Encyclopedia of Sociology Vol

Independent Public Opinion Research Service Vox Populi (Russia), 2982

Indeterminate sentencing, 2254, 2255

Index, Durkheim as concept formulator, 1553

Index crime rate, 503, 1486–1487

Index of Forbidden Books, 267

Index of General Affect, 2303–2304

Index of Social Progress, 2302

Indexing services, sociological periodicals, 1608–1609

India

anticolonial revolution, 3001

Bhopal disaster, 683, 805, 2875, 2877–2878

and British Empire’s

dissolution, 2362

caste and inherited status, 250–253, 2811, 3284

common law system, 465

divinity names, 3280

fertility rate decline, 220

genocide, 1070

Green Revolution, 90

historical empire, 299, 2998

and Kashmir nationalism, 1945

moral development study, 1901

multilingualism, 2909

Muslim minority in, 2950

nonviolent protest, 2269

Pakistan border fighting, 2362

political and governmental corruption, 2132

poverty in, 2216

religious coexistence, 3288

religious movements, 2366, 2485–2486, 3281, 3284

secularization, 2486

sexually transmitted diseases in, 2593

slavery and slave-like practices, 2602–2603, 2604–2606, 2607

time use research, 3161, 3162

widowhood, 3252

See also Indian sociology

Indian Americans, 175, 180

Indian Council of Social Science

Research, 1292

Indian Self-Determination and Educational Assistance Act of 1975, 136

Indian Sociological Association, 1291 Indian Sociological Society, 1293 Indian sociology, 1290–1295

areas of study, 1290, 1291, 1293 dependency theory and, 641 development trends, 1291 leader behavior study, 1566 relevance issue, 1292, 1293 university offerings, 1290,

1291, 1294

Western influence on, 1291–1292 Indians, American. See American

Indian studies Indicator

definition of, 1907

random error in individual, 1909 single, 1910–1912

standardized, 2991–2996

See also Multiple indicator models

Indígenismo movement (Mexico), 1858, 1861

Indigenous peoples, 1295–1301 alcohol consumption, 95, 135 contemporary issues, 1299 decolonization, 1267–1268 definition of, 1295–1296 demographic issues, 1297–1298 economic development, 1298 genocide and, 1069

in Mexico, 1857, 1858,

1861, 2271

and new religious movements, 2367

New World empires, 299 political activism by, 1298–1299 population estimates, 1297–1298 self-determination issue, 1299 sociological significance of,

1296–1297

Spanish enslavement of, 2600 terminology of, 1295–1296 tourism and, 3171–3172

See also American Indian studies; Imperialism, colonialism, and decolonization; specific groups

Indirect demographic estimation, 617–618

Indirect discrimination, 689–691, 692

Individual behavior

collective action as facilitator, 349 role theory and, 2423–2425

See also Individualism

Individual differences

aggression and, 71–72 in American society, 142

in career mobility, 1991–1993 decision processing, 595 disaster behavior, 683, 684 innovation adoption, 87 intelligence, 1369–1372

life course transitions, 1626 micro-level deviance theories and,

662, 663, 666–670 Individual psychology, 1714 Individual rights, 1303, 1598, 1602

democracy and, 1238–1239

See also Civil liberties; Civil rights Individualism, 1301–1308

affective, 1303 alternative life styles, 113 art and, 1302 community and, 359 conformity vs., 400

as cultural construct, 3218 current issues, 1306–1307 divorce rate linked with, 112, 113 existential personality theory

and, 1717 identity and, 2221

liberalism’s focus on, 355 methodological, 1234, 1306 Pandectist doctrine, 476

and persuasion receptivity, 2098 political-economic organization

and, 1303

racial prejudice and, 2245 responsivie communitarian

view of, 357 rights and, 1303

status incongruence and, 3052–3053

values and, 3218–3219, 3221

See also Identity theory; Individual differences; Self-concept

Individualistic fallacy, 3052

Individualizing interpretive analysis, 387

Indochina. See Vietnam

Indochinese Americans, 180,

181, 182

Indonesia, 2362, 2974, 2975, 2978

agricultural innovation, 2976– 2977

anticolonial revolution, 3001

and British Empire’s

dissolution, 2362

coalition triad in 1998 uprising, 333

divorce law, 938

Dutch conquest of, 2975

fertility rate decline, 220, 2178, 2179, 2976

genocide, 1070, 1071

Islamic society study, 2944

labor movement, 1532

legal system, 479

multilingualism, 2909

political and governmental corruption, 2124, 2130–2131

protest movements, 2271, 3068

slavery and slave-like practices, 2605, 2606–2607

sociodemographic profile, 2938

women in labor force percentage, 3262

Inductive logic, 2466

Industrial capitalism. See Capitalism

Industrial ecology, 811

Industrial feudalism, 2118

Industrial parks, 3074

Industrial prisons, 518

Industrial relations, 1310

Industrial Revolution, 818, 1219,

1316, 1346, 2759

agricultural innovation and, 90

alienation linked with, 100

American family effects of, 122

anomie and, 164

criminal and delinquent subcultures and, 511, 531

demographic transition, 633

effect on Southeast Asian economy, 2975

and growth of cities, 306 historical sociology on, 1197 labor movement and, 1528, 1533 and modern labor force, 3262 and political party origins, 2154 rural sociology and, 2426

