Encyclopedia of Sociology Vol

Griffin, S., 2576

Griggs v. Duke Power Co. (1971), 691

Grimshaw, Allen D., 2298, 2896, 2901, 2903, 2904, 2905, 2906, 2907

Griswold, Wendy, 173, 1644,

1646–1647, 1650

Groat, H. T., 2346, 2351

Grodzin, Morton, 181

Gross, Feliks, 1467

Gross, Michael L., 1901

Gross, Neal, 87, 677, 2415,

2416, 2429

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

and comparative social security system spending, 2799, 2800

and dependency theory, 641, 642, 643

and family policy, 928

in Middle Eastern countries, 1865

Gross National Product (GNP)

developing country disaster effects on, 685

and education and development, 745, 748–749

and modernization theory, 1883

table of selected Muslim countries, 2938

Grotius, Hugo, 1427, 1559

Grounded theory, 2290, 2468

Group behavior. See Collective behavior; Crowds and riots; Group conflict resolution; Small groups; Social networks

Group cohesiveness. See Interpersonal attraction; Small groups

Group conflict resolution,

1111–1117

contact theory and, 1114–1115

in decision making, 595–597

mediation and, 1115

methods of, 1112, 1113

peacekeeping and, 1115

restorative justice and, 1116

social identity theory and, 1112, 1113

third-party intervention and, 1115

Group Development Observation

System, 1979–1980

Group Dynamics (Cartwright and

Zander), 2611

Group dynamics (Lewin concept), 1014, 2611

Group homes, 1656

Group majority. See Compliance and conformity

Group problem solving. See Decision-making theory and research; Group conflict resolution; Group process; Small groups

Group process

field theory and, 1014

interaction and problem solving, 2617–2619

intergroup relations and, 1399–1406

membership and nonmembership groups, 2634–2635

norms and controls, 2617–2620, 2774–2775

participatory research, 2038, 2039, 2613

personal dependency and, 2065

reference group perception, 2752–2753

role concepts and, 2422–2423, 2774–2775

Group size, 1117–1124

coalition triad, 329–332, 335–336

communication and, 1122–1124

as conformity factor, 403

division of labor and, 676

dyad-triad, 1117

goal orientation and, 1118–1121

individual effort related to, 2619

social dilemmas and, 1121–1122

task structure and, 1118, 1119, 1120

See also Small groups

Group-awarness training, 898–900

Groups

sociological definition of concept, 2610

See also Collective behavior; Group conflict resolution; Group process; Group size; Small groups

Groupthink, 400–401, 2615

Grube, Joel W., 3213, 3214

Gruder, Charles L., 2651–2652

Grushin, Boris, 2982

GSS. See General Social Survey GSSDIRS interactive system, 409 Guadalajara, Mexico, 1859 Guaranteed income, 2213 Guatemala

demographic characteristics, 1535, 1536

drug trafficking, 2135 fertility decline, 627 poverty, 2216

Gubert, Renzo, 1468

Gubrium, Jaber, 245, 247, 855,

1636, 2304

interviews of nursing home residents, 1673–1674

Gudjonsson, G., 70

Guerra, Alfonso, 2129

Guerra, Juan, 2129

Guerrilla warfare, 1537, 2362, 3138, 3139

Guest, Avery, 368, 626

Guggenheim Foundation, 2398

Guichard, P., 1515, 1517

Guide to Resources and Services (ICPSR data archives), 2474

Guidicini, Paolo, 1468, 1472

Guild Socialism, 2196

Guilt, 2773

Guinea, 2938

Guinea-Bissau, 2216

Guiness affair, 3250

Guinier, Lani, 58

Gulf Co-operation Council, 1944

Gulf War. See Persian Gulf War

Gullestad, Marianne, 1512

Gulliver, P. M., 1549

Gumperz, John J., 2894, 2904

Gumplowicz, Ludwig, 1074,

1423, 2117

Gunnlaugsson, Helgi, 2452, 2453 Gupta dynasty, 2999

Gurin, Gerald, 2303

Gurvitch, G., 1026, 3155

Gusfield, Joseph, 855, 1576–1577,

1578, 1580, 2173, 2222

Gutierrez Rebollo, Jesú, 2135

Gutman, Herbert, 1707, 2333

Guttman, Louis, 906, 912, 913,

1801–1802, 2298, 3038

Guttman scaling, 1801–1802, 2297 Gypsies, 1067, 1384

H

Haavio-Mannila, Elina, 2453

Habenstein, Robert W., 483–

484, 584

Haberman, Shelby, 3036

Habermas, Jurgen, 2484, 2647, 2983 and British sociology, 226 critical theory, 539, 542–544, 545 and epistemology debate, 822 evolutionary model, 1705

