Encyclopedia of Sociology Vol

Living Standards Measurement

Study, 549

Living wills, 585–586, 587, 3064, 3083

Llewellyn, Karl, 1549–1550

Lloyd, David, 656

Lobbying. See Interest groups Locke, Harvey J., 1502, 1727 Locke, John, 268, 355, 527, 528,

1247, 1248, 1302, 2337 Lockhart, W. R., 3188 Lockheed company, 2131 Lockwood, David, 225–226 Lodahl, Thomas, 3273 Lofland, John, 554

Loftin, Colin, 2284

Log normal curve, 2870

Logan, John R., 2501, 3072

Logarithms, 3015

Loges, William E., 3214

Logic models, 2296–2297

deductive vs. inductive, 2465–2466

Logic of Collective Action, The (Olson),

2149, 2920

Logical inconsistency, cognitive dissonance theory vs., 338 Logical positivism, 2193, 2756

Logique sociale (Tarde), 1025 Logistic regression, 454–455 Logit analysis, 3038

Log-linear models, 1970, 2817, 3036–3037, 3107

design vectors, 3116 tabular analysis, 3115–3118,

3122–3126

Lois de l’imitation (Tarde), 1025 Lok Dal (Indian political party), 90

Lolita (Nabokov), 1648

Lomax, John, 1921, 1926

Lombroso, Cesare, 502, 528, 529,

1465, 1575, 1717

London, Harvey, 2078

London Co-Operative Magazine, 2846

London New Police, 2110,

2112–2112

London School of Economics,

225, 226, 228

Loneliness, 2525, 3255

Long, Elizabeth, 1647–1648

Long, Norman, 2432–2433

Longevity

health and illness behavior and, 1131

of successive cohorts, 345

Longitudinal fallacies, 1593

on life course, 1614

Longitudinal research, 1683–1696

on aging in single cohort, 343–344

and causal inference models, 1685, 1688–1689

data analysis approaches, 1691–1694

data analysis problems, 1689–1694

data types, 1685–1686

design of, 1687–1688

divorce effects on children, 706

divorce effects on women, 708

of educational attainment, 2783–2784

hierarchical linear models, 1177

life course, 1614, 1617, 1618

measurement protocols, 1687– 1688, 1690–1691

method artifacts in, 2351–2352

multiple-indicator measurement, 1922

need for childhood sexual abuse studies, 293

outcome prediction, 1691

population definition, 1687

quasi-experimental and descriptive approaches, 1686

rationale for, 1684–1685

retirement models, 584, 2405–2406

sample consistency, 1687

secondary analysis and data archives, 2475–2476

social surveys, 577

and stability, 2343

time series, 3142–3153

Long-term care, 1652–1663

comparative systems, 375, 378, 1655, 1659–1661

definitions of, 1652

funding of, 1658–1661, 1663, 1668–1669

health provider organizations and, 1826

insurance for, 1657–1660

models of, 165–167

needs assessment, 1653, 1654

place of residence, 1655

policy and practice issues, 1661–1662

quality issues, 1661

respite care and, 1658

services and providers. See Longterm care facilities

utilization and expenditures, 1148–1149

Long-term care facilities, 1663–1683

American families and, 129

assisted living, 1663, 1826

community-based, 1656–1657

continuing care retirement communities, 1664

death and dying in, 584, 586

depression of residents of, 656

home-based, 1656–1658, 1661–1662, 1663, 1677

as medical-industrial complex component, 1818, 1819, 1826

nursing homes, 1148, 1149, 1653–1654, 1661, 1664– 1678, 1819

residential homes, 1654–1655

sheltered housing, 1655–1656

Looking Backward (Bellamy), 3203

‘‘Looking-glass self’’ concept, 2089, 2344, 2507, 2512, 2750, 2856

Lopata, Helen, 2417, 3255

Lopez Portillo, José, 2135

Lopreato, Joseph, 1467, 2881, 2883,

2884, 2886

Lord, Charles G., 3222

Loria, Achille, 1423, 1464, 1465

Los Angeles, California

Iranian immigrants in, 1872

as megacity, 312

Mexican immigration to, 1860

Muslim immigrants in, 2950

Loseke, Donileen, 247

‘‘Lost causes,’’ 2615

‘‘Lost letter’’ technique, 186 Louis Dirn (French sociologist

group), 1028–1029

Louis Harris Data Center, University

of North Carolina, Chapel

Hill, 2477

Louis Philippe, king of France, 1771 Louis XIV, king of France, 3242 Louisiana, civil law code, 465,

1513, 2127 Love, 1696–1701

altruism and, 114

courtship and, 484, 488, 489 cultural differences in, 1697–1698 emotions and, 778–780

family violence and, 984 gender differences and, 1697,

1700–1701

historical conceptions of, 1697 interpersonal attraction and,

1449–1450

marital adjustment and, 1730 marital redefinition and, 705 mate selection and, 1775, 1778 parental role and, 2034 personal dependency and, 2065

person-centered theory and, 1715 physical symptoms of, 1701 romantic love complex,

1698–1700, 2171–2172 universal aspects of, 1698

Love Canal, 789, 791, 801, 805, 2875 Lovejoy, Arthur S., 1599

Low, J. O., 364 Low-birthweight babies, 2236 Lowen, Alexander, 2085 Lowenthal, Leo, 539, 565,

