Encyclopedia of Sociology Vol

John M. Olin Foundation, 1601

John Paul II, Pope, 2268

John XXIII, Pope, 2365

Johns Hopkins University, 1180,

1423

Johnson, L. (sociologist), 2581

Johnson, Lyndon B., 1286,

1435, 2682

Civil Rights Act of 1965, 2496

Great Society, 2299

public opinion and, 2275, 2276, 2277

War on Poverty, 1286, 1494, 1882, 2404, 2760

Johnson, Marilyn E., 1618 Johnson, Richard, 1756 Johnson, Virginia E., 2554 Johnson Publications, 2493 Johnston, Michael, 2125 Johnstown, Pennsylvania, 366 Join Together (drug-abuse

prevention program), 716 Joint distribution, 658, 661, 2250 Joint Information Bureau

(Department of Defense), 278 Jonassohn, Kurt, 1068, 1069,

1070, 1071

Jonathan (biblical figure), 1508 Jones, Edward, 193

Jones, Gavin, 633

Jones, J. R., 1771–1772

Jones, Jim, 900

Jones, Karen, 353

Jones, Lois Mailou, 64

Jones, Paula, 2581

Jones, Richard S., 245

Jones, Simon, 226

Jordan, 1866

fertility decline, 628 sociodemographic profile, 2938

Jöreskog, Karl, 908, 1923, 3037

Josephs, R. A., 73–74, 2513

Jourard, S. M., 2189

Journal of Asian American Health, 179

Journal of Asian American Studies, 179

Journal of Comparative Studies in

Society and History, 1197

Journal of Contemporary

Ethnography, 854

Journal of Educational Sociology, 326

Journal of Experimental Social

Psychology, 2650

Journal of Family Issues, 1738

Journal of Health and Social

Behavior, 1814

Journal of Marketing Research,

407, 409

Journal of Marriage and Family, 106

Journal of Mathematical Sociology,

1787, 1790, 2028

Journal of Narrative and Life History,

1635–1636

Journal of Social Issues, 2042

Journal of World Systems Research, 413

Journals. See Publications; specific titles

Jouvenel, Bertrand de, 1037, 1038

JSTOR program, 1606, 1607

Juarez, Beníto, 1857

Judaism and Jews

American affiliation figures, 146

and anti-Semitism, 540

and black civil rights movement participation, 2268–2269

ethical impulse/moral law relationship, 3283

interfaith marriage rate upswing, 1776

Islamic parallels, 2937, 2939, 2943

and Israeli politics, 2359

Kabbalah mysticism, 2969, 3286

kinship and family typology, 1507, 1510–1511, 1512, 1513, 1514, 1517

liberalism and neoconservatism, 1603

low alcohol abuse rates, 95

medieval messianic movements, 2968–2969

Nazi genocide. See Holocaust

and new religious movements, 3287

and racial categorization, 2332

religious experience, symbols, and theology, 3279, 3280, 3281, 3282, 3284

religious organization perspectives, 2377

success in American society, 2332, 2333

widowhood, 3255

Judd, Dennis, 3071

Judd, Walter, 175

Judges, 476–478

common law vs. civil law system, 465, 467, 468, 472, 476–478, 480–481

historical power of, 474

inquisitorial vs. accusatory legal model, 479

and negotiation of power, 1953

numbers by countries (table), 471

treatment of forms of expression, 270–272

Judgment

absolute vs. comparative, 597

consistency studies, 591

general, 598

knowledge effect on, 593

moral. See Moral development

Judgments. See Decision-making

theory and research

Judicial power, 465

Judicial review, 467

Judicial sociology, 1024

Jung, Carl G., 1714, 1718, 2076,

2077, 2084, 2087, 2090

Junior Chamber of Commerce

International, 3229

Junior colleges, 1180

Juppé, Alan, 2129

Juréen, Lars, 3035

Jüres, Ernst-August, 1078

Jus commune, 473

Just reward, 2703, 2704

Just society. See Social justice; Utopian analysis and design

Justice. See Court system and law; Criminal justice system; Social justice

Justice Department, U.S., 714, 982

Justice without Trial (Skolnick), 2108, 2114

Just-identified models, 191, 1915–1917

Justinian, emperor of Rome, 465, 473, 476, 2999

Juvenile delinquency, theories of, 3, 502, 507, 1493–1499

anomie, 1493–1494

anomie and rising expectations theory, 1491

anomie and strain theories, 166 conflict theory, 1497–1498 control theory, 667, 1495 cultural influence, 663, 668, 1494 differential association theory,

666, 667

labeling theory, 1496–1497 macro-level origins, 663, 664–665 micro-level origins, 667–668 neutralization theory, 1496

social class, 1491–1492, 1494 and social controls, 2658 social disorganization theory,