and German sociology, 1077, 1079, 1080, 1081

and Japanese sociology, 1479 postmodernist rejection of, 2206 and social philosophy, 2756–2757 on state censorship, 268

Habibie, B. J., 2131

Habit, 3100

Hacíenda system (Mexico), 1857 Hadden, Jeffrey K., 2372, 2375 Haeckel, Ernst, 1, 1209

Hagan, John, 1490, 1498, 2961, 3252

Hagen, Everett E., 1886

Hagestad, Gunhild, 1390

Hagiwara, Shigeru, 198

Hague, Frank, 2126

Hague Opium Convention of

1912, 713

Haiti

demographic characteristics, 1535, 1536

fertility decline, 627

Gross National Product, 1535 political corruption, 2134 slave rebellion, 2600

vodun, 65

wartime rape, 2579 Hajj, 3282

Halas, Elzbieta, 2119

Halbwachs, Maurice, 1024, 1424

Haley, Alex, 67

Hall, Edward T., 1978

Hall, G. Stanley, 1, 2

Hall, Jerome, 2961

Hall, John, 224, 567, 568, 606

Hall, Peter, 2221, 2222, 3096

Hall, Richard, 232, 3270

Hall, S., 1578

Hall, Stuart, 226, 1756, 2958

Hall, Thomas D., 645

Halle, David, 1649

Halle, Morris, 2899

Haller, Archibald O., 2781,

2782–2783, 2788, 2867

Hallinan, Marianne, 197

Hallinger, Philip, 2418

Halmos, Peter, 2845

Halsey, A. H., 225

Hamilton, Charles, 53

Hamilton, David L., 2244, 2245

Hamilton, Gilbert, 1726

Hamilton, Harry, 677–678

Hamilton, V. Lee, 198

Hammen, Constance, 654

Hammond, Phillip, 2373

Hammurabi’s code (2270 B.C.), 1485 Han dynasty, 2998–2999

Hanassab, Shideh, 1872, 2999

Handbook of Economic Sociology

(Smelser and Swedberg), 735, 2921

Handbook of Experimental Economics

(Kagel and Roth), 891

Handbook of Research Design and

Social Measurement (Miller), 3209

Handbook of Sociology, 583

Hankiss, Elmer, 2117

Hannan, Michael T., 1693, 1694,

2029, 2296–2297, 2668

Hans, S., 2098

Hansa-Rhine-Italy trade routes, 2922 Happiness. See Life Satisfaction

Index; Quality of life Harary, Frank, 336, 2415, 2417 Harbison, Frederick H., 422 Hardin, G. R., 595–596, 1220 Harding, Warren, 2127

Hare, A. Paul, 1977–1978

Hare Krishna, 460, 461–462, 2366,

3287–3288

Hareven, Tamara, 2662

Hargis, Billy James, 2370

Harper, Charles L., 2887

Harray, Frank, 1034

Harré, Rom, 823

Harris, Lou, 2371

Harris, Louis, 1395

Harris, Marvin, 1705, 2891

Harris v. Forklift Systems, Inc.