1075, 1645

Lower quartile, definition of, 659 ‘‘Lower-class value stretch’’

concept, 2212

Lowie, Robert, 675, 2890 Low-skill workers. See Marginal

employment

LSMS. See Living Standards

Measurement Survey

LTC. See Long-term care

Lubbock, John, 1423

Luce, R. Duncan, 2729

Luckenbill, David F., 407

Luckmann, Thomas, 226, 2756,

2957–2958

Luddites, 2525

Luhmann, Niklas, 1080, 1234, 1479,

1548, 1558, 1560, 1704, 2484

Luison, Lucio, 328

Lukács, Georg, 541, 1645, 2756

Lukes, Steven, 2165

Lumumba, Patrice, 66

Lunch counter sit-ins, 2494, 2495 Lund, Paul S., 364

Lundeen Bill, 2402–2403 Lung cancer, 1639, 1640, 1641 Lusinchi, Jaime, 2135

Luther, Martin, 3227, 3286

Lutheranism, 95

Lutyñski, Jan, 2121

Lutz, Burkhart, 1075

Luvox, 654

Luxembourg

social surveys, 577

transnational corporations, 3175 Lyall, Kathryn, 2282

Lyman, Stanford, 2220

Lynchings, 349, 2266

Lynd, Helen, 363–364, 367, 2521

Lynd, Robert, 363–364, 367, 1160

Lynott, Robert J., 2304

Lyotard, Jean-François, 2206, 2207,

2648, 2757

M

Ma, Hing-Keung, 1901

Maastricht Treaty (1992), 1935

Macari, Daniel, 1391

MacBride, Sean, 1767

MacBride Commission, 1767

McCarthy, Joseph, 1238–1239

Macchiavelli, Niccolo, 1464

Maccoby, E. E., 2530–2531

Macedonia, 2362

Macfarlane, Alan, 1504

Mach, Ernst, 821, 2192–2193

Mach, Zdzislaw, 2119–2120

Machada, Bernardino, 1423

Machiavelli, Niccolò, 1077, 1564,

2520, 2623

Machine politics, 2125–2126, 2135 Machinery. See Industrialization;

Technology and society MacIver, Robert, 1424, 2521

as Japanese sociology early influence, 1478

Macke, Anne Stratham, 2417, 2423

MacKenzie, Donald A., 2461

Mackie, Diane M., 2244

MacKinnon, Catharine, 274, 276,

2186–2187

Macklin, Eleanor D., 113

MacLeod, Jay, 665–666, 2171

Macpherson, C. B., 1302

Macroeconomics, 747

Macrosociology, 1703–1712

collective behavior theories, 352–354

comparative legal systems, 1547–1549, 1550

comparative-historical inquiry, 390

criminal and delinquent subcultures theories, 513–514

cross-cultural research, 547 deviance origins, 662, 663–666 deviance reactions, 670–671 distributional inequality, 2690–

2691

economic impact of education, 2934

of emotions, 787

four paradigms of, 2027 future of, 1710

historical background, 1704–1705 institutional anomie theory, 166 intergenerational relations,

1386–1388

of law and society, 1552–1561 longitudinal research, 1684 microsociology vs., 1703–1705,

2671

and music, 1924–1925, 1927 research methodology, 1709–

1710

risk research, 2877–2880 Scandinavian sociology, 2452 social control studies, 2660 and social movements

emergence, 2718–2719

and social networks, 2727–2728

and social psychology studies, 2777–2778

theory and research themes, 1705–1709

units of analysis, 1703–1704

See also Evolution: biological, social, and cultural; Functionalism and structuralism; Phenomonology; Structuralism

MAD. See Mean absolute deviation; Mutually assured destruction

Madagascar, 2216

MADD (Mothers Against Drunk

Driving), 2722, 2877

MADD (multiattribute dynamic decision model), 1015

Madison, James, 721, 2265

Madsen, Richard, 2080, 2484

Mafia, 2018–2019, 2128, 2129, 2130

Magatti, Mauro, 1472

Magnet, Myron, 3198

Magnitude effect (meta-analysis), 1848–1849

Maguire, Patricia, 2039, 2040

Mahar, David, 1227

Maharaj Ji, 3287

Maharidge, Dale, 1580

Mahathir Bin Mohamad, 356

Mahavira, 3285

Mahdi, Ali Akbar, 1872

Mahoney, F. I., 1653

Mahoney, James, 1636

Mahrishi Mahesh Yogi, 3287

Mail surveys, 3091

Mailing lists, Internet, 413, 414

Main Trends in the Social and Human

Sciences (UNESCO), 2917

Maine, Henry, 1501–1502, 1506

on legal systems development, 1545–1546

Maines, David, 1636, 2220

Mainframe computers, 575

Mainichi Press, 1482

Mainstream criminology, 504

Maintenance production (MP) behaviors, 1566

Mair, Lucy, 289

Maistre, Joseph de, 1770

Majone, Giandomenico, 1098, 1100,

1103, 1104, 1107, 1108

Major, John, 2130

Major depression. See Clinical depression

Major personality theories,

1712–1719

See also Personality and social structure; Personality theories

Majority. See Compliance and

conformity

Majors, Richard, 245

Mäkelä, Klaus, 2451

Making Markets (Abolafia), 738–739

Making of a Counter Culture, The

(Roszak), 459

Malawai, 2591

Malaysia, 356, 2974, 2975, 2978

authoritarian communitarianism, 356

fertility decline, 627, 2976

labor movement, 1532

sociodemographic profile, 2938

Malcolm X, 58

Male gaze, 2172

Malewski, Andrzej, 2119, 2120

Mali, 2133

sociodemographic profile, 2938

Mali Empire, 2999

Malinowski, Bronislaw, 563, 853, 1030, 1258, 1259, 1271, 2118–2119, 2373, 2855, 2889, 2890, 2892

on core myths and rituals, 3282–3283

and exchange theory, 2670

Malnutrition, 622

Malthus, Thomas R., 632–633,

928, 1525

Malthusian marriage system, 1504

Malthusian theory, 632–633, 1005, 1008, 1525

human ecology and environmental analysis, 1219–1220

Maltoni, Bruno, 2231

Man and Society in Calamity

(Sorokin), 681

Managed-care organizations

elite paradigm and, 2628

failures of, 1828

financial status and profits, 1822–1826

as medical-industrial complex component, 1818, 1819–1822

utilization and expenditures, 1143–1145

See also HMOs

Management science, 3104

Managerial revolution thesis, 2628

Managers, 442, 443

leaders vs., 1564

meritocracy and, 2626

retirement patterns, 2406

and white-collar crime, 3252

Mandela, Nelson, 2047

Manic-depressive disorder. See Bipolar disorder

Mann, Michael, 224, 1704,

1707, 2823

Mann, Richard, 1978

Manners and Customs of the Police

(Black), 2114

Mannheim, Karl, 582, 583, 857, 2273

and intelligence theory, 1386–1388

as Japanese sociology early influence, 1478

and mass society theory, 1773

and sociology of knowledge, 2953–2954, 2955–2956, 2957, 2958, 2959

on student movements, 3068, 3069

Manning, Peter, 2114

Mann-Whitney test, 1960

Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test, 1963–1964

MANOVA. See Multivariate Analysis

of Variance

Mansbridge, Jane A., 118

Mansour, Ali H., 643

Manuel de sociologie (Cuvillier), 1024

MAO inhibitors, 654

Mao Zedong, 298, 300, 2136, 2485,

2643, 2849

MAP (Multiple Analysis Project),

2903

Marable, Manning, 54

March Current Population

Surveys, 971

Marchus, Philip H., 1533

Marcia, J. E., 1900

Marcos, Ferdinand, 645, 2131

Marcuse, Herbert, 539, 540, 541,

1075, 1305, 1772, 1773

Marcus-Newhall, A., 73

Mare, R. D., 2439

Marey, E. J., 3005

Marginal employment, 1719–1725 definition of, 1719 distribution by selected

characteristics (table of), 1721 dynamics of, 1722

and job displacement, 1721–1723 as underemployment, 1720–1722

Marginal frequency, 658

Marginal utility analysis, 733, 2698 Marginalization, 2367, 2634–2635

Marienthal: The Sociography of an Unemployed Community (Jahoda et al.), 3155

Marijuana, 711 decriminalization efforts, 712,

713, 718

legalization movement, 523 stereotypes, 713

Marijuana Tax Act of 1937, 711 Marini, Margaret A., 1689 Maris, Ronald W., 3079, 3080 Marital adjustment, 1725–1733

age of first marriage and, 1744 cohabitation effect on, 486 consequences of, 1731–1732 factors in, 1726–1728, 1735–

1738, 2035

marital quality and, 1726, 1736–1738

marital satisfaction vs., 1727 parenthood and, 2037 prediction factors, 1728–1731 and violence, 984

See also Divorce; Marital quality Marital Adjustment Test, 1727 Marital cohesion, definition of, 1726 Marital Comparison Level

Index, 1728

Marital happiness, definition of, 1727

Marital quality, 1736–1738

definition of, 1726

remarriage and, 2390

and sexual satisfaction, 2540

Marital rape, 950, 2577–2578

Marital satisfaction

communication and, 1735–1736

definition of, 1726–1727

Marital stability, 962

Market organization

and economic institutions, 725–727

and economic sociology, 732

labor-force participation and, 1522

See also Capitalism

Market research

adoption of new products, 678

survey data collection, 575

Marketing and Sociology of Books

Group (Netherlands), 1649

Markets and Hierarchies

(Williamson), 735

Marketti, James, 55

Markiewicz, Wladyslaw, 2119

Markoff, John, 2414

Markoulis, Diomedes, 1901

Markov chain, 1692, 1789, 1790, 1983, 3039

Markovsky, B. D., 2672, 2673, 2674

Markus, H. R., 2513

Marmor, Theodore, 2281

Marriage, 1733–1740

as adulthood marker, 26

adustment to. See Marital adjustment

in African-American slave communities, 121–122

age at first marriage, 124, 130, 1525, 1526, 1737–1739

age distribution model, 620

alliance vs. descent conflicts in, 1508–1509

alternative lifestyles effects on, 107, 108, 113

American family trends, 123–126, 1525–1526

arranged, 1698, 1775

balanced reciprocity in, 1508

changing trends in, 487–488, 1525

childbearing demographics, 125, 1006, 2031–2032

childbearing effects on, 2035, 2037

childless rates, 2035

cohabitation prior to, 108– 109, 705, 923

collateral prohibitions, 1272, 1273, 1509, 1513, 1776

in colonial America, 121

common law, 948

communitarian vs. religious conservative view of, 359–360

consanguineous, 1273

couple unity vs. sibling group unity, 1509

courtship, 483–489

decline in rates of, 1259

delayed, 1526, 1738, 1744, 2178, 2182

demographic hazards model, 616–617

differences between first and remarriages, 2390–2393

division of labor in, 696

divorce predictions, 701, 1738

dual-earner couples, 127, 1524, 1525–1526, 3062

and economic determinism, 723

elderly spousal caregiving, 1657

endogamous, 1270–1271, 1272, 1273, 1776, 1779

exogamous, 1271, 1272, 1776

extramarital sex and, 2541–2545

and family and household structure, 922

and family law, 947, 948–949

and family planning, 635, 952–960

and family policy in Western societies, 962

and family violence, 983

fertility transition and, 625, 1008, 2178, 2182

first marriage rates by age, 1744–1745

functions of, 1258

gender/mental illness relationship, 1837–1838

higher expectations for, 702, 703–704

incest proscriptions, 1270–1273

as institution, 1733–1734

interfaith, 911, 1411, 1776

interracial. See Intermarriage

Japanese-American ‘‘picture brides,’’ 176

and kinship and family systems, 1507–1517

kinship prohibitions, 1270–1273, 1509, 1513, 1776

labor-force participation and, 1524, 1525–1526

legitimacy and, 1258

as life-cycle transition, 1615, 1616, 1623

love and, 1697, 1698, 1699, 1775, 1778

Malthusian system, 1504

mate selection theories, 1774–1779

median duration before divorce, 1747

monogamy in, 1271

population relationship to, 2176

as process, 1733, 1735–1738

and quality of life, 2303

rates, 1970–1990 (table of), 1742

redefinitions of, 705

as rite or ritual, 1733, 1734–1735

same-sex, 111, 131, 315, 489, 1506, 1776, 2546

satisfaction in, 1726–1728, 1735–1738

sexual behavior in, 2531–2541

shifts in normative, 635, 700–701, 702

social psychology studies of, 2770

spousal bereavement as death ‘‘cause,’’ 584

time use research, 3161, 3162, 3163

traditional distribution of power in, 1734

typologies of long-lasting, 1731

variations in, 1258

wife’s roles in, 1736

and women’s property rights, 702

women’s role conflict in, 2417

See also Divorce; Family and household structure; Intermarriage; Remarriage; Widowhood

Marriage and divorce rates,

1740–1751

alternative life styles and, 112

American patterns, 125–126, 1738, 1741–1749

crude rates, 1741

in developed countries, 1749

divorce rate predictions, 708, 1738

divorce rates by age, 1742, 1743, 1745–1747

divorce rates in remarriages, 2393

divorce rates in selected countries, 706

divorce rates in United States, 701, 702, 703, 704, 705, 1742, 1743, 1745–1747

divorce rates with minor children, 1749

first marriage rates, 1742, 1743, 1744–1745

interracial and interfaith marriage upswing, 1776

marriage rate decline, 1738

marriage rate upswing, 1741

1950s patterns, 124

refined divorce rate, 1746–1747

refined marriage rates, 1741

remarriage, 708, 2387–2388

remarriage rates by age, 1742, 1743, 1748

selected variables and, 1750

significance of divorce, 700– 701, 709

table of divorce rates (1970–1990), 1742

table of first marriage rates (1970–1990), 1742

table of remarriage rates (1970–1990), 1742

total marriage rates, 1748–1749

See also Divorce; Marriage;

Remarriage

Marriage market theory, 1775–1777 and women’s remarriage

potential, 2388–2389 Marriage Registration Area (MRA),

1743, 1744, 1747

Marriage squeeze, definition of, 1775–1776

Marro, Antonio, 1

Marsden, George, 2369

Marsden, Peter, 2792

Marsella, A. J., 1718

Marselli, Gilberto Antonio, 1467

Marsh, H. W., 2512

Marshall, Alfred, 1423, 2335 Marshall, John, 136, 476 Marshall, Susan E., 646 Marshall, T. H., 2210 Marshall, Thomas, 2277 Marshall, V. W., 581, 582, 583 Marshello, Alfred F. J., 3221 Martelli, Stefano, 1473 Martin, Alfred von, 1075 Martin, David, 2485

Martin, Teresa Castro, 2393

Martin, W. T., 3079

Martindale, Don, 2217, 3181

Martineau, Harriett, 852

Martinelli, Alberto, 1468

Martinez, O. J., 1935

Martinotti, Guido, 1468

Martinson, Robert, 2056

Martinussen, Willy, 2452

Marty, Martin E., 940, 2372

Marwell, Gerald, 604

Marx, Karl, 822, 1028, 1304, 2069,

2193, 2640, 2889

alienation concept, 100, 104, 1705, 3270

on bureaucracy, 229 on capitalism. See under

Capitalism

class theory, 757, 2623, 2692, 2812, 2814, 2819, 2927

class theory vs. classical elite theory, 2623

and comparative historical analysis, 383, 1196

on conflict sources, 425, 517, 2865, 3243

data collection by, 573

on division of labor, 697–698, 1754, 1782

economic theory, 722–723, 724

and ethnography, 852

and Frankfurt School, 540

and Hegelian philosophy, 1248–1249

and historical materialism, 543, 1217, 1704, 1751, 1752, 1781–1782, 1784, 2644, 2645, 2646, 2647

and industrialization, 2196

labor theory of value, 1754, 2697, 2698

on leadership stemming from zeitgeist, 1564

and legal theory, 1548, 1553, 1576, 1577, 2961

as macrosociologist, 1704–1705

Marxist sociology emergence and, 1753

mass society theorists’ revisions of, 1772–1773

and modern materialism, 1781–1782

on money’s significance, 1888, 1889, 1890

postmodernist rejection of, 2206

on religion, 2373, 2385, 2483, 2965, 2967, 2968

on revolution, 2338, 2410–2411, 2412, 2413, 2414

on science and technology, 1785

on social inequality, 2690, 2692

and socialist ideal, 2846, 2847

on societal organization, 773–774, 2865, 3066

as sociology of knowledge antecedent, 2953, 2954, 2955, 2957

and status incongruence, 3050

structural theory of state of, 2162, 2163

See also Marxism-Leninism;

Marxist sociology; Neo-

Marxist theory

Marxism. See Marx, Karl; Marxism-

Leninism; Marxist sociology

Marxism-Leninism, 1751, 1782,

2717, 2848–2849

and destratification, 2813–2814

imperialism theory, 1265, 1266

on imperialist wars, 3243

and political correctness, 2139

postmodernist rejection of, 2206

and Soviet sociology, 2116

Marxist sociology, 1751–1760

ambiguity of term, 1751–1752

British sociology and, 226

and capitalism, 238, 531

and case studies, 245–246

class analysis in, 1753, 1754–1755

on class and race interrelationship, 319

on class struggle, 415, 601, 697

See also Class struggle

and community, 362

and conflict theory, 414–416, 1401, 2767

contemporary themes in, 1754–1755, 1757–1758

and court systems and law, 467

and criminal and delinquent subcultures, 511–512

and criminology, 504–505, 534–536

crisis of, 1755–1756

and critical theory, 539–545, 1754, 2760

and cultural theory, 562, 568, 1755, 1756, 1757, 1758

current key shifts in, 1756–1759

on data collection, 603

decline of, 1756–1758

delinquency and deviance theory, 511–512, 670, 1498

on democracy, 601–602

and dependency theory, 639–640, 644, 1087, 1088

on division of labor, 697–698, 1754, 1782

and economic determinism, 722–723

and economic sociology, 736, 806

and ethnicity, 179, 845

and family and religion, 937

and feminist theory, 989, 990, 1754–1755

Frankfurt School and, 540, 543, 1076–1077, 1732, 2756

French sociology and, 1027

German sociology and, 1074, 1076, 1076–1077, 1078, 1080, 1082

and globalization, 1084–1086, 1757, 1758

on historical development stages, 2645

Japanese sociology and, 1479

Latin American studies and, 1538, 1539

legal systems theory, 1548, 1553, 1576, 1577

leisure critique, 1583

literary, 1645, 1649

macro themes, 1704

macro-level reactions to deviance, 670

and Marxism as ‘‘science’’ or ‘‘critique’’ approaches, 1752

and modernization theory, 1084–1086

origins of, 1752–1754

and participatory research, 2040

Polish sociology and, 2118, 2119, 2121

on postindustrialism/ postmodernism, 1757–1758, 2200, 2205

on progress, 2644, 2645

and radical criminological theory, 504–505

on religious orientation, 2385

on rural society, 2426, 2429

Scandinavian sociology and, 2452

scientific applied research and, 2460–2461

on social change, 2647

social problems paradigm, 2760

social stratification emphasis of, 2162–2163

and Soviet and post-Soviet sociology, 2116, 2979

Soviet bloc disintegration effects on, 1757

stratification theory, 2814–2815

structuralism and, 1030, 1753, 1754, 1755, 1756, 1784, 2162–2163

on war incentives, 3243, 3244

and world system theory, 1197, 1706

See also Historical materialism; Marx, Karl; Marxism-Leninism

Masaryk, Thomas, 1423

Masculinity. See Femininity/

masculinity

Masini, Eleonora, 1473

Maslow, Abraham, 1014, 2085, 2087,

2088, 3271, 3286

Mass culture

Frankfurt school studies of, 2168, 2169

high culture debate, 565–566, 1645–1646

power elite theory vs., 2624, 2625

vs. popular culture, 173

See also Popular culture

Mass media

and agenda control, 2166

censorship/regulation of expression issues and, 271–272, 280

corruption investigations, 2127–2128

definition of, 1761

as disaster communication, 684, 685

drug-abuse prevention programs, 716

and education, 760

Frankfurt School’s conformity theory and, 540–541, 545

fundamentalists’ utilization of, 2372

and innovation diffusion, 678

and legislation of morality, 1577, 1578–1579

mass society theory and, 1772–1773

materialist analysis and, 1785

new technologies, 1768–1769

and normalization of homosexuality, 2571

and political process, 145, 1764–1766

and popular culture, 2168, 2170, 2171–2172, 2173

and postmodern society, 2200, 2206

and public opinion, 2273, 2276 romantic love portrayals,

1698–1700

and sexually explict material, 2185–2186, 2187

and social movements, 2722 as socialization agent, 2858 and sociology of art, 173

and sociology of culture, 563, 566, 568–569

sporting events coverage, 2986 and status aspirations, 2781 violence effects issue, 1762–

1763, 2858

See also Internet; Television Mass media research, 1761–1770

on aggregate effects, 1763–1766 on aggression cues, 74, 75,

76, 272

on audience responses, 1761–1765

on Internet potential, 1768–1769 on persuasion, 2094, 2097–2098 on stereotypical portrayals,

1767–1768

Swedish sociology and, 2453 on time use, 3156, 3160

on voting behavior, 3234

See also Mass media; Television Mass murder. See Genocide

Mass society, 1770–1774, 2428 Massachusetts, first statewide

probation law, 2253 Massé, Pierre, 1038

Massey, Douglas, 366, 2500, 2501,

2502–2503, 2504, 3199

Masterman, Margaret, 2026

Masters, William H., 2554

Masters and Johnson sex survey, 111

Masters of Polish Sociology

(Sztompka), 2120 Masturbation, 2567–2568 Matching theory, 214

Mate selection theories, 1774–1780 complementarity and, 1777 cross-cultural analysis, 1885 eligibility pool, 484–485, 1698,

1775–1776

gay and lesbian couples, 2546

incest taboos, 1270–1274, 1509, 1513, 1776

and kinship systems, 484, 1509, 1513, 1698, 1776

levels of courtship, 485–486

process theory of, 1777–1778

propinquity and, 1776–1777, 1779

and remarriage, 1779, 2388–2390

romantic love complex and, 1698–1699

and sexual behavior, 2537

sociobiological theory of, 1274, 2884–2885, 2886

See also Courtship; Interpersonal attraction

Materialism, 1780–1786

atomist philosophy and, 1780–1781

decline of, 1784

deviance and, 663–664

and globalization, 1784

historical vs. dialectical, 1781–1782

See also Historical materialism

Maternal deaths, 2236

Maternity leave, 2033–2034, 3266

Mathematical achievement

sex differences in, 2532–2533

women’s mathematical careers and, 2786

Mathematical Methods of Statistics

(Crámer), 3035

Mathematical sociology, 1786–1792

intergenerational mobility modelity, 1983

models, 2028, 2029, 2296–2298

probability theory, 2248–2252

and social networks, 2728, 2729

and social structure analysis, 2826–2827

statistical methods, 3003–3039

structural role theory and, 2417

See also Statistical graphics;

Statistical methods

Mathematical Statistics (Wilks), 3035

Mathiesen, Thomas, 2453

Matrimonial Causes Act of 1857, 948

Matrix algebra, 1789

Matrix notation

and factor analysis, 911–912 scatterplot, 3018, 3020

Matrix, scatterplot, 3018 Matsueda, Ross L., 533 Matsumoto, Jyun’ichiro, 1478 ‘‘Matthew effect’’ (Merton

concept), 2691

Maturana, Humberto R., 1557, 2088 Maturational development theory,

1894–1895 Matza, David, 1496 Mauritania, 1866

slavery and slave-like practices, 2602, 2604, 2605

sociodemographic profile, 2938 Mauro, Paolo, 2124

Maurya dynasty, 2999

Mauss, Armand L., 2763, 2764

Mauss, Marcel, 734, 1024, 1032,

1273, 2670

Max Planck Institute (Berlin), 1617 Maximillian, emperor of Mexico,

1856–1857

Maximization principle, 2881 May, M. A., 114–115, 2083 May, Rollo, 2085

Maya Empire, 2999

Mayer, Thomas, 1983

Mayhew, L. H., 693

Mayne, Sir Richard, 2110, 2113

Mayntz, Renate, 1075, 1076

Mayton, Daniel M., 3213

Mazur, Joanna, 2122

MBTI (Myers-Briggs Type Indicator),

2076, 2079

McCall, Michael, 1633

McCarran-Walter Act of 1952, 175

McCarthy, E. Doyle, 2958, 2959

McCarthy, John D., 1941, 1942

McCarthy, P. J., 1692

McCarthy era, 314, 316, 1238– 1239, 2278

McClelland, David, 1885–1886, 3271

McClintock, Barbara, 994

McClintock, Charles G., 3221,

3222, 3223

McCloskey, Donald, 2767

McCrae, Robert R., 2087

McDonagh, Edward, 326

McDonald, Dwight, 565–566

McDonaldization, 2208–2209, 2529

McDonaldization of Society, The

(Ritzer), 2208–2209

McDougall, William, 114, 2085, 2087

McDowell, David M., 2284

McDowell, J. J., 214

McGann, Anthony J., 2160

McGill, Robert M., 3009–3010

McGillis, Daniel, 193

McGinnis, Robert, 3034

McGinty, Patrick, 2222

McGrath, Joseph, 180, 1979, 2610

McGregor, Douglas, 1014, 3271

McHale, John, 1037, 1039

McIntire, Carl, 2370

McKay, Claude, 66

McKay, Henry, 665, 1495

McKelvey, Richard D., 3038

McKenzie, Roderick, 1209, 1210

McKinley, John, 1815

McKinney, John C., 3181–3182, 3188

McKinney, William, 2484

McKinney Act of 1987, 1203,

1206, 1207

McLemore, Clinton, 1976

McLennan, John, 1270, 1271

McLuhan, Marshall, 428, 1769

McMahan, Eva, 1636

McMaster Health Index

Questionnaire, 2306

McMichael, Philip, 387, 2433

McMillan, David, 363

McMillen, Curtis, 195

McPhail, Clark, 352, 555, 559, 560

McPhee, W. N., 410

Mead, George Herbert, 355, 781, 1254, 1303, 1313, 1423, 2069, 2417, 2630

on altruism, 114, 117–118 personality theory, 2085,

2089, 2611

and pragmatism, 1249, 1250, 2218, 2219, 2220, 2222, 2423, 2955

role theory, 2415, 2507–2508

self-esteem concept, 2344, 2507–2508, 2512, 2750

and social psychology of status attainment, 2781

and symbolic interactionism, 2856, 3095, 3098

time use research, 3155

Mead, Lawrence M., 3198

Mead, Margaret, 1, 563, 998, 1003,

2418, 2855, 2890, 2892

Mean (statistical), 661

computation of, 659

sampling distribution of, 3028–3029

standard error of, 3029

weighted mean effect size (in meta-analysis), 1848–1849

Mean absolute deviation (MAD), 564

definition of, 660–661

Meaning

existential personality theory and, 1717, 2084

in symbolic interactionism, 3096–3097

Means, Gardiner, 443

Means of production, 1782

Means over time, 1691–1692

Measurement, 1792–1804

composite scale, 1909

consequences of less than normally distributed variables, 1796–1800

construction of measures, 1801–1802

of education and development, 748–750

error as excluded variable, 2251–2252

errors in causal inference models, 256–257, 264–266, 1909, 1917

errors in correlations among indicators, 1917

errors in longitudinal research, 1690–1691

of global self-esteem, 2512

of height, 2343–2344

of infant and child mortality, 1324–1325

of informal economy, 1337–1343, 1341–1343

and information collection, 1802–1803

of intelligence, 1359–1361

interval in, 1792–1800

longitudinal research protocols, 1687–1688

of marital adjustment, 1727–1728

models, 2027–2028

of moral judgment, 1897–1900

multiple indicator models, 1907–1923

of nonrandom error, 1917–1920

of personality, 2073–2081

of poverty, 2213–2214

power and Type I and Type II errors, 3030–3032, 3033

precision of variables, 1803

protocols of, 2344–2347

of quality of life, 2302–2304, 2683–2684

random error, 1908–1909

reliability, 2343–2355

of retirement, 2406

sampling procedure, 2250, 2444–2449, 3088

in scientific explanation, 2467

of self-esteem, 2344–2350, 2512

of social mobility, 2712–2713

of social values, 3219–3222

of societal stratification, 2870–2874

standard error, 2449

standardization, 2991–2996, 3034–3035

statistical models, 3003–3039

of urban underclass, 3198–3200

validity, 3207–3211

of values, 3214–3223

See also Analysis of variance and covariance; Factor analysis; Levels of analysis; Quasiexperimental research designs; Statistical analysis; Survey research

Measures of association, 1804–1812

ambiguity of meaning, 1809

applications of, 1811–1812

bivariate relationships, 661

correlation and regression analysis, 446–457

degree of, 1806–1811

multiple indicators, 1907–1908

and nonparametric statistics, 1966–1969

and relative reduction in prediction error, 1810–1811

tabular analysis, 3118–3126

two major types of, 1966

Measures of Occupational Attitudes and Occupational Characteristics

(Robinson et al.), 3209

Measures of Political Attitudes

(Robinson et al.), 3209

Measures of Social Psychological

Attitudes (Robinson and

Shaver), 3209

Mecca, 2939, 3282

Mechanic, David, 376, 1814

Mechanical solidarity (Durkheim concept), 165

Medellín cartel, 2135

Media. See Mass media; Mass media research; Popular culture; Television

Median (statistical), 661

computation of, 659

Mediation, 465, 1115

Medicaid, 79, 130, 1352, 2799

and contraceptive service, 958

and filial responsibility, 1019

Health Care Financing Administration, 588, 815, 1157, 1670, 1828

inception of, 2798

income distribution and, 1284, 1286

and medical-industrial complex, 1814, 1824–1825

and nursing home care, 1663, 1668, 1669–1670, 1819

utilization and expenditures, 1140, 1145, 1146–1147, 1148, 1149, 1150

Medical Industrial Complex, The

(Wohl), 1818

Medical profession. See Nurses; Physicians; Medical-industrial complex

Medical sociology, 1813–1818

areas of study, 1814, 1816

and bioethics, 585

and criminal sanctions, 521

critical theory in, 1815–1816

and death and dying, 582– 583, 585

definition of field, 1813

and health and illness behavior, 1813

and health policy analysis, 1158, 1813–1818

on health system changes, 1814–1815

and healthy life expectancy, 1632

and lifestyles and health, 1639–1642

and medical-industrial complex, 1813, 1814–1815, 1828–1829

quality-of-life studies 2301l, 2305–2306

sociologists of vs. sociologists in medicine, 1815

stress studies and, 3055–3057

Medical supply companies, 1818, 1823, 1824

Medical-industrial complex, 1818–

1832

criticism of, 1827–1829

diversification, restructuring, and growth, 1821–1822

financial status and profits, 1822–1824, 1827–1828

gender theory on, 1816

government financing, 1814

and health promotion and status, 1163

introduction of concept, 1818

medical sociology and, 1813, 1814–1815, 1828–1829

and postindustrial society, 2197

professional occupations, 2259, 2260

ranking in global context, 1826–1829

regulatory needs, 1824–1826

structure of, 1818–1822

See also Health care utilization and expenditures

Medicare, 1352, 1663, 1814

added coverage, 2803–2884

and eldercare, 79, 1021, 1828

Health Care Financing Administration, 588, 815, 1157, 1670, 1828

inception of, 2798

and income distribution, 1284

and medical-industrial complex, 1818, 1824–1825

and nursing home care, 1663, 1668–1669, 1669–1670, 1819

public policy analysis, 2281

utilization and expenditures, 1140, 1141, 1144, 1145– 1146, 1148

Medications

abortion-induction, 2238–2239

AIDS/HIV, 2590–2591, 2593

antidepressants, 654–655

comparative systems of prescription drugs, 378

costs of, 1141, 1148

diffusion of new antibiotic, 677–678

for drug abuse, 712, 715

legal use of mood-altering prescription drugs, 718

pharmaceutical companies, 1818, 1824, 1827, 2263

psychopharmacological, 1840– 1841

See also Drug abuse

Medici family, 2298

Medieval era. See Middle Ages

Meech Lake amendment, 3008, 3009

Meertens, Roel W., 2244, 2245

Megachurch, 2379

Megacities, 310–311, 312, 3197

Megan’s Law, 317, 2582

Mehrabian, Albert, 1978

Meiji restoration (1868), 2411

Melby, Jeffrey, 197

Melotti, Umberto, 1472

Melucci, Alberto, 354

Memorial Societies of America, 588

Memory

cognitive consistency theories and, 334

life histories and narratives, 1636–1637

Memphis, Tennessee, 2126

Menarche, 2233

Mencius, 1564

Mencken, H. L., 2369–2370 Mendelian genetics, 2880, 2881 Mendras, H., 1026

Menger, Carl, 733, 1423

Menger, Pierre-Michel, 1925

Menninger, Karl, 3077

Menopause, 2233

Mental health

medical sociology studies, 1814 positive, 2188–2191

religion and, 2965 self-esteem and, 2511 women’s employment and,

1837–1838

Mental illness and mental disorders,

1832–1843

classification and diagnosis of, 1832–1833, 1834–1835, 1840

definitions of, 1832–1833 deinstitutionalization and,

1205, 1841

as divorce effect, 707 epidemiology of, 1833–1840 gender and, 1838–1839 homelessness and, 1204 illicit drug use and, 711

institutionalization and, 2660– 2661

insurance coverage, 1150–1151 labeling theory and, 669,

1836–1837, 1838, 1840 life course and, 1839 long-term care services, 1656

micro-level reaction theories, 669 psychopharmacological

treatment, 1840–1841 rural/urban incidence of,

1840, 1841

social causation theories, 1835 social control and, 521, 1841,

2660–2661

social integration studies, 3055 social selection and drift

theory, 1836 stigmatization of, 1815 suicide predictors, 3078–3079,

3081

See also Depression

Menzel, Herbert, 677, 1591

Mercury poisoning, 2724–2725

Meriam Report (1928), 135

Meritocracy, 756–757, 758,

2626–2627

and educational mobility, 2927

and intergenerational mobility, 2712

and social stratification, 2812

in tribal societies, 2809–2810

See also Affirmative action;

Equality of opportunity

Merryman, John Henry, 475, 476,

478, 479, 480

legal tradition concept, 1547–1548

Merton, Robert, 244, 342–343, 2193,

2678, 2755–2756, 2915

accumulative advantage concept, 2691

and analytical paradigms, 2023

and anomie theory, 165–166, 533, 1493–1494

on bureaucratic structure, 233

collectivity definition, 2632

on cultural conformity vs. social belonging, 2630

on functional analysis, 1030

on goals and means disjunction, 3066

and macro-level deviance theory, 663

and ‘‘marginal man’’ concept, 2634, 2635

and medical sociology, 1813

role theory, 2415, 2634, 2635

on scientific ethos, 2456

on social forecasting, 2676

and social inequality concept, 2690

and social philosophy, 2757–2758

on sociology of knowledge, 2956

structural analysis, 2825–2826, 3066, 3099

‘‘theories of the middle range,’’ 2825–2826

and time use study, 3155

Merton, Thomas, 3289