and social change, 2644, 2646 and work-family separation, 3266

See also Industrialization Industrial Revolutionary Party

(Mexico). See PRI

Industrial sociology, 1308–1316 business cycles, 1310

and community transformation, 366–368, 664, 665, 698, 2658

contemporary, 1312–1315 convergence theory, 422–423,

424–425, 428

division of labor, 696–697 Durkheim’s anomie theory, 698 fertility rate factors, 624 German sociology and, 1076,

1081

global economy and, 1310 and historical sociology, 1197 Japanese sociology and, 1480 on social networks, 2728

and work orientation, 3269–3276

See also Industrialization; Labor movements and unions

Industrialism and Industrial Man

(Kerr et al.), 422–423

Industrialization

adolescence and, 5 agricultural innovation and,

90, 2432 alienation and, 99

of American society, 141, 143 anomie and, 164, 698

and capital, 2637 characteristics of, 1884, 2196 correlates of, 1318–1319 definitions of, 1316–1318,

1884, 2196 ‘‘disorganization’’ of community

from, 366–368, 664, 665, 698, 2658

distributive effects of, 1309 division of labor consequences,

697–698, 699

ecology and, 1209

family life and, 122

and fear of machinery, 2526–2627

and fertility transitions, 1007, 2176

historical sociology on, 1197, 2297–98

individual brands of, 1313

industrial sociology and, 1308–1316

inheritance and, 1394

Japanese sociology and, 1480

macrosociological studies of, 1706–1707

material-processing systems and, 1346

measures of, 1318

and modernization theory, 1883, 1884, 1885

paid work evolving from, 3262

and population growth, 2177

postindustrial differentiation, 2195–2203

rural sociology and, 2425, 2426, 2427

and social change, 2643, 2644, 2646

and social inequality, 2690

and social problems, 2759–2764

stratification parameters, 2810, 2811–2812, 2816

and work and family separation, 3266

and work orientation, 3269–3276

See also Marxist sociology;

Technology and society

Industrialization in less developed countries, 1316–1324

and agrarian transition, 1317

child labor and, 3262

communications technology and, 1321–1322

convergence theory, 422–423, 425, 427

correlates of, 1318–1319

demographic transition, 633

dependency theory, 639–646, 1706

development goals, 1319–1321

economic activity and, 1317

education and, 741–754, 760, 762

and environmentalism, 932, 1219–1220

family policy and, 928–933, 2179

feminist perspectives on, 1708

human development and, 1318

indirect demographic estimation, 617–618

information gap and, 1322

infrastructure and, 1318

Latin American studies, 1537–1538, 1539–1540

Mexican studies, 1857–1858

Middle Eastern studies, 1867–1868

model life tables, 618–619

modernization theory and, 1706, 1883, 1884, 1886–1887

mortality levels, 622

population growth and, 2179

and postindustrialism, 2202

poverty and, 2215–2216

radical case studies, 246

redistribution of manufacturing jobs, 3267

rural sociology and, 2429–2430

and social change, 2646

Southeast Asian socioeconomic development, 2975–2976

traditional manufacturing and, 1317

transnational corporations and, 3178–3179

work and occupations, 3262, 3267

World Bank survey, 549

See also Developing countries; specific countries and regions

Ineffability, 3279

Inefficacy, 101, 102, 103, 104

Inequality. See Discrimination; Segregation and desegregation; Social inequality; Social justice

Inequality and Heterogeneity (Blau),

698–699

Infant and child mortality, 221–222,

1324–1337

African trends, 1332–1333

from AIDS, 2593

American families, 122, 130, 140 Asian trends, 1331–1332 Children’s Bureau community

studies, 366 comparative health-care

systems, 377

contemporary trends, 1327–1328 current, 1138

data sources, 1324–1325 declines in, 1327, 1328,

1330, 2177 declines/life expectancy

relationship, 224

in developing countries, 744, 1330–1333

differentials in, 1333–1335 Eastern European trends,

1328–1330

epidemiologic transition and, 1325–1326

and fertility determinants, 1009 and fertility rates, 219, 1326 genetically transmitted defects

and, 1273

graphic representations, 3013, 3014, 3015

health care utilization and, 1151 health status and, 1170 historical view, 1326–1327 influences on, 1333, 1334