(1993), 2580 Harrison, David, 2887 Harrison, Gualtiero, 1467 Harrison Act of 1914, 712 Harroff, Peggy, 1731 Hart, Keith, 1337

Harter, S., 2512–2513

Hartford Seminary, 2377

Hartman, H. I., 370

Hartman, P. A., 3188

Hartmann, Heidi, 1708

Hartshorne, H., 114–115, 2083

Harvard Business School, 1978

Harvard Civic Engagement

Project, 3229

Harvard III Psychosocial

Dictionary, 1979

Harvard Medical School, 582 death and dying study, 586 depression in artists study, 655

Harvard University, 2193, 2766,

3099

leader behavior study, 1565 observation laboratory, 1979 student movement, 3069

Harvey, Andrew S., 3157

Harvey, Clyde C., 2416

Hasan, Mohamme (‘‘Bob’’), 2131

Hashimoto, Ryutaro, 2131

Hastings Center, 585, 586, 587–588

Hate, 2529

Hate crimes, 2761, 2764, 2908 Hate speech

and censorship, 275–276 codes, 2140 communitarian view of, 360

and political correctness, 269 Hatt, Paul K., 198, 1997

Haug, Marie, 1815

Hausa, 1900

Hauser, Philip, 632, 1720, 2354

Hauser, Robert, 366, 2481, 3036

Haushofer, Karl, 1933

Havel, Vaclav, 1230

Hawaii, 177

Hawkins, David, 366

Hawkins, Gordon, 2054

Hawkins, James L., 1727

Hawley, Amos H., 1457, 3129

human ecology theory, 1210, 1211, 1212, 1213, 1215, 1218, 1225, 1226, 1228

and urban sociology, 3193, 3197, 3198

Hawthorne effect, 889, 2325–2326

Hayano, David, 245

Haynes, George Edmund, 326

Hayward, M. D., 1632

Hazan, C., 2068

Hazard, John N., 1555

Hazards Reduction and Recovery

Center (Texas A&M), 682

HBO and Company, 1822

HCA. See Hospital Corporations

of America

HCA Columbia, 1821

Health and health care. See Medicalindustrial complex

Health and Human Services Department, U.S., 838, 2398–2399, 2576

Health and illness behavior,

1127–1136

applications of research in, 1134

depression and, 655

health behaviors, 1127–1130

health belief model, 1127, 1128, 1814

illness behaviors, 1130–1134

longevity and, 1131

medical care decisions, 1133–1134

pregnancy and, 2241

preventative practice, 1129

sick role concept, 1813

social comparison process, 2654

social constructions of, 1813–1814, 1815–1816

social norms and values in, 1133–1134

socioeconomic status and, 1129

Health and Retirement Study, 344

Health and the life course,

1136–1139

acute/chronic distinctions, 1137

aging and, 79, 81, 1137

alcohol use and, 93

conceptions of life course, 1137

concepts of health, 1136–1137

demographic transitions, 621–622

disease vs. illness, 1136–1137

end-of-life decisions, 585–587

functional model in, 1136

healthy life expectancy and, 1632

issues and implications, 1138–1139

life expectancy variations, 1137–1138

lifestyles and, 1639–1642

medical model of, 1136

medical model of long-term care, 1665

mortality and, 1137–1138

quality of life and, 2301, 2305–2306

Health Belief Model, 1127,

1128, 1814

Health care financing. See Health care utilization and expenditures; Health policy analysis

Health Care Financing Administration (Medicare and Medicaid), 588, 815, 1157, 1670, 1828

Health care industry. See Medicalindustrial complex

Health care providers

assisted-living companies, 1826

and family planning, 959

See also Managed-care organizations

Health care utilization and expenditures, 1140–1156

access and barriers to care, 1151–1152

by older people, 79, 1144

and capitalism, 241

drug abuse treatment, 714–715

drug costs, 1141, 1148

fee-for-service plans, 1143, 1144

growth in expenditures, 1140–1142

health maintenance organizations. See HMOs

home health care, 1148, 1149

hospital care, 1147–1148

indemnity health plans, 1141

long-term care funding, 1148–1149, 1658–1661, 1665

minorities and, 1150, 1152

point-of-service plans, 1143

political economy perspective, 1153

preferred provider organizations, 1144

private payers, 1142–1145

provider-sponsored organizations, 1144

public payers, 1145–1147

rate of growth, 1827

resource allocation, 1147–1148

sociological models of access to service, 1152–1153

Supplemental Security Income,

1145, 1146

Temporary Assistance for Needy Families program, 1145, 1146, 1288, 1395

uninsured individuals, 1149–1151

See also Managed-care organizations; Medicaid; Medical-industrial complex; Medicare

Health care workers, 1818

Health, Education, and Welfare

Department, U.S., 497

Health industry. See Medicalindustrial complex

Health insurance

fee-for-service plans, 1143, 1144

government policy, 283–284, 1827, 2798

See also Medicaid; Medicare

private/third-party, 1819–1820, 1825, 1826

uninsured population, 1828

See also Health care utilization and expenditures; HMOs

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, 1143, 1826

Health maintenance organizations. See HMOs

Health of Regionville, The

(Koos), 1813

Health policy analysis, 1157–1162 comparative systems, 130,

373–381 definition of, 1157

engineering model, 1159, 1160 enlightenment model, 1159, 1160 limited sociological

involvement, 1158

and medical sociology, 1158, 1813–1818

of medical-industrial complex, 1818–1829

politics and, 1159 privatization and, 1160 quality of life and, 2301 reform and, 1159

scope of topics under, 1159 social policy and, 1159

Health promotion and health status,

1162–1173

aging and, 1168–1169 assessment of, 1169–1171 barriers to, 1167–1168 diffusion of new practices, 677 disease control and, 1163

and environmental threats, 790–791

functional ability and, 1171 gender and, 1165, 1166 individual role in, 1166–1167 medical care systems and, 1163 minorities and, 1169

personal behavior and. See Lifestyles and health

physical environment and, 1163 political/economic institutions

and, 1163

prenatal care and, 2236 primary prevention and,

1163–1164

quality of life indicators and, 1171

range of activies, 1163–1166 secondary prevention and,

1164–1165

social environment and, 1163 social networks and, 2733 tertiary prevention and, 1165

Healthy life expectancy, definition of, 1632

Heart attack, 139

Heart disease, 93, 1640, 1641 Heartburn, 2235

Hebdige, Dick, 2170, 2171

Hebrew Bible. See Bible

Hechter, Michael, 1940, 3215

Heck, Ronald, 2418

Heckman, James J., 1684, 3038 Heckman’s estimator, 2441–2442 Heclo, Hugh, 603

Hedbridge, Dick, 245

Hedonic contingency thesis, 189 Hegel, Georg W. F., 539, 774, 1066,

1781, 1782

and German idealism, 1248–1249 Hegemonic stability theory, 3242 Heidegger, Martin, 1783, 2756, 2757 Heidenheimer, Arnold, 2124 Heider, Fritz, 187, 335–336,

1034, 2702

attribution theory, 192, 194, 2244 and social psychology of status

attainment, 2781

Height measurement, 2343–2344 Heimer, Carol A., 2876–2877 Heirich, Max, 351–352

Heise, David R., 409, 780, 1790,

2297, 2298

Held, David, 606

Helle, Jürgen, 1080

Hellenistic Empire, 2998

Hell’s Angels, 460, 461, 1577, 1579

Helms, Jesse, 276, 2585

Helping behavior. See Altruism Helping professions, 1525 Helsinki Accords (1975), 2047 Helsinki University, 2450, 2451 Heman’s estimator, 2441–2442 Hemlock Society, 585, 3083, 3084 Hempel, Carl, 2464

Hendin, Herbert, 3084–3085

Henggeler, S. W., 76

Hennion, Antoine, 1925

Henry, Andrew F., 3080

Henry, Louis, 620

Henry, Neil W., 3038

Henry, William E., 2300

Henshel, Richard L., 2676, 2677

Hepatitis, 93

Heraud, Brian, 2844

Herbal remedies, 654–655

Heredity. See Genetics; Nature

vs. nurture

Heresies, 2968

Heritage Foundation, The, 1601

Hermeneutics, 543, 2219, 2472

Hernes, Gudmund, 2452, 2453

Hernes, Helga, 2453

Herodotus, 852

Heroin, 526, 711, 712, 714, 715

Herrnstein, Richard, 214, 506, 1382,

2056, 2140, 2330

Hertz, Robert, 11032

Herz, J. H., 3130

Herzberg, Frederick, 3271

Herzer, Manfred, 2567

Hesse, Mary, 823

Heteroscedascity, 3036

Heterosexuality, 2567–2569

See also Sexual behavior in marriage and close relationships; Sexual behavior patterns

Heuristics, 593–595

Hewitt, John P., 3096

Hewlett Foundation, 637

Hewstone, Miles, 193

Hickman, Lauren C., 1595, 1596 Hicks, Alexander, 2166 Hierarchical linear models,

1173–1178

drug-abuse programs assessment, 71

estimation of, 1176–1177 levels of analysis and, 1594 longitudinal data in, 1177 model development, 1174 multilevel variables in, 1173 random effects in, 1176–1177 specification in, 1174–1176 statistical software for, 1177 statistical tests and, 1177 structural equation modeling

and, 1922 variance-covariance components

in, 1176

High culture vs. mass culture debate, 565–566, 1645–1646

High Islam, 2943

High School and Beyond Survey,

761, 2480

High-energy physics, 2470 Higher education, 1178–1186

academic freedom, 276–278 academic libraries, 1604–1605,

1606–1607

academic organization, 1180– 1182

affirmative action, 50, 51 African Americans and,

2497–2499 African studies, 66–67

authority structure, 1181 chair systems, 1181 communications departments,

678

contemporary pressures in, 1184–1185

demographers, 636

and equality of opportunity, 826 first sociology courses, 323–324 funding for, 1182

government connections, 1180 growth of, 1183–1184 historical development, 1179–

1180

and historically black institutions, 2499

Humboldtian principles and, 1179–1180

interdisciplinary programs, 1181 land-grant universities, 1180 national systems of, 1182–1183 and occupational hierarchy,

2929–2930

personalized instruction, 215 and political correctness, 2142 professional training, 1179, 2259 reform movements, 1179–1180 research universities, 1179–1180 rural sociology departments,

2425–2427

sexual harassment and, 2591 social class and, 1179

and student movements, 3067–3070

tenure, 1182

theoretical knowledge and, 2196–2197

in United States, 766 ‘‘Wisconsin Idea,’’ 1180

See also Education and mobility Highlander Research and Education

Center, 2040 High-reliability organizations

(HROs), 2878 Hightower, James, 88 Hilbrand, Dieter, 3053 Hilferding, Rudolf, 1265 Hill, Anita, 2581 Hillary, George, 363 Hilton, Jeanne, 1391

Hinduism, 2366, 2486, 3282,

3288–3289

caste system, 250–253, 2811, 3284 Gandhi and, 3288–3289

new movements, 3287 religious experience, symbols,

and ethical norms, 3280, 3281, 3284

widowhood and, 3255

Hinin, 253

Hippies, 459–460

Hippocrates, 2086

Hippocratic oath, 3083

Hiroshima bombing, 582

Hirsch, F., 3173

Hirschi, Travis, 505, 507, 535, 667,

1495, 2658

Hirschman, Charles, 843

Hispanic Americans, 1186–1195

AIDS/HIV risks, 2587, 2590 alcohol consumption rates, 94 average number of births per

woman, 2032 case studies of, 244 census, 259 citizenship rate, 1193

demographic research, 636 demographic trends, 1190–1192 diversity of, 1186, 1187,

1188–1190 divorce rates, 126

economic profile, 1190–1192

education attainment, 1190– 1192, 1193

ethnic resilience, 1192

and experiments, 887–890

family structure, 123

fertility rates, 1186

and filial responsibility, 1020

household income, 1279, 1280

household structure, 127

immigration and, 143, 1186, 1188, 1189

income per capita, 1280

labels and, 1187–1188

labor-force participation, 1191, 1193

language proficiency, 1193

life expectancy, 1169, 1631

marriage demographics, 124

modes of incorporation, 1194

political influence of, 1187

population growth, 1186

poverty rates, 1191–1192, 1287, 2215

racial discrimination against, 322

remarriage rates, 2388

segmented integration of, 1187

singlehood attitudes, 107

social integration of, 1187, 1188, 1190, 1192–1194

and suburbanization, 3074, 3075

and underemployment, 1721, 1722

voting patterns, 1193–1194

Histograms, 659, 661, 3013–3014

Historical analysis. See Comparativehistorical analysis; Event history analysis; Historical sociology

Historical counterfactuals, 386

Historical hypotheticals, 386

Historical institutionalism, 2164– 2165

Historical materialism, 543, 1217, 1704

central tenet of, 1783

and cumulative social change, 2644, 2645, 2646, 2647

definition of, 1782

and French School of Sociology,

1026–1027

and German sociology, 1080

and Marxist sociology, 1751– 1752, 1758

as Marx’s main metatheory, 1782

and materialism, 1781–1782, 1784

and progress concept, 2644, 2645

and Soviet sociology, 2980

Historical Materialism: A System of

Sociology (Bukharin), 1753

Historical sociology, 1195–1202

comparative, 383–392, 2918–2919

cultural perspective, 569

and cumulative social change, 2643–2648

demographic data, 609, 621, 632

history/sociology differentiation, 1195–1196

on Islamic society, 2940, 2948

and life course, 1619, 2861–2862

Marxist, 1754, 1756

and national boundaries development, 1932–1933, 1934–1935, 1939

organizational knowledge as secondary data, 574

origins of democracy and, 605

postmodernism and, 2206

and social history, 2917–2919

Historically black colleges and universities, 2499

Historicism, 2953

History, Culture, and Region in Southeast Asian Perspectives 1999

(Wolters), 2978

History of Sociological Thought

(Szacki), 2120

Hitler, Adolf, 1310, 1357, 2332,

2356, 3002, 3233, 3242

Hitler’s Willing Executioners

(Goldhagen), 387

HIV. See AIDS/HIV

HLM. See Hierarchical linear models

HMOs (health maintenance organizations), 1158, 1818, 1819, 1820, 1821

health utilization and expenditures, 1142, 1143, 1144, 1145

mergers, 1822

physican resistance to, 1826

women physicians and, 2262

Ho, Hsiu-Zu, 194

Hobbes, Thomas, 527, 1029, 1302,

1576, 1781, 2456, 2882

Hobhouse, L. T., 1599, 1600

Hobson, John, 1265

Hochfeld, Julian, 2119

Hochschild, Arlie Russell, 244–245,

777, 781–782

Hodgson, Marshall G., 2943, 2946

Hoebel, E. Adamson

definition of law, 1544–1545 legal system study, 1549–1550

Hoem, Jan M., 2453

Hoffman, Alexander, 3229

Hofstadter, Richard, 1356, 1357

Hofstede, G., 3218

Hoggart, Richard, 226

Holden, Constance, 1226

Holiday of Darkness (Endler), 651 Holiness movement, 2369 Holistic personality theory, 1718,

2084, 2085, 2088–2089 Hollander, Arie den, 1425 Hollander, E. P., 1567 Hollander, Edwin, 404 Hollandsworth, James G., 2305 Hollerith, Herman, 283, 406 Hollerith code (IBM cards), 575

Hollingshead, August B., 1813, 1834,

2927, 3055

Holm, Sverre, 2451

Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 476, 949

Holmes, T., 3055

Holocaust, 1066, 1067, 1070,

1384, 2206

Holstein, James, 855, 1636

Holter, Harriet, 2453

Holtzman test, 2077

Holy Roman Empire, 2998

Homans, George C., 208, 432,

722, 2335

on distributive justice, 2700, 2701, 2702, 2703

on group behavior, 2611 social exchange theory,

2670–2671, 2672, 3272 Home care services, 1656–1658,

1661–1662, 1663, 1677

as medical-industrial complex component, 1818

Home workers, 1339, 1341, 3267–3268

Homelessness, 1202–1208 contemporary, 1203 deinstitutionalization and, 1841 estimates of, 1203–1204 historical condition of, 1202 illicit drug use and, 711 poverty and, 2215

research and remedies, 1202, 1203

urban renewal and, 1203 Homemaking, 3261 Homicide

as affective aggression, 68, 69, 72, 73

American Indian rates, 135 by juveniles, 1487–1488,

1489–1490, 1498 consistency in international

definitions of, 499–500 and family violence, 981–982 international rates, 500

male jealousy and rivalry and, 2886

rate calculation, 491, 497–498 statistical map of U.S. rates, 3012 subcultural deviance theory

on, 664

U.S. rates, 68, 3012 Uniform Crime Reports

definition, 492 Homophobia, 2567, 2569–2570 Homoscedasticity, 449, 2251 Homosexuality. See Sexual

orientation Homuncularism, 2090–2091 Honduras

demographic characteristics, 1536 poverty, 2216

wartime rape, 2579 Hong Kong

dependency theory, 642 and family size, 977, 1008 labor movement, 1532 long-term care and care

facilities, 1656 Honor, 2527–2528

aggression and, 72, 2579

crimes of, 2566

slavery as denial of, 2596

Hoogvelt, Ankie M. M., 1886–1887

Hook, Sidney, 2218

Hooligan: A History of Respectable

Fears (Pearson), 1579

Hoover, Herbert, 2682

Hoover, J. Edgar, 2494

Hoover Institution, 1601

Hopeless theory of depression, 651, 652

Hopi, 138

Horan, Patrick, 2027, 2481

Horkheimer, Max, 539, 541, 542, 544, 1075, 1076, 1077, 1079, 1645

Hormones, 70, 652

Horney, Karen, 540, 1713–1714,

2084, 2089

Horowitz, Donald, 847

Horowitz, Ruth, 244

Horticultural society. See

Agrarian society

Horton, Myles, 2040

Hospices, 1671, 1818, 3064, 3086

Hospital Corporations of

America, 1821

Hospitals

abortions in, 2240

ambulatory care centers, 1821

comparative systems, 375

death and dying in, 582–583, 585, 586, 587

Medicaid and Medicare and, 1825

as medical-industrial complex component, 1818, 1819

mergers, 1821–1822

multihospital systems, 1819–1820

ownership and expenditure rates, 1819, 1820, 1821–1822

ownership shifts, 1820–1821

utilization and expenditures, 1147–1148

Hostility biases, 71–72

Hotte, Alan M., 3215

House, James S., 2070

House, R. J., 1566, 1568–1569

Household structure. See Family and household structure

Houseknecht, Sharon K., 1942

Housing

African-American discrimination, 56, 57, 143, 250, 845

African-American segregation indices, 2500–2504

and family policy in Western societies, 965

federal projects/move to suburbs correlation, 3072

as fertility transition factor, 625

maintenance/deviance control theory, 666

See also Homelessness

Housing and Urban Development

Department, U.S., 838, 2128

Housing for Senior Citizens, 1656

Howard, Judith, 198, 1648

HPA axis (hypothalamic-pituitary- adrenal), 652

Hrdy, S. B., 2886

HRO theory, 2878

HRS. See Health and

Retirement Study

Hsiung, James, 332

HTML (Hypertext Markup

Language), 408

Huang, Jie, 644

Hubbard, L. Ron, 2366, 3287

Hubert, H., 1024

HUD. See Housing and Urban

Development Department, U.S.

Hudson, Walter, 2943

Hudson’s Bay Company, 3174

Huesmann, L. R., 70

Hughes, Everett C., 244, 1813,

2415, 2417

Hughes, Helen MacGill, 243, 244

Hughes, Langston, 66

Hughes, Michael, 2300, 2307

Hulbert, Jeanne, 2792

Hull, Raymond, 234

Hull House (Chicago), 365–366

Hull House Maps and Papers

(1895), 366

Human agency, 1620

Human awareness. See

Phenomenology

Human capital theory, 513, 747

Asian Americans and, 181

cultural capital vs., 2928

and educational investment, 2927

and social capital, 2637

and social stratification, 2812, 3043

as stratifying force, 2812

wage trajectories and, 1989– 1990, 1991

Human Development Report (UN),

2917

Human ecology and environmental analysis, 800, 1209–1233, 2922

in American cities, 308

Burgess hypothesis, 1209

carrying capacity and, 1219

centriphery process, 1212–1213

change and, 1211

classical, 1209–1210

critical theory on, 544

and crowds and riots, 557

definition of environment, 1228

and deviance theory, 2658

dominance and succession in, 1209

ecological demography and, 1213

ecosystem and, 1210

and environmental degradation, 1214, 1216

environmental sociology and, 1214

evaluation of, 1213–1214

expansionist perspective and, 1217–1218

factors as sociological influence, 2921–2922

functionalist structuralist approach to, 1029, 1031

and futures studies, 1041

and global problems, 801, 805, 810–811

neoclassical, 1210–1212

neo-Malthusian perspective, 1219–1220, 1228

and new urban sociology, 1215–1216

POET variables, 1210, 1214

and political correctness, 2140–2141

political economy approach, 1214–1215, 1221–1222

population and, 1216–1222

proactive environmental sociology and, 1226–1228

pro-growth perspective, 1217– 1218

social chaos and, 1223–1224

social structure and, 2822

socioeconomic differences between cities and suburbs and, 3072–3073

sustainable development and, 1222–1223, 1225

and territorial belonging, 3129

and transnational problems, 1220

See also Environmental sociology; Rural sociology

Human emancipation, 539

Human exemptionalism paradigm, 806

Human Genome Project, 1824

Human immunodeficiency virus. See AIDS/HIV

Human involvement. See Social belonging

Human Meaning of Social Change, The

(Campbell and Converse), 2683

Human nature, 1233–1236, 1301

altruism and, 114–120

conservative vs. liberal view of, 357, 1598–1599

constitutional personality theory and, 1717–1718

dualistic nature of, 1233

optimistic vs. pessimistic perspectives, 1233

plastic theory of, 1233, 1234

positivist view of, 528

pragmatist view of, 2217–2218

religious views of, 2086–2087

responsive communitarianism view of, 357–358

self-actualization theory, 2087– 2088

selfishness and, 2882

sociobiological theory of, 2881–2882

See also Compliance and conformity; Deviance theories; Personality theories

Human potential movement, 2717

Human Relations (journal), 2942

Human Relations Area Files,

548, 2893

Human Resources Research

Organization, 1876

Human rights, children’s rights, and democracy, 1236–1246

British sociological study, 228

children’s rights, 1239–1240, 1242–1244

communitarian view of, 361

democracy and individual rights, 1237–1238

incest as violation of, 1274–1275

international accords, 2047

and international campaign against human bondage, 2607

international law, 1429–1430

liberalism’s emphasis on, 355

nationalist movements’ abuses of, 1944, 1948

political crime and, 2146

relevance of sociology to, 1237–1238

religious movement leadership and, 2374

Universal Declaration of Human

Rights, 1240–1242

wartime rape and, 2579

Human Side of Enterprise, The

(McGregor), 1014

Human Societies (Davis), 1030

Human sociobiology. See

Sociobiology, human

Humana, 1821, 1822

Human-Animal Bond Center

(HABIC), 3230

Humanism, 1246–1251

Enlightenment and, 1247–1248

flexibility and, 1250

German idealism and, 1248–1249

pragmatism and, 1249–1250

and writing case studies, 248

Humanistic coefficient (Znaniecki concept), 2118

Hume, David, 818, 1247, 1302, 1684, 2335, 2338, 2943, 2946, 3098

Hummel, Hans-Joachim, 1080

Hummel, Raymond C., 1901

Humor

persuasion and, 2095

political correctness and, 2140 Humphrey, Hubert, 1597 Humphreys, Laud, 839 Humphries, Drew, 2961 Humphry, Derek, 585, 3083, 3084 Hungary

daily time use, 3160 divorce rate, 706

high suicide rate, 3079, 3082 legal system, 474 post-communist transition, 2136 protest movement, 2267 revolution, 2414, 3001

Social Science Data Archive, 576 social surveys, 577

socialist economic modifications, 2850–2851

sociology in, 2116, 2117 tourism in, 3169

and World War I, 2362

Hunt, J. G., 1571

Hunt, Sonia, 2306

Hunter, Floyd, 2624

Hunting and gathering society, 1068, 2810

Huntington, Ellsworth, 2921

Huntington, Samuel P., 1936, 1940,

2124, 2159, 2363

‘‘clash of civilizations’’ hypothesis, 2940–2941

Huron, 1070

Hurston, Zora Neale, 66, 1648, 2890

Husserl, Edmund, 1080, 2099, 2756

Hutcheson, Francis, 3098

Hutchinson, Anne, 2146

Hutchinson, Ray, