

political party system, 2157

retirement practices, 2407, 2408

Social Science Data Archive,

575, 576

social security system spending, 2800

sociology of literature, 1649

Southeast Asia colonialism, 2975

transnational corporations, 3175, 3176

Network analysis. See Social networks

Neugarten, Bernice, 1618,

1619–1620

Neuman, W. Russell, 2273

Neumann, Franz, 2163

Neumann, John von, See Von Neumann, John

Neumann, Sigmund, 1773

Neural network models, 410, 2753

Neurath, Otto, 821

Neurotransmitters, 652, 654

Neutralization theory, 1496

Never-married adults, 107–108, 124–125, 487–488, 1738

New Age movements, 2717

New Australia (Paraguayan utopian community), 2849

New China News Agency

(Xinhua), 1767

New Deal, 862, 2125, 2126, 2427

and labor unions, 2148

liberalism, 1601

and voter realignment, 3235

white favoritism, 56

New Delhi, India, 2179

New ecological paradigm (NEP), 806–807

New England

black slavery in, 54

historical divorce grounds, 701

New England Journal of

Medicine, 1818

New Guinea, 2569

low suicide rate, 3079

New Handbook of Political Science, A

(Goodin and Klingemann), 2921 New Harmony (Indiana utopian

community), 2849

New Home Economics, 1009

New Ideas in Sociology, 2979 New institutionalism, 737–738

New Left, 542, 1784, 2452, 2723

and German sociology, 1075

New Left Review (journal), 1757

New Orleans Child Guidance

Clinic, 324, 325

New religious movements (NRMs), 2366–2368, 2374, 2380, 3287–3288

New Right, 1580

New School of Social Research, 582

New World Information and

Communication Order, 1767

New World Information Order, 280

New York City

Muslim immigrants in, 2950 police force, 2111

political machines, 2125–2126 New York Longitudinal Survey, 2088 New York State

black slavery in, 54 political machines, 2125 right-to-die issue, 587

New York Stock Exchange, 726

New York University, 2207

early clinical sociology course, 324

New York Weekly (periodical), 273

New Zealand

common law system, 465, 471 Social Science Data Archive, 576 social security system, 2797 woman suffrage, 703

Newburyport, Massachusetts (Yankee

City project), 364–365

Newby, Howard, 2429, 2431

Newcomb, M. D., 2513

Newcomb, T. M., 334, 335, 336

Newcomb, Theodore, 1034, 2415

News from Nowhere (Morris), 3203–3204

News media. See Mass media; Mass media research; Television

Newton, Sir Isaac, 1248, 1781,

1783, 2465

Neysmith, Sheila M., 646

Nezam Mulk Tussi, 1564

NGOs (nongovernmental organizations), 1085, 1827, 1948, 2151–2152, 2461, 2607

NHS. See National Health Service

NHSLS. See National Health and

Social Life Survey

NIA. See National Institute on Aging

Nicaragua

Iran-Contra affair, 2128

political corruption, 2134

protest movements, 2266, 2270

revolution study, 1871, 2411, 2412

Niceforo, Alfredo, 1465

Niche density, 1031

Nichiren Shoshu/Sokagakki

Buddhism, 2719–2720

Nichols, Elizabeth, 1870

Nichomachean Ethics (Aristotle), 2697

Nie, Norman H., 2282, 3235

Nieboer, Herman J., 2596,

2597–2598, 2607–2608

Nieboer-Domar hypothesis, 2596, 2597–2598, 2607–2608

Niebuhr, H. Richard, 2378

Nielsen, Francois, 847

Nielson, Margaret, 2943

Nietzsche, Friedrich, 2092,

2756, 2757

as sociology of knowledge antecedent, 2953

Niger, 2133

poverty in, 2216

sociodemographic profile, 2938

Nigeria, 3079

corruption, 2134

Ibo genocide, 1384

literary sociology, 1646, 1650 moral development study, 1900 slavey and slave-like

practices, 2605 sociodemographic profile, 2938

Nightingale, Florence, 3005

NIH. See National Institutes of

Health

NIMH. See National Institute of

Mental Health, 2398

1960s, social changes of, 703 Nineteenth Amendment, 2266 Nippon Hoso Kyokai, 1482 Nirvana, 3279, 3281

Nisan, Mordecai, 1904

Nisbet, Robert, 356, 1599

NIT. See Negative Income Tax

Nixon, Richard, 1764, 1936,

2281, 2284

drug treatment program, 711 modern retirement policies, 2404 Watergate scandal, 2127, 2274,

2276, 2277 Nkrumah, Kwame, 66

NLS. See National Longitudinal

Surveys of Labor Market

Experience

NLS Handbook, 2475, 2476

NLSY79 survey, 2475, 2480

NLSY97 survey, 2475

Nodes (graph theory), 1789–1790 Noelle-Neumann, Elisabeth,

2277–2278

No-fault divorce laws, 703, 704, 708 as innovative legal norm, 1560

Nolan, Patrick, 1886

Noller, Patricia, 1735

Nolo contendere pleas, 480 Nominal Group Technique, 2618 Nominal scales, 1793 Nonconformity

criminalization of, 524–526

high status as permission for, 404 as minority influence, 400–

401, 403

public tolerance of, 316–317, 358, 606

Nonconsequentialism, 516

Nondirective therapy, 1715 Nongovernmental organizations

(NGOs), 1085, 1827, 1948, 2151–2152, 2461, 2607

Non-identity thinking (Adorno concept), 539–540

Nonlinear models, 1788–1789, 2252 Nonmarital childbearing. See Unwed

childbearing

Nonmarital cohabitation. See Cohabitation

Nonparametric statistics, 1956–1971 advantages and criticisms of,

1956–1957 definition of, 1956 literature on, 1957–1958 and measurement, 1795

new developments in, 1970–1971 runs and randomness, 1969

tests and techniques, 1958–1970

See also Tabular analysis Nonprobability samples, 2444–

2445, 3088

Nonrandom measurement error, 1917–1920

Nonreductionism, 1780 Nonstable population model,

618–619

Nonverbal cues, 1976, 1978, 1980, 2061, 3096

Nonviolent protest, 2269, 3289 Non-zero-sum games, 330 NORC. See National Opinion

Research Center

Nordlinger, Eric, 1946 Norepinephrine, 652, 654 Noriega, Manuel Antonio, 2135 Normal accident theory, 2878 Normalization of danger, 2878 Norman Conquest, 465 Normative influence. See Social

values and norms Normative institutions, 395

Normative sanctions, 515, 523, 537 Normatology, 2192

Norms. See Social values and norms Norpramin, 654

North, Cecil C., 1997, 1998

North, Douglass, 735, 2335, 2340

North Africa, 1865

North America

population factors, 2182

See also American society; Canada; Mexican studies

North American Free Trade

Agreement (NAFTA), 794, 2433

labor movement opposition, 1531

Mexican participation, 1859, 1861

North American Industry

Classification System, 395

North American Man Boy Love

Association, 1276, 2581

North American Society for the Sociology of Sport, 2987

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 1944, 1948, 2130, 2143, 2362, 2608, 3003

North Carolina Manumission

Society, 2270

North Central Rural Sociology

Committee, 677

North Korea, 2137

Northcote, Lord, 2130

Northern Ireland, 1947, 2362,

2366, 3288

Northwestern University, 1876

Norway

age pyramid, 610, 611

age-standardized crude death rate, 611, 613

legal system, 471

life table, 612

occupational mobility, 1987, 1988

same-sex marriage legalization, 111

Social Science Data Archive,

575, 576, 580

social security system, 2800

unemployment, 3263

woman suffrage, 703

women in labor force percentage, 3262

See also Norwegian sociology

Norwegian Data Service (Bergen),

575, 576, 580

Norwegian Social Science Data

Services, 2477

Norwegian sociology, 2449, 2450, 2451, 2452–2453

Nouveau riche. See Status incongruence