Latin American trends, 1330–1331

measures of, 1324–1325 minority, 1152 mortality modeling, 619

mortality transition, 621, 624–625, 633, 2177

neonatal, 1325, 1326, 2236 patterns of, 1324 perinatal, 1325, 2236 postneonatal, 1325, 1326 rate calculation, 221–222 rates, 1324–1325

sanitary revolution and, 1327 socioeconomic indicators of,

1334

total fertility rate and, 219 U.S. ranking, 1827

Infantile sexuality theory (Freudian), 1274, 1275, 2090

Inference. See Statistical inference

Infidelity. See Adultery;

Extramarital/extra dyadic sex

Influence peddling, 2127, 2128

Informal economy, 1337–1344

conceptual development of, 1337–1340

definition of, 1337–1338

forms of activity in, 1339–1340

measurement of, 1341–1343

Informal knowledge, 2959

Information Age, The (Castell), 1758

Information flow

models of, 679

as social capital component, 2638

Information society, 1344–1348

laser technology in, 1345

laws governing, 1348, 1349–1350

library resources, 1605–1613

Marxist sociology and, 1758

and ‘‘New Class’’ of knowledge workers, 2626

photonics in, 1345

postindustrialism and, 2195, 2196–2197, 2205

and social change, 2645

technology in, 1344

See also Internet

Information Society, The (journal), 414

Infrapolitics (surreptitious

resistance), 254

Inglehart, Ronald, 3222–3224

INGOs (international nongovernmental organizations), 1046, 2050

Ingroup/outgroup categorization, 2244

Inhalants, 712

Inheritance, 1348–1355

caste and status system, 249–255, 2811

and class mobility, 757

contemporary issues, 1352–1354

equity and, 1353

family structure and, 926, 1349, 1350, 1353

and filial responsibility, 1018, 1508–1509

generational distribution patterns, 1351–1352

impartible, 1348–1349, 1350

industrialization and, 1394

inter vivos, 1349, 1353

intestate succession in, 1348

kinship systems descent rules, 1507–1509, 1510, 1513, 1516

modern, 1350

partible, 1349, 1350

patterns, 1349–1350

preindustrial retirement as, 2402

primogeniture system, 1350–1351

soundness of mind and, 1351

of status, 250, 251, 1239–1240, 2810, 2811, 2869

testamentary freedom and, 1350–1351

See also Intergenerational resource transfers

Inheritance (biological). See Genetics;

Nature vs. nurture

Inhibiting effect, 2615

Initial Review Group, 2399, 2401

Initiating-structure leadership, 1566

Inkeles, Alex, 1085, 1885, 2069

on convergence and divergence, 423–424, 425, 426

on relationship between social psychology and sociology, 2921

In-laws. See Affines

Inner Circle, The (Useem), 736

Inner-circle thesis, 2162

Inner-city communities. See Urban underclass

Innis, Harold, 1765

Innovation

leadership management and, 1567

legal system and, 1560

mass media spread of, 1763

Merton’s anomie theory and, 165–166, 1494

popular culture and, 2169–2170

in postindustrial society, 2196–2197

scientific research and development, 2460–2461

self-concepts in resisting, 2509

and social change, 2643, 2644

See also Agricultural innovation; Diffusion theories

Inquisition, 268

Inquisitorial vs. accusatory legal model, 479

Institut für Sozialforschung, 1075, 1076

Institute for Advanced Study (Princeton), 325, 1012

Institute for Scientific

Information, 1610

Institute for Social Research (Copenhagen), 2452

Institute for Social Research (Frankfurt), 539

See also Frankfurt School

Institute for Social Research (Norway), 2451, 2452

Institute for Social Research (Sweden), 2451, 2452

Institute for Social Research (University of Michigan), 578, 2297, 2300

Institute for Sociological Research (USSR), 2981

Institute of Concrete Social Research

(USSR), 2980, 2981

Institute of Human Relations

(Yale), 325

Institute of Management

Sciences, 3104

Institute of Medicine, 588

Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs,

2950–2951

Institute of Social and Political

Problems (Russia), 2982

Institute of Sociology (Ukraine),

2983

Institute of Sociology (USSR),

2981, 2982

Institute of Statistical Mathematics

(Tokyo), 1479, 1482

Institutional dominance, 941

Institutional environments, 394–395

nursing home residents, 1672–1677

Institutional family, 1502

Institutional review board, 838, 853

Institutional theories

of anomie, 166, 503

of political party systems, 2153–2254, 2164–2165

and rational choice analysis, 2340, 2342

Institutional trust, 2525

Instituto Superiore di Sociologia (Milan), 576

Institutt for Samfunnforskning, 2451, 2452

Instrumental aggression, 69

Instrumental rationality, 541, 542–543, 544

Instrumental values, 3214

Instrumentalism

language theory, 2219

and Marxist sociology, 2162

Insurance

life, 3257

long-term care, 1659–1660, 1677

See also Health insurance

Integration, 79

and academic achievement, 2932–2933

desegregation vs., 2495–2496

failure of, 2496–2499

See also African American studies; Segregation and desegregation

Intellectuals, 1355–1358

critical theory on, 541

definition of, 1356

political correctness and, 2139–2142

Intellectuals on the Road to Class Power, The (Konrad and Dzelenyi), 2117

Intelligence, 1359–1386

artificial, 410, 1234

chronometric approach, 1360– 1361

communication and, 1380–1381

consequences of differences in, 1373–1385

crystallized, 1363

daily life and, 1377–1379

definitions of, 1361–1362

education and, 1375

as educational and occupational attainment factor, 2784, 2817, 2931, 3043

elementary cognitive tasking in, 1361, 1371

emotional, 1369

employment and, 1377

environmentality and, 1369– 1373, 2330

experimental strategy, 1359, 1360–1361

and family size, 972, 973–974

fundamental nature of, 1361

group differences, 1372–1373

heritability controversy, 1369– 1373, 2090, 2140, 2330

individual differences in, 1369–1372

interpersonal context, 1380–1382

meaning of, 1361–1369

measurement of, 1359–1361

metacognitive skills and, 1367

multiplicity theories and, 1368–1369

psychometric testing, 1359–1360, 1362–1368, 1375, 1376, 2330

racial differences argument, 2330

self-esteem and, 2516

social pathology and, 1379–1380

specificity theories and, 1368

trainability and, 1363–1364, 1375

Intentionality. See Rational

choice theory

Interaction chronography, 1974

Interaction Process Analysis, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980

for small groups, 2613–2614

Interaction Process Analysis

(Bales), 2666

Interaction Process Scores (IPS),

1974–1975

Interaction theories. See Social exchange theory; Social interaction; Symbolic interaction theory

Intercorrelations, 2345–2346,

2348, 2354

See also Factor analysis

Interest groups, 144, 145, 604, 2148, 2162

Interfaith dialogue, 3289

Interfaith marriage, 911, 1411, 1776

Intergenerational relations, 1386–

1393

age-stratification theory, 1387

altruism and, 2882

changing dependencies in, 1391–1392

family focus on, 1388–1392

filial responsibility and, 1018–1022

gender and, 1389, 1391

generation gap and, 1386

generational equity and, 1388, 1398

grandparenthood, 131, 696, 1390–1391

interactions with nursing home residents, 1676

justice issues, 2707

long-term caregiving, 1653, 1657–1658

macrosociological perspectives, 1386–1388

microsociological approaches, 1388–1392

parental roles and, 2033, 2037–2038

reciprocal altruism and, 1391, 1394, 1657–1658

and social security in premodern societies, 2796

and social security services, 3065

and student movement concerns, 3069–3070

Intergenerational resource transfers, 1393–1399, 1617–1618

and educational attainment, 2929

equity issue in, 1397–1398

exchange theory in, 1394

and life cycle, 1615–1616, 1620

life-cycle model of, 1394

and occupation and status, 2785–2786, 2787, 3042, 3046–3047

and political and economic status, 2787

reciprocal altruism in, 1394

and social mobility, 1982–1984, 2690, 2711–2714

socialist elimination of, 2850

on societal level, 1395–1397

See also Caste and inherited status; Status attainment

Intergroup and interorganizational relations, 1399–1407 ethnic-racial, 1400 homogeneity/heterogeneity in,

1404

personality determinants and, 1400

prejudice and, 2243–2245 systems theory in, 1405

Interitem correlations, 190

Interlock studies, 736–737

Intermarriage, 1407–1415

Asian-American, 1410–1411 contemporary, 1408–1410 and courtship, 484

factors in, 1411–1413 history of, 1407–1408 identity and, 1411 interfaith, 911, 1411, 1776 law and, 949, 1776

marriage and divorce rates, 1750 and occupational achievement,

2691

racial demographics, 124 and racial hypodescent rule,

2331–2332 rate increase, 1776

stereotypes and, 1411 tolerance for, 1412

Internal labor markets, 1985–1987 Internal migration, 929, 1415–1422

by African Americans, 2334, 2491 Chinese restrictions, 302–303 definition of, 1415–1417 differential, 1418

and ethnonationalism, 1946 and growth of cities, 306,

309, 2431

international comparisons of, 1420–1421

Mexican pattern, 1859–1860 Middle Eastern, 1865–1866 mobility and, 1415–1419 population distribution and, 1419 push/pull factors, 1418

reasons for, 1418

for retirement, 1419–1420

return migration, 1417

rural-to-urban, 2431

and social networks, 2728

and urban underclass, 2212

Internal Revenue Service, 3103

International Association for the Empirical Study of Literature, 1649

International Association of Chiefs

of Police, 493

International Association of French

Language Sociologists, 328

International Association of Time

Use Research, 3157

International associations in sociology, 1422–1426

clinical sociology, 327–328

cross-cultural analysis, 550–551

life histories and narratives, 1633–1634, 1635

rural sociology, 2433

See also International Sociology Association

International Bibliography of

Sociology, 1606

International Committee for Sport Sociology, 2986–2987

International Conference on Population and Development (Cairo; 1994), 932, 2233

International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings (1998), 3140

International Council of Sport

Science and Physical

Education, 2986

International Court of Justice,

1429–1430, 1944, 1945, 3003

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966), 1242

International Crime (Victim) Survey

(IC(V)S), 549

International Encyclopedia of Statistics

(Kruskal and Tanur), 1957

International Encyclopedia of the Social

Sciences, 746, 1888

International Federation of Data

Organizations, 577

International Institute of Sociology

(IIS), 1025, 1422, 1483

International Journal of Japanese

Sociology, 1483

International Journal of Mass

Emergencies and Disasters, 682

International Journal of Small Group

Research, 1980

International Labour Office, 1531,

2795, 2800

International Labour Organization,

2607, 3262, 3263, 3266

International Labour Review, 1532

International law, 1426–1431

arbitration and, 1427

censorship and, 279

custom and, 1428

dispute settlement, 1427

enforcement of, 1429

on genocide, 1244, 1429

individuals and, 1427

multinational and transnational systems, 1550–1551

natural law and, 1427

sources, 1428

universal jurisdiction and, 1429

See also International Court of Justice

International migration, 1431–1438

Asian, 58, 174–177, 713

assimilation and, 53, 143

bankruptcy and, 204

basis of individual group’s success in United States, 2332–2333

black slave experience vs. immigrant, 54

Canadian immigrant occupational status attainment, 2786

chain migration, 177

citizenship and, 1436

consequences of, 1433–1435

crime rates and, 532

demographic models, 620, 636

determinants of volume of, 1432

differentials, 1432

ethnicity and, 841

European discrimination, 691– 693

and event history analysis, 869

family structure and, 122–123

fertility determinants and, 1005

and globalization of work, 3267

Hispanic Americans, 143, 1186,

1188, 1189

illegal, 1436, 1936

and immigrant settlement houses, 2841

and immigrant suburban communities, 3074, 3075

immigrants as threat to African American employment, 2496

Irish American Civil War draft riots, 2269

Jewish success factors in United States, 2332, 2333

legislation, 1435

legislation reform, 178

mass society theory on, 1771, 1773

Mexican, 1860

Middle Eastern, 1865–1866, 1869,

1872–1873

of Muslims, 2950–2951

national borders and, 1936, 1937

negative values of, 1432

and Polish life-history project, 1616, 1618, 1634

and population redistribution, 2180, 2181–2182

racial consciousness and, 2329

racial constraints and, 321

racial privileges and, 56, 58

reasons for, 1432

refugee vs. immigrant distinction, 180

and religious organizations, 2380–2381

and status incongruence, 3051, 3052, 3054

stream/counterstream, 1431

territorial distribution, 633–634

U.S. increased openness to, 143

and underemployment, 1721, 1724

Western European discrimination against, 692–693

of workers, 636, 1338, 1436, 1858, 1865, 2496, 2498, 2608

International Monetary Fund,

730, 2138

dependency theory and, 642, 644

and state sovereignth, 3003

International nongovernmental organizations (INGOs), 1046, 2050

International Political Science

Association (IPSa), 2916

International Prestige Scale, 1997

International relations

balance of power systems, 332

coalitions, 332

national border relations, 1931–1939

peacekeeping and, 2044–2050

and social networks, 2728

See also War

International Review for Sport Sociology

(journal), 2986

International Rural Sociological

Association, 2433

International Social Security

Association, 2795

International Social Survey Program,

548, 577, 2477

International Society for Krishna Consciousness. See Hare Krishna

International Society for Quality of Life Research, 2301

International Society for Quality of Life Studies, 2686

International Sociological Association, 328, 550–551, 736, 805, 1423, 1424, 1425, 1426, 2913, 2986

Biography and Society Section,

1633–1634, 1635

hybrid specialties, 2924

Japan Sociological Society and, 1479, 1482

International Sociological Association of the Research Committee on Disasters, 682

International Sociological Library,

1025

International Sociology of Sport

Association, 2987, 2988

International Statistical Congress,

283, 3007

International Survey of Economic

Attitudes, 548

International system. See Globalization and global systems analysis

International terrorism. See

Terrorism

International tourism. See Tourism

International Typographical

Union, 1533

International Workers of the

World, 1530

Internet, 1438–1447

AlohaNet, 1439

America-on-Line, 1440

applications in sociology, 406–407, 409

censorship and regulation of expression issues, 279, 280

and census taking, 283

chat rooms, 1443–1444

communication among sociologists via, 1607

content-analysis sites, 421

cybercrime and, 3253

as dating aid, 489

e-mail communication, 406, 407, 408, 1441–1442, 1607, 1768

Ethernet, 1439–1441

flaming and, 1442

free expression and, 271

futures studies, 2231–2232

as globalization convergence factor, 428

hardware for, 1438–1439

history of, 1438–1439

and information society, 1345, 1346

information technology, 1605

interactive data analysis Web sites, 409

interest groups and, 2150

local area networks, 1439–1441

mailing lists, 413, 414

and mass media research, 1761

modalities, 1441–1446

multi-user domains, 1444–1445

as new media technology, 1768–1769

on-line focus groups, 408

on-line library catalogs, 1611

search engines, 1446

search techniques, 1607–1608

service providers, 1440

and sexually explicit material, 2185

sociology sites, 413–414, 1606–1611

spamming and, 1441, 1442

UseNet and, 1442–1443

UseNet Newsgroups, 414

World Wide Web, 1346, 1441,

1445–1446

See also Web sites

Interpersonal attraction, 1447–1450

assumed similarity in, 1447

friendship and, 1449

mate selection and, 1777–1778

play and work issues, 1448–1449

propinquity and, 1447

relationship formation, 1448

romantic love and, 1449–1450, 1696–1701

sexual behavior and, 1449–1450, 2537–2548

theoretical explanations for, 1447–1448

Interpersonal attribution, 196–197

Interpersonal behavior. See Interpersonal conflict resolution; Interpersonal power; Personal relations; Small groups

Interpersonal conflict resolution,

1451–1456

age factors, 1452

friends vs. nonfriends, 1453–1454

gender and, 1452

negotiation strategies model, 1452

social information processing and, 1451–1452

theoretical models of, 1451–1452

within family, 1454

Interpersonal diffusion networks, 677, 678, 679

Interpersonal power, 1456–1464

bases of, 1457

behavioral exchange theory, 1460–1462

case studies, 247

coercion and, 1458

concepts of, 1457–1458

conflict theory, 414–416

and emotions, 777–778

exchange theories, 1459–1463, 2674

expected utility theory, 1460

field theory, 1458–1459

means of, 1457

power-dependence theory, 1461

rational choice theories, 1459

resistance theory, 1462–1463

self-presentation and, 2776

Interpersonal relations. See Personal relations

INTERPOL, 500

Interpower negotiations. See Interpersonal power; Negotiation of power

Interpretation interaction, 350

Interpretive research, 2292–2293

comparative-historical analysis, 386–388

and sociology of education, 2928–2929

Interpretive sociology (Weber concept), 820

Interquartile range (IQR), definition of, 660–661

Interracial marriage. See

Intermarriage

Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research, 409, 575, 576, 577–578, 579, 1606, 1684

resources and functions, 2474–2475, 2476–2477, 2481

Interval scales, 1793

Interview

computer-assisted, 410, 1802, 3092

election polling, 2274

life histories and narrative, 1633, 1635, 1636

multistage sampling, 2448

survey research, 418–419, 1802, 3091–3092, 3092, 3232

Intolerance. See Discrimination;

Prejudice; Stereotypes

Intrauterine device (IUD), 627, 2178, 2180

Intravenous (IV) drug use, 712, 1641, 1642, 2586–2592

Introduction to Mathematical Sociology

(Coleman), 2668, 3036

Introduction to Multivariate Statistical Analysis, An (Anderson), 3035

Introduction to Social Psychology

(McDougall), 114

Introduczione alla Sociologia clinica

(Luison), 328

Invariant sequence, 1900, 1901

Inventions. See Technology and

society

Inverting symbiosis, 357

Involuntary part-time workers, definition of, 1720

Involuntary servitude. See Slavery and involuntary servitude

Iowa State University, 677

IPA (Interaction Process Analysis), 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980

for small groups, 2613–2614

IPAs (independent practice associations), 1818, 1819

IPAT (environmental impact equation), 808

IPS system, 1974–1975

Ipsen, Gunter, 1076

IPUMS (interactive data access system), 409

IQ. See Intelligence

IQR. See Interquartile range

Iran, 1865, 1866, 1867

historical-sociological analyses, 1869, 1870–1871, 1872

immigrants in United States, 1872–1873

interpenetration church-state model, 2357

Islamic fundamentalism, 2371, 2374, 3288

Islamic revolution. See Iranian revolution

leadership behavior, 1564, 1566

and nationalist movement, 1945

sociodemographic profile, 2938

wartime rape, 2579

women in labor force percentage, 3262

Iran-Contra affair, 2128

Iranian revolution (1977–1979), 1868, 1869, 1870–1871, 1873, 2357, 2371, 2412

Iranian Studies (journal), 1872

Iraq, 1866

ethnonationalism, 1944, 1945

fertility decline, 627

Ireland

common law system, 465

fertility decline, 2178

kinship mapping priority, 1515

low suicide rate, 3079

nationalist movement, 2717, 3001

IRG. See Initial Review Group

Irish Americans

alcohol consumption rates, 95

Civil War draft riots, 2269– 2270, 3069

Irish Republican movement, 2717

Irnerius, 1179

Iron Curtain, 1934

‘‘Iron Law of Oligarchy’’ (Michels), 2623–2624

Iroquois Confederation, 1070

Irrigation, 88

Irwin, John, 2054–2055

IS. See Institute of Sociology, 2982

ISA. See International Sociological

Association

ISA Research Committee on Stratification, 550–551

ISEA. See International Survey of

Economic Attitudes

Iser, Wolfgang, 1648

ISIG. See Istituto di Sociologia Internazionale di Gorizia

Islam. See Islamic societies; Sociology of Islam; World religions

Islamic fundamentalism, 2371, 2374, 2940–2941

emergence and influence of, 2943, 2944–2945, 3288

three competing theories of, 2945–2946

and women’s status, 2949–2950

Islamic holy war, 2365, 2371, 2717

Islamic law, 464, 1546, 1548, 1550, 1554, 2357, 2601

fundamentalist emphasis on, 2945

Islamic societies

and African slave trade, 2601

and family planning, 2179

fertility transition, 628

fundamentalist influences, 2371, 2940–2941, 2945

gender issues, 2948–2950

historical empires, 2998

and institutional differentiation, 937

and interpenetration church-state model, 2357

Iranian revolution analysis, 1870–1871

kinship systems, 1515, 1517

migrants to the United States, 1872

militancy in, 2946–2948

as minorities in other countries, 2950–2951

‘‘new Arab social order’’ and, 1867–1868

political movements and, 2365, 2366

religious renaissance in, 2946

religious traditions and, 3285

slavery practices, 2601–2602

‘‘social project’’ of Islam and, 2939–2940

sociodemographic profile, 2937, 2938

sociology of, 2937–2951

in Southeast Asia, 2974

state-religion relationship, 2948

typology of, 2947

in United States, 2380–2381,

2950–2951

and women rape victims, 2579

See also Middle Eastern studies

Isolation, 176, 178

Isomorphism, definition of, 2024

Isomura, Eiichi, 1480

Israel

Arab peace accord, 2048

demographics, 1865, 1866, 1867

educational status attainment, 2785

and family size, 978

kinship mapping priority, 1513

long-term care and care facilities, 1659

migrants to United States, 1872

occupational status attainment, 2787

relative marriage rate, 1749

religion and politics linkage in, 2358–2359

Social Science Data Archive, 576

and terrorism, 3139

widow remarriage, 3255

women’s employment, 1867

ISSA. See International Sociology of

Sport Association

ISSP. See International Social

Survey Program

Istituto di Sociologia Internazionale di Gorizia, 2231, 2288

It Takes a Village (H. Clinton),

361–362

Italian Americans

alcohol-consumption patterns, 95

case studies of, 244

Italian Society of Sociology, 1423,

1465–1466

Italian sociology, 1464–1475

academic institutionalization of, 1468–1469

clinical, 328

life histories and narratives, 1635

origins of, 1464–1469

planning and, 1468

postwar, 1466–1469

social change and, 1471–1473

Social Science Data Archive, 575

university study, 1469–1471

urban, 1468

Italy

civil law system, 471, 473, 474, 475, 476, 477, 478, 480

dictatorship, 3002

disaster research, 687

divorce rate, 112

fertility transition, 626

foreign-controlled pharmaceutical companies, 1827

governmental division of powers, 1954

health-care system, 374, 377

labor movement, 1529

long-term care and care facilities, 1655, 1661

low suicide rate, 3079

Mafia in, 2018, 2128

marijuana decriminalization, 712

organizational demographics, 395

political and governmental corruption, 2128–2129

political party system, 2157 retirement policy, 2407, 2408 revolution, 3001

social security system spending, 2800

tourism in, 3169 transnational corporations,

3175, 3176 women in labor force

percentage, 3262

See also Italian sociology IUD (intrauterine device), 627,

2178, 2180

IV-drug use. See Intravenous (IV) drug use

‘‘I-We’’ paradigm, 1601

IWW (International Workers of the

World), 1530

J

Jackknifing, 2397, 2449, 3039

Jacklin, C. N., 2530–2531

Jackson, Andrew, 2127

Jackson, B. A., 1653

Jackson, Don, 540, 1713–1714, 2084

Jackson, E. F., 2345

Jacobs, Herbert, 467

Jaeger, Gertrude, 566

Jaffe, M. W., 1653

Jaffee, David, 643, 2887

Jahoda, Marie, 2188–2189, 2190,

3155

JAI Press, 407

Jains, 3282, 3284, 3285

Jakobson, Roman, 1032, 2891

Jakubs, John F., 2502

Jamaica

African culture, 65 African slavery in, 2600 fertility decline, 627

HIV/STD control program, 2593 low suicide rate, 3079

James, David R., 2501

James, William, 2, 1255, 1783,

2082, 2083

on global self-esteem, 2512 and pragmatism, 2218, 2219,

2423, 3098

on religious experience, 2373, 3279, 3283, 3286

and role theory, 2423, 2424, 3100

Jameson, Fredric, 2200

Jamison, Andrew, 1927

Janet, Pierre, 540, 1713–1714, 2084

Janis, Irving, 400–401, 2512,

3244–3245

Janissary rebellion, 3000

Janowitz, Morris, 555, 1876

Jantsch, Eric, 1037, 1040

Japan

authoritarian communitarianism, 356, 3218

caste and inherited status, 253–254

conditions conducive to democracy, 605, 606

convergence theory and, 424

divorce rate, 112, 706

health-care system, 374, 375, 376, 377, 379–380, 1827

hegemonic stability theory and, 3242

high suicide rate, 3079

hours of work, 3262

labor movement, 1531

legal system, 464, 469, 471, 475, 479, 1550

life expectancy rate at birth, 223, 1631

long-term care and care facilities, 1654, 1655, 1659–1660, 1661

Meiji restoration as ‘‘elite’’ revolution, 2411

political corruption, 2131

population growth, 2179

postindustrialism, 2201

rape incidence, 2587

retirement policy, 2407, 2408

social movement emergence, 2719–2720

social security system spending, 2800

time use survey, 3160

transnational corporations, 3175, 3176

voting behavior research, 3237–3238

women in labor force percentage, 3262

World War II conquest of

Southeast Asia, 2975

World War II war crimes trials, 1429

See also Japanese sociology

Japan Institute of Sociology,

1423, 1477

Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 1482

Japan Sociological Society, 1423,

1477, 1479, 1480–1481, 1483

Japanese American Evacuation and

Resettlement Study, 180–181

Japanese Americans

academic studies of, 178, 179, 180–181

demographic characteristics, 176

immigration, 123, 175

income and status attainment, 181

World War II relocations, 123, 177, 178, 180–181

Japanese Prime Minister’s

Office, 1482

Japanese Sociological Review,

1480, 1482

Japanese sociology, 1477–1484

diversification stage (1960s19920s), 1479–1481

globalization state (1990s and beyond), 1481–1484

leader behavior study, 1566

and mathematical sociology, 1791

postwar state (1946–1960s), 1478–1789

pre-World War II stage (1893–1945), 1477–1478

Japanese War Crimes Trials, 1429

Jargowsky, Paul A., 2502

Jarley, Paul, 606

Jasso, Guillermina, 1790, 2703,

2704, 2705

Jauss, Hans Robert, 1648

Java. See Indonesia

Jayaram, Jayalitha, 2132

Jazz, 1925, 1926

J-curve thesis, 2270

of revolution, 349

Jefferson, Gail, 247, 431, 435–

437, 438

Jefferson, T. (sociologist), 1578

Jefferson, Thomas, 273, 584, 2265,

2427, 2483

Jehovah’s Witnesses, 2366

Jellinek, E. M., 96

JEMCO Workshop Study, 1979

Jencks, Christopher, 1375

Jenkins, Craig, 2166

Jenkins, Gwilym M., 3036,

3143, 3144

Jenness, Valerie, 2764, 2961

Jennings, Helen Hall, 2729

Jensen, Arthur, 2140

Jensen, Jay P., 2189–2190

Jensen, Richard, 3231

Jersey City (New Jersey) political machine, 2126

Jesus, 3280, 3281, 3283–3284,

3285, 3287

Jesus movements, 3287

Jet magazine, 2493

Jews. See Judaism and Jews

Jihad. See Islamic holy war

Jiji Press, 1482

Jim Crow laws, 54, 62, 2491, 2761 Jipemoyo Project, 2040

Joas, Hans, 2220

Job cluster, 1985

Job description, 2422

Job discrimination. See Work and occupations

Job displacement, 1722–1723 Job orientation. See Work

orientation

Job satistfaction, 3270, 3272–3373 gender and, 3275

Job segregation. See Occupational segregation

Job shifts. See Occupational and career mobility

Job trajectory

definition and concept of, 1982, 1984

See also Occupational and career mobility

Job-evaluation, as comparable worth remedy, 371–372

Johansen, Robert, 1981

Johansson, Sten, 2452

John Birch Society, 462