1495

structural functionalism theory, 1493–1495

symbolic interactionism theory, 1495–1497

Juvenile delinquency and juvenile crime, 521, 1484–1493

AIDS/HIV risks and, 2586 community studies, 365, 366 and criminal and delinquent

subcultures, 510–513, 534 differing legal definitions of,

1485–1486

extent and trends, 1486–1489 factors in, 1489–1492

gangs, 460, 512, 1485 historical, 1485

life history, 1616 treatment for violent

offenders, 76

See also Criminal sanctions; Gangs

K

Kabbalah (Jewish mystical writings), 2969, 3286

Kabo, V. E., 2979

Kagan, Jerome, 2090

Kagitcibasi, Cigden, 3218, 3219

Kahn, Herman, 1041, 1218

Kahn, Robert, 2415, 2416

Kahneman, D. J., 591–592, 595, 598

Kaigo Hoken (long-term care insurance), 1659–1660

Kairys, David, 1556

Kali (Hindu goddess), 3280, 3284, 3285

Kalish, Richard, 582

Kalleberg, Arne L., 1985–1986, 3275

Kalton, Graham, 190–191

Kamo, Y., 696

Kanka, Megan, 2582

Kansas City (Missouri) political machine, 2126

Kansas Marital Satisfation (KMS)

scale, 1728

Kant, Immanuel, 1302, 1303,

1304, 3244

and German idealism, 1248, 1249 Kanter, Rosabeth Moss, 244, 2262 Kantorowicz, Hermann, 1074 Kanungo, R. A., 1566

Kapadia, K.M., 1291

Kapital, Das (Marx), 539, 2814

dedicated to Darwin, 573

Kaplan, Abraham, 2023

Kaplan, S., 1978

Kareev, N. I., 2979

Karl Marx’s Theory of History

(Cohen), 1784

Karmarck, Andrew W., 2921–2922

Karp, David, 245, 360

Kasaba, Resat, 1871–1872

Kasarda, John, 307, 3071, 3198

Kashmi, 1945

Kashmir, 2366

Katovich, Michael, 2222

Katz, Elihu, 677–678, 679

Katz, Jack, 507

Katz, Leon, 2729

Katz, Michael B., 2211

Katz, S., 1653

Kauffman, Kelsey, 2053

Kautsky, Karl, 1753, 2432

Kazakhstan, 1946, 2362

sociodemographic profile, 2938 sociology as discipline, 2982

Kearl, Michael C., 583

Keating, Charles, 2128 Keddie, Nikki R., 1871, 2948 Kefauver hearings (1951), 2126

Keith, Jennie, 245

Kejner, Matilde, 3273

Keller, Evelyn Fox, 994–995, 2460

Keller, Fred, 215

Kelles-Kraux, Kazimierz, 2118

Kelley, H. H., 2065, 2670

Kelley, Harold, 193, 2419

Kellner, Douglas, 545, 1757

Kellner, Hansfried, 1886

Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928), 2270

Kelly, Edward, 2126

Kelly, George A., 1715–1716,

1717, 2076

personality theory, 2084 Kemp, Jack, 362

Kempe, C. H., 288

Kemper, Theodore, 777–778, 780,

785, 2522

Kempny, Marian, 2119

Kendall, Maurice G., 1796, 3035 Kendall, Patricia L., 3112 Kendall’s coefficent of

concordance, 1957 Keniston, Kenneth, 459 Kennedy, Gail, 2217

Kennedy, John F., 48, 1435, 1494

Kennedy, Paul, 1708

Kenny, John V., 2126

Kent State University, 2270

Kenya

anti-AIDS/HIV campaign, 2593 fertility rate decline, 220,

627–628 poverty in, 2216 Kepler, Johannes, 2465

Kerckoff, Alan, 1778

Kerr, Clark, 422–423, 424, 1180

Kerr, S. C., 1566

Kessler, Ronald C., 1692, 3081

Kesting, Hanno, 1078

Ketkar, S. V., 1291

Kevorkian, Jack, 585, 587, 3084,

3085–3086

Kewus, Oscar, 2211

Key, V. O., Jr., 2124

Key, Valdimer Orlando, Jr., 3235

Key Problems in Sociological Theory

(Rex), 226

Keyder, Caglar, 1871–1872, 1876

Keyfitz, Nathan, 631

Keynes, John Maynard, 1265

Keyton, Joann, 2418

‘‘Khadi justice,’’ 464, 1546, 1548

Khaldun. See Ibn Khaldun, Abd-

al-Rahman

Khalil, Mohammad, 643

Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah,

2357, 2371

Khrushchev, Nikita, 2980

Kidd, Quentin, 3223

Kiecolt, R. Jill, 2478

Kiev International Institute of

Sociology, 2982

Kiev-Mohyla Academy, 2982

Kikuchi, Charles, 181

Kikuchi Diary, 181

Kilakowski, Leszek, 1356

Killian, Lewis, 351, 352, 553, 554,

558, 559, 560

Kim Hyun Chul, 2131

Kim Young Sam, 2131

Kimball, Peter, 352

Kimura, D., 2884, 2885

Kindergartens, 677

Kindleberger, Charles, 2823

Kinesiology, 2987, 2988

King, Alexander, 1038

King, Gary, 1595

King, Martin Luther, Jr., 178, 556, 2146, 2269, 2494, 2495, 2496

‘‘Letter from a Birmingham Jail,’’ 2495

nonviolence philosophy, 3289

and plight of Northern urban blacks, 2496–2497

‘‘Kinkeeper’’ role, 696

Kinsey, Alfred, 111, 2538, 2541, 2549, 2553, 2554, 2559, 2560, 2561, 2566, 2569, 2572

Kinsey Institute for Sex

Research, 2187

Kinship systems and family types,

1501–1519

African American, 122, 705, 927

African slave masters and, 2601

alliance theories of, 1507–1508

altruism and, 2882–2883

American systems, 142

centrepetal vs. centrafugal, 1510–1512

classificatory, 2298 coalitions within, 331

courtship and mate selection and, 1698, 1699–1700

divorce-related, 709 ethnicity as extended kinship

group, 2329

evolution theory and, 2882–2883 and family and household

structure, 926–927

and family and population policy in less developed

countries, 965

high fertility rates and, 628 historical typologies, 1507–1517 historical typologies critiques,

1505–1507 illegitimacy and, 1261 incest taboos, 1270–1277 Japanese American, 123

and life course, 1615, 1618, 1620 and life cycle, 1625

mapping priorities, 1512–1515 and marital eligibility limitations,

484, 1270–1277, 1509, 1513, 1776

marital unity vs. sibling, 1509 marriage as central to, 1733–1734 Mexican American, 123 nationalist movements and, 1942 parental role and, 2034

religion and, 935, 937 slavery as severance of,

2596, 2597

social structure and, 1509–1512 socialization and, 2858

See also Nuclear family

Kirk, Russell, 1598

Kissinger, Henry, 2048

Kitschelt, Herbert, 2160

Kitson, Gay, 1737

Kitsuse, John I., 2763

Kittrie, Nicholas N., 2143, 2146

KKK. See Ku Klux Klan

Klages, L., 2085

Klandermans, Bert, 2763

Klapper, Joseph, 1762

Klare, Karl E., 2961

Klein, Melanie, 650

Klein, Rudolof, 378

Kline, R. B., 1923

Klineberg, Otto, 1425

Kloppenburg, Jack R., Jr., 2460

Kloskowska, Antonina, 2121

Kluckhohn, Clyde, 564, 2890

Kluckhohn, Florence R., 3212, 3214

Knapp, Peter, 2919

Knights of Labor, 1530

Knoke, David, 604, 606, 2165, 2380

Knorr Cetina, Karin, 2469–2470

Knowledge

attitudes as function of, 185

common sense, 1377–1379, 2100–2102, 2959

effect on decision-making, 593, 678

Foucault’s ‘‘archaeology,’’ 2647–2648, 2757

‘‘new sociology’’ of, 2958–2959

organizational, 584

as participatory research emphasis, 2040

postindustrial focus on theoretical, 2196, 2205

social learning theory and, 70, 75

sociology of, 2953–2959

sociology of scientific, 2458–2460

See also Epistemology; Scientific explanation

‘‘Knowledge workers,’’ 2626

Kogan, M., 1692

Kohl, Helmut, 2123

Kohlberg, Lawrence

and gender identity development, 998–999

moral judgment theory, 114, 993, 1894, 1895–1904, 2089, 2092

stages of moral development, 1896–1897

Kohli, Martin, 1635

Kohn, Melvin L., 1619, 2070–2071,

2072, 3214, 3271

Kolata, Gina, 2550

Kolmogrov-Smirnov test, 1965–1966

Komitet Gosudarstvennos

Bezopasnoti, 2137

Kondratjev, N. D., 2979

König, René, 1074, 1075, 1077, 1425

Konrad, Gyorgy, 2117

Konvitz, Milton, 2217

Koos, Earl L., 1813

Koran, 328, 1550, 2939, 2940, 2950,

3281, 3285

on women’s status, 248–249, 250 Korea. See South Korea

Koreagate, 2127–2128

Korean Americans, 175 entrepreneurs and

professionals, 180, 182 household structure, 127

Korman, A. K., 1566, 1567–1568

Kornai, Janos, 2117

Kornhauser, William, 356, 1773

Korsch, Karl, 539

Kosaka, Kenji, 2298

Kosovo, 1944, 1945, 1946, 1948, 2080, 2143, 2362, 2529, 2579, 2608, 3001

Koss, Mary, 2557

Kotz, Hein, 472, 1545, 1547

Kovalevsky, Maxim, 2979

Kovel, Joel, 2245

Krafft-Ebing, Richard von, 2566 Kramer, P. D., 2513 Krasnodebski, Zdzislaw, 2119 Kraus, V. E. O., 1998

Krauss, Robert M., 2620

Krebs, Dennis L., 118, 1902–1903

Kretschmer, E., 1717

Krieger, Nancy, 57

Kriesi, Hanspeter, 462

Krippendorf, J., 3172

Krishna (Hindu deity), 3280, 3281, 3282, 3285

Kristiansen, Connie M., 3215

Kristol, Irving, 1601

Kroeber, Alfred L., 133, 564–565,

566, 675, 679, 2890

Krohn, Marvin D., 671 Krukskal, William A., 1811 Kruskal, William H., 1811, 3036 Kruskal-Wallis test, 1960, 1962 Krysan, Maria, 317

Krzeminski, Ireneusz, 2119

Krzywicki, Ludwik, 2118

Kshatriya (Hindu warrior-chief), 250

Ku Klux Klan, 460, 461, 462, 2266

Kubitschek de Oliveira,

Juscelino, 2135

Kübler-Ross, Elisabeth, 582, 583

Kubovy, M., 593

Kuhlman, D. Michael, 3221

Kuhn, Thomas S., 164, 574,

823, 3098

model of scientific change, 2024–2027, 2193, 2374, 2458–2459, 2756

on paradigm, 2023

Kukathas, Chandran, 356

Kumina (Ashanti religion), 65

Kuper, Leo, 1068, 1071, 1072

Kurczewski, J., 2121

Kurdistan nationalism, 1871, 1942, 1945, 3001

Kurian, George T., 2677

Kurtines, William, 1898

Kurzman, Charles, 1871

Kuwait, 1865, 1866, 1867, 1944

fertility decline, 628

sociodemographic profile, 2938

Kvalevsky, M. M., 2979

Kwaanza, 67

Kwakiutl, 1032

Kwasniewicz, Wladyslaw, 2119

L

La Barre, Weston, 2367

La Gory, Mark, 1215, 1226

Labeling theory

attribution theory integration, 198

and criminalization of deviance, 243, 520, 525, 534–535, 2659

and deviant behavior, 520, 669–670

and ethnography, 852

and juvenile delinquency, 1496–1497

and legislation of morality, 1576, 1577

and medical sociology, 1815– 1816

and mental illness, 669, 1836–1837, 1838, 1840

and social problems, 2760

and socialization, 2859

Labor, forced. See Slavery and involuntary servitude

Labor Department, U.S., 2398

Labor force, 1521–1527

adequate-to-underemployment transition, 1722

affirmative action and, 47– 52, 2496

African Americans and, 55–56, 2491–2492, 2495–2496

alienation theory, 100, 104

Asian Americans and, 181

and capitalism, 237, 238, 239, 240, 320

case studies, 246

change determinants and consequences, 1523–1526

in China, 302–303

comparable worth and, 369–372

composition of, 3262

conditions conducive to democracy, 605

and conflict analysis of crime, 536

contingent workers, 1723–1725

control of work in, 3266

convict labor and, 518

and crowd behavior, 558

definition of participation rate, 1521

and divorce pattern changes, 703, 705

dual and segmented market theory, 1985

educational attainment and, 2930–2931

emergence of, 3262

and equality of opportunity, 827–828, 830

and event history analysis, 869, 3262

extent of paid work, 3262–3263

externalization and job erosion, 3267–3268

and family size, 972, 973

and fertility determinants, 624, 635, 1009

globalization and, 1088, 1526, 3267, 3275

and Hindu caste system, 252–253

Hispanic-American participation in, 1191, 1193

home workers, 1339, 1341, 3267–3268

immigrant vs. black workers, 2496, 2498

and income distribution, 1283

industrial sociology and, 1312

informal economy and, 1339

internal vs. external market, 1985–1987

job displacement in, 1722–1723

job preparation for, 3263

job segregation in, 379, 2012, 3046, 3262, 3264–3265

marginal employment, 1719–1725

measurement of, 1521–1523

noncitizen workers, 2608

occupational and career mobility, 1982–1994

occupational opportunities barriers, 832

older participants, 2407

and organizational structure, 2002, 2003–2004, 2012–2014

participation of men and women (1976–1998), 2405

part-time workers, 3262–3263

predecessors of modern, 3261–3262

reentry into, 2406

retirement from, 2403–2408, 3061

rural analysis, 2430

segmented, 2715

segregation and, 2491–2492

structural lag effects on, 3061–3062

structure of, 1984–1991

technological change and, 3266–3267

urban underclass and, 3198

vacancy chain models, 2691

wage labor system and, 2596

women’s disadvantage in, 1720–1721

women’s participation in, 123, 126, 127, 142, 239, 424–425, 512, 624, 625, 703, 705, 962, 972, 981, 1009, 1219, 1523–1526, 1579, 1729, 1837,

2032, 2262, 2404, 2406, 2532, 3046, 3064, 3262, 3266

worker characteristics, 1991–1993 young males and, 1524, 1526

See also Division of labor; Labor movements and unions; Migrant workers; Slavery and involuntary servitude; Work and occupations

Labor movements and unions,

1527–1535

in American society, 143, 1528, 1529–1531, 1553

and crowd behavior, 558

and economic institutions, 727 hours and pay laws, 3262 internal labor market and, 1987 materialist theory on, 1785 membership decline, 3276 nineteenth-century roots of, 1309 oligarcical leadership in, 2624 origin of, 1528, 1533 participatory democracy in, 605,

606, 1532–1533

pension negotiations and, 2403 Polish Solidarity, 2268

as political organizations, 2148–2149

protests and demonstrations, 2266

trends in, 1531–1533 types of, 1529

Labor theory of value, 1754, 2697, 2698

Labor Utilization Framework, 1720

Labov, Teresa G., 2906–2907

Labov, William, 2900, 2901, 2908

Lachmann, Richard, 2414

Laclau, Ernesto, 545

La Guardia, Fiorello, 2125 Laicization (Durkheim term), 2484 Laissez-faire leadership, 1565 Lakota, 3277–3278, 3279, 3281, 3282 Lalonde, R. J., 2442

Lamarck, Jean Baptiste, 876 Lamarckism, 1714, 2460 Land, Kenneth C., 2301, 2302 Land-grant colleges, 88, 1180 Landolt, Patrica, 2640

Landrecht (Prussia; 1794), 475

Landsberg, Martin, 642

Landshut, Siegfried, 1075

Landsman, T., 2189

Lane, David, 224

Lane, William, 2849

Lang, Gladys Engel, 173, 1764

Lang, Kurt, 173, 1764

Language

African families, 63–64 Asian-American proficiency in,

181–182

bilingual education, 123, 1861, 2140, 2908

describing universal personality traits, 2092

grammar analysis, 438–439, 2297–2298

homogenization policies, 1946 instrumentalist theory of, 2219 postmodernism on, 2205–2206,

2207, 2757 poststructural theory, 2206 as religious experience

expression, 3279–3280

See also Conversation analysis; Sociolinguistics

Lantenari, Vittorio, 2367

Laos, 2974, 2975, 2978

Laotian Hmong Americans, 175, 180

LaPalombara, Joseph, 2154

Larceny, Uniform Crime Reports

definition, 492

Large-scale multiwave surveys, 1686 Larson, Magali Sarfatti, 2261 Larson, Reed, 2300, 2304

Lasch, Christopher, 2200

Laschi, Rodolfo, 1464

Laser systems, 1345

Lasswell, Harold, 1039, 1761,

1766, 1940

‘‘Last Acts’’ program, 588

Last Chapters (Marshall), 583

Last Supper, 3281

Last Tango in Paris (film), 2185 Latané, Bibb, 115, 116–117 Latent constructs, 1907

Latent homosexuality concept, 2566 Latent structure analysis, 3038, 3039

Latent Structure Analysis (Lazarsfeld

and Henry), 3038

Latin America

abortion illegality, 2240, 2241

AIDS/HIV incidence, 2592

audencia, 474

child labor, 3262

corruption in, 2134–2136

court and legal system, 465, 474

democratization process in, 1539–1543, 2159, 2160

Demographic and Health

Surveys, 633

demographic transition, 627

dependency theory, 641–643, 1535, 1538, 1761, 2922

drug trafficking, 2135

economic liberalization, 1539– 1543

fertility rate decline, 220, 1008, 2178

frontiers and borders, 1933–1934

health-care systems, 381

labor movements, 1532

life expectancy, 623

military dictatorships, 3002, 3003

population factors, 2182

poverty, 2216

protest movements, 2266

women in labor force percentage, 3262

See also specific countries

Latin American studies, 1535–1544

Marxist influence, 1757

participatory research, 2040

Latinos/Latinas. See Hispanic

Americans

Latour, Bruno, 2459

Latvia, 2362

Laub, John H., 535, 668, 1616

Laudan, Larry, 2026

Laumann, Edward O., 2165, 2539, 2541, 2542, 2545, 2550, 2554, 2571, 2579, 2693, 3091

Laurence, J. R., 2083

Law and legal systems, 1544–1552

alternative dispute resolution, 1550

antidiscrimination legislation, 692, 693

autopoietic, 1548, 1557–1559

civil law tradition, 464, 465–466, 471, 472–476, 480–481

common law system, 464, 465–472, 474, 475, 477–478, 480–482

court systems, 464–481

critical legal studies movement, 1548, 1556–1557

definitions of law, 144–145

delinquency definitions, 1485– 1486

discrimination-testing litagation, 689, 691, 692–693

formal vs. substantive, 1546

formalist theories vs. Marxist theories, 1548

historical imperial lawgivers, 2998, 2999

international, 1426–1430, 1550–1551

intestacy law, 1513

judiciary. See Court systems and law; Judges

jurisprudential vs. sociological perspectives, 2960–2961

layering (transplant) in, 465, 1550, 1556

legal autonomy theory, 1555–1556, 1557

legal profession. See Lawyers

legal systems comparison, 464, 1545–1551, 1554

legal tradition concept, 1547–1548

macrocomparisons, 1547–1549, 1550

microcomparisons, 1549–1551

public opinion and, 2277

social impact of legal changes, 2962

social origins of laws, 2961

social stratification and, 2961–2962

social systems interaction, 1559–1561

social-structural interactions, 1559–1561

sociology of law relationship, 1555–1559, 2960–2963

Weber typology, 464

Law and society, 1552–1563

alcohol prohibition laws, 1576–1577

American Indian status, 135–136

civil liberties, 317

cohabitation, 109

corporations, 443–444

divorce impediments, 701

divorce revisions, 701, 703, 704, 709

drug regulation, 711, 712–713

and evolution of criminal sanctions, 516

family law, 947–951

filial responsibility, 1018–1019

homosexual activity, 111

immigration restrictions, 143, 175

kinship mapping, 1513–1515

legal theories, 1555–1559

legislation of morality, 1560, 1575–1581

marital law for affines and cousins, 1509

marriage and inheritance, 1509, 1513

marriage restrictions, 1272

obscenity laws, 2185–2186

personal conduct laws, 1560

physician-assisted suicides, 3084–3086

protest movement results, 2266–2267

rape revisions, 2576, 2677, 2678

right to die cases, 585, 586–587

sexual harassment policies, 2580–2581

social-structural model, 1559– 1561

sociological theories, 1554–1555, 2960–2963

suppression of socially threatening speech, 273–274

victimless crimes, 1576, 1577–1578

Weber’s definition of law, 464

white-collar crime, 530, 3245–3255

See also Court systems and law; Criminal sanctions

Law enforcement. See Criminal justice system; Criminology; Penology; Police

Law of regression. See Correlation and regression analysis

Lawrence, Bruce, 2372

Lawrence, Joseph J., 2660

Laws (Plato), 2086

Laws, Curtis Lee, 2369

Lawson, Kay, 2155

Lawyers

dominance in common law systems, 466, 468–472

national comparisons, 478–479

numbers by countries (table of), 471

paraprofessionals, 2260

as profession, 2259

women’s status as, 468, 2262, 2263

Layoffs and displacement, 3265

Lazarsfeld, Paul, 574, 679, 1160, 1425, 1591, 2193, 2755–2756, 3049, 3054

and latent structure analysis, 3038

and panel design, 1686, 3036

and tabular analysis, 3107, 3112

time use study, 3165

and typologies, 3181, 3182, 3187

and voting behavior research, 3, 3233, 3234

Lazarus, Richard S., 2066, 3057

Lazzarini, Guido, 1472

Leach, Edmund, 289, 2891

Leacock, Eleanor, 991, 2891

Leader Behavior Description

Questionnaire, 1566

Leader Opinion Questionnaire, 1566

Leadership, 1563–1575

behavioral approach, 1565–1569

by elite, 2163

contingency approaches, 1567–1569

effectiveness measurement, 1571–1572

great-man vs. situation approach, 1564–1565

historical review, 1564–1565

management vs., 1564

and nationalist movements, 1943

oligarchical, 603

political elites, 2623–2624

power management by, 2997–2998

public opinion and, 2278

research challenge, 1571–1572

situational studies, 1567

in small groups, 695, 2619–2620

social exchange theory and, 2671

of state, 2997–2998

traits theory, 1565, 1570–1571

League of Nations, 1945

Convention to Suppress the Slave Trade and Slavery, 2602

Leamer, Edward E., 3039

Learned helplessness model of depression, 651, 652

Learning. See Education; Knowledge; Sociology of education; Sociology of knowledge

Learning theories. See Behaviorism; Social learning theory; Socialization

Leary, M. R., 2514

Leary, Timothy, 1975–1976, 1978

Least interest, principle of, 1701

Least Preferred Coworker scale, 1568

Least-squares regression analysis, 3015–3016

Leavitt, Harold, 1034

Lebanon, 1866, 1867

sociodemographic profile, 2938

Lebesraum policy, 1933

Le Bon, Gustave, 553, 559, 679,

1770, 2117, 2265

Le Bras, Gabriel, 1425

Lectures on Jurisprudence (Smith), 2340

Lectures on Sociology (Levada), 2980

Lederer, Emil, 1773

Lee, Aie-Rie, 3223

Lee, Alfred McClung, 326,

1247, 1250

Lee, Barrett A., 1772

Lee, Elizabeth McClung, 1247

Lee Kuan Yew, 356

Legal autonomy theory, 1555–1556

Legal bureaucracy theory, 1497

Legal formalism, 2960, 2961

‘‘Legal honoratiores’’ (Weber concept), 1554

Legal layering (transplant) concept, 465, 1550, 1556

Legal profession. See Lawyers

Legal realism, 476

Legal systems. See Court systems and law; Law and legal systems

Legionnaires’ disease, 814

Legislation of morality, 1560, 1575–1581, 2156–2157

Legislative branch, 1952, 1955

Legislative coalitions, 331

Legitimacy. See Interpersonal power; Organizational structure

Legitimate Violence Index, 985

Lehman, Edward W., 360

Lehman, Herbert, 2125

Lehmann, E. L., 3035

Leibniz, Gottfried, 1045

Leicht, Kevin, 2166

Leigh, Geoffrey K., 1729

Leighton, Alexander, 178

Leighton, Barry, 367

Leisure, 1581–1591

nature of, 1587–1589

tourism and, 3166–3173

work and time studies, 1582–1584, 3159–3160

Lemert, Charles, 2200

Lemert, Edwin, 669, 1496

Lemkin, Raphaël, 1066, 1067,

1070, 1071

Lenin, V. I., 1772, 1782, 1945, 2411, 2431, 2432, 2485, 2847

on capitalist imperialistic war, 3243

economic study of imperialism, 1265

and revised Marxist socialism, 2848–2849

and Soviet sociology, 2979

See also Marxism-Leninism

Leningrad State University,

Laboratory of Concrete Social

Research, 2980, 2981

Lenski, Gerhard E., 416, 1704, 1705,

1886, 2645, 2646, 2690

social stratification theory, 2813–2184, 2815

societal stratification theory, 2866, 2867

status incongruence theory, 3051, 3052

Leo, Richard, 901

Leonard, Kenneth E., 2557

Leonardi, Franco, 1470

Leopold II, king of Belgium, 60 Lepenies, Wolf, 2757

LePlay, Frédéric, 1025, 1503–

1504, 3155

Leplège, Alain, 2306

Lepsius, Rainer, 1075, 1079, 1080

Lerman, David, 194

Lerner, Daniel, 1885

Lesbianism. See Sexual orientation Lesotho, 2216

Lesourne, Jacques, 1041 Less developed nations. See

Developing countries; Industrialization in less developed countries

Lester, Marilyn, 3252 Letourneau, Charles, 1424 ‘‘Letter from a Birmingham Jail’’

(King), 2495

Letters, life histories, 1633

Lev, Daniel S., 472

Levada, I. A., 2980

Levada, Yuri, 2982, 2983

Levels of analysis, 1591–1596 aggregate level vs. individual level

effects, 1594

cross level inferences, 1594–1596 cumulative scale analysis,

1801–1802

deviance theories, 662–668 inferences from one level to another, 1592–1593

and levels of measurement, 1793, 1794–1796

of role theory, 2421–2425 types of variables, 1591–1592 typologies, 3180–3188

values scale, 3214–3215 Levine, M. L, 677–678 Levine, R., 3209

LeVine, Robert A., 1900

Levinson, Daniel, 2069

Levinson, Randy, 198

Levi-Strauss, Claude, 563, 990, 1034,

1271, 1273

and exchange theory, 2670

and incest taboos, 1271, 1273

and kinship system, 1507

and structural analysis, 1027, 1032, 1033, 2891

Levitical Code, 3283

Levy, Frank, 3198–3199

Levy, Jack S., 3241

Levy, Judith, 583

Levy, Marion, 2417

Lévy-Bruhl, H., 1024

Lévy-Bruhl, L., 1024

Lewin, Kurt, 1012–1016, 2069, 2085,

2611, 2614, 2619

and social psychology of status attainment, 2781, 2784

Lewin Legacy, The (Stivers and

Wheelan), 1013

Lewin-Epstein, Noah, 643

Lewinsky, Monica, 2581

Lewis, C. I., 2218

Lewis, Helen Block, 784

Lewis, Robert, 1508, 1726,

1728, 1778

Lewis, Sinclair, 2369–2370

Lewis, W. A., 2921–2922

Lexical studies, personality trait measurement, 2079

Liang, Jersey, 2304

Liberal Democratic Party

(Japan), 2131

Liberal welfare state, 377

Liberalism/conservatism, 1596–1604

common denominator of liberalism, 1597

communitarian influences on, 361

communitarianism contrasted with liberalism, 355, 356, 358, 359

communitarianism contrasted with social conservatism, 359

conservative ethos, 1598–1599, 1600

contemporary differences, 1601–1602

culture war and, 1580

and culture-of-poverty view, 2212

and environmental sociology, 802–803

and fundamentalism, 2371

legislation of morality, 1576–1579

liberal ethos, 1597, 1598

linguistic labels for, 1602

and mass society theory, 1770–1774

in Mexican history, 1856, 1857

national democracies vs. dictatorships, 3002–3003

and neoconservatism, 1600–1601, 1603, 1758

and neo-Marxism, 1758

nineteenth-century tenets, 1599–1600, 1602

and political correctness, 2139–2142

and political party system, 2155, 2159, 2160

and protest movements, 2267

reform and counterreform movements, 2717–2718, 2723

and religious organizations and orientations, 2379, 2386

secularization and, 2484

socioeconomic status and, 1602–1603

twentieth-century liberalism, 1600

views of human nature, 357, 1598

Liberation theology, 937, 944, 2371

Libertarianism, 526

entitlement theory, 2699

political correctness and, 2140

Library of Congress call number, 1612

Library resources and services for sociology, 1604–1614

academic libraries, 1604–1605

data archives, 575–577, 580, 2474–2477

kinds of materials covered, 1612–1613

literature search strategies, 1607–1608, 1611–1613

on-line catalogs, 1611

periodical literature search strategies, 1608–1611

secondary data analysis, 2474–2481

social psychology research and, 2769

Libya, 1866

sociodemographic profile, 2938 Lichterman, Paul, 1648

Lieberson, Stanley, 843, 1400, 1684,

1685, 2819, 3039

Liebig, Justus von, 1180

Lieblich, Amia, 1636

Liebow, Elliott, 243

Liebrand, Wim B. G., 3221

Liem Sioe Liong, 2131

Life course, 1614–1622

accelerated, 7–9, 35 adolescence and, 2, 3–9,

12–13, 2861 adulthood and, 25–35 aging and, 78–79, 80, 82–

85, 1137

alcohol consumption rates, 95, 96 childbearing patterns and,

125, 2032

childhood as distinct phase of, 4, 122, 2861

clarification of concepts, 1615–1617

cohort perspective and, 346–347, 1618, 1619, 2861–2862

continuity and change in, 1586 in demographic models, 1625 depression risk factors, 653 divorce and, 82–83, 125–126 divorce’s significance in, 700–701 early life decisions and, 83 education and, 20–21

effect of early trauma on, 82–83 effect of parental divorce on,

82–83, 127–128 fallacies, 344–345, 1614 female fertility and, 2233 Finnish sociology on, 2453 health inequalities in, 1138

health practice and, 1129–1130, 1136–1139

historical events and, 82, 2861–2862

human agency and, 1620 individualization of, 7 intragenerational mobility over,

2714–2715

juvenile delinquency and, 1489

labor-force participation data and, 1523

leisure and, 1582–1583, 1585–1587

life cycle and, 1615–1616, 1617–1618, 1625–1627

life history and, 1616

life-span study, 1616–1617

marital age and, 124, 130, 1742, 1743, 1744–1745

marriage and, 1733

mental illness and, 1838–1839

mobility factors, 2714

occupational mobility and earnings, 1982–1994, 1983

paradigmatic principles, 1619– 1621

personal biography and, 82

personal values and norms and, 2837–2838

planful competence and, 12, 13, 32

relationships across, 80

retirement and, 2401–2410

role transitions during, 2424

sexuality during, 2550–2556

as social creation, 1137

socialization across, 2860–2862

socioeconomic status and, 1138

stability across, 80

standardization of, 7, 27

structural lag and, 3060–3067

theory emergence, 1617–1619

timing patterns, 1619–1620

transitions in, 1615–1620, 1626, 1627, 1635, 1733, 2714, 2861

and widowhood response, 3257, 3258

work life during, 1614–1615

Life cycle, 1623–1627

as analogy for rise and fall of whole societies, 2644

definitions of, 1615–1616, 1623

government regulation and, 1100

intergenerational resource transfer and, 1394

Jungian personality theory and, 1714

linked lives in, 1617–1618, 1620

and marital satisfaction pattern, 1729, 1730, 1737–1738

occupational advancement and earnings, 1624–1625, 1983, 1984, 1990

parenthood and, 2037–2038

as research tool, 1624–1625

rites, 937

structural lags and, 3061

widowhood and, 3256–3257

Life endurancy, definition of, 1631–1632

Life expectancy, 1627–1633

calculation of, 223

changes over time, 1628–1629

comparative health-care systems, 377–378, 1827

comparative statistics, 375

current, 1138

definition of, 1627–1628

differentials in, 1630–1631

divorce rate relationship, 126

as factor in American family changes, 122, 126, 131

gains in, 621, 622–623, 624, 627, 628, 2177

gender and, 1165

and health and illness behaviors, 1131, 1137–1138

historical increases in, 2176–2177

infant and child mortality and, 1335

Japan as world leader, 1631

life table, 614–617, 1628

long-term care needs and, 1653, 1654

marriage duration and, 122

Middle Eastern countries, 1866

minorities and, 1169

Muslim countries (table of selected), 2938

pattern in, 624

population effects of, 2177

race and, 125

related concepts, 1631–1632

socioeconomic status and, 1138

Total Fertility Rate

relationship, 628, 629

trends in, 223–224

in United States, 114, 122, 126, 131, 196, 199, 1628–1631, 1827, 2180

widowhood and, 126 for women, 1058, 1151

Life histories and narratives,

1633–1639

as artistic endeavors, 2291–2293 case studies, 245, 247–248, 1633 comparative narrativists, 387–388 definition of, 1616, 1633 pragmatism and, 2222 sociocultural anthropology

and, 2891

on voluntary associations, 3229 Life insurance, 3257

Life Satisfaction Index, 2304, 2306,

2541, 2683–2684

Life span

definition of, 1631 study, 1616–1617

Life stress paradigm. See Stress Life tables, 612, 614–616

definitions and interpretations of functions of, 1629–1630

event history analysis and, 1790 hazards models, 616–617

life endurancy rates, 1631–1632 life expectancy and, 1628 population projection, 615–616

Life-course fallacy, 344–345 Lifelong learning. See Adult

education

Lifestyles and health, 1639–1643 health promotion and, 1164 marital status and, 1750 sexual risk-taking and, 1641–

1642, 2559

sexually transmitted diseases and, 2585–2593

See also Alcohol; Alcoholism; Drug abuse; Health promotion and health status; Smoking

Life-sustaining procedures, 585 Lifton, Jay, 581–582

Lifton, Robert, 895

Light, Donald W., 376

Light, Ivan, 848

Lijphart, Arend, 1946, 2154, 2159 Likert scales, 186, 1565, 2094, 2346

Liking, 779–780

Lilienfeld, Paul de, 1423

Liljeström, Rita, 2453

Liminality, 3281–3282

Limits of the Criminal Sanction, The

(Packer), 2114

‘‘Limits to Growth, The’’ (King project), 1038–1039

Limits to Growth, The (Meadows and Meadows), 1041

Lin, Nan, 2732, 2791, 2792

Lincoln, J. R., 603

Lincoln, James, 3275

Lind, Georg, 1899

Lindemann, Eric, 582

Lindenberg, Siegwart, 1080

Line graphs, 659

Linear models

causal system, 3108–3111 decision-making theory, 592–593 elaboration and subgroup

analysis, 3112–3114 hierarchical, 1173–1178

and nonlinear models, 1788–1789 probability, 2251–2252

structural, 1788, 1922

Linear regression, 162–163, 2251 regression line, 447–450 sample selection bias, 2437

Linguistics. See Language;

Sociolinguistics

Link, Bruce G., 2190

Linked triads, 331

Linton, Ralph, 2415, 2419

Linz, Juan, 1941

Lions Clubs International, 3229

Lippmann, Walter, 2273

Lipset, Seymour M., 103, 425, 605,

606, 3069

labor union study, 1533

Latin American entrepreneurship analysis, 1537, 1538

as neoconservative, 1601 on political party origins,

2153–2154, 2154–2155 and political sociology, 2917

Lipsitz, George, 2170, 2918

Liquor. See Alcohol

Liska, Allen E., 671, 2658, 2660

Lisp-Stat (computer software), 3020

LISREL (computer software), 190, 266, 409, 1691, 1692, 1694, 1914, 3037, 3038

List Servers (Listserv), 413, 414

Literacy, 21, 2909

and fertility determinants, 1009, 2178

Literary Digest, 2273

presidential election poll, 3232

Literature and society, 1644–1652

on death and dying, 582

fundamentalist caricatures in, 2369–2370

gender theory and, 2171–2172

international approaches, 1649

life histories and narratives, 1635

personality trait diversity in, 2092

popular culture studies, 2168, 2169, 2171–2172

postmodernism and, 2207

pragmatism and, 2219

reception theory, 1648

reflection theory, 1644–1645, 1646, 2906

romantic love portrayals, 1699, 2171–2172

social incongruence as theme, 3053

sociological advances in study of, 1646–1648

as sociological reflection, 21, 1646, 2171–2172, 2906

stratification systems, 1648–1649

as structural reflection, 1645

utopias, 320105

Lithuania, 2362

Litigation. See Court systems and law; Law and legal system

Little, Steven, 197

Littleton (Colorado) school shooting, 1485, 1491

Litwak, Eugene, 1389, 1503

Liver cirrhosis, 93, 94, 1640

Liverpool, Lord, 1771

‘‘Live-world’’ concept, 2756

Livi, Livio, 1465

Living and the Dead, The

(Warner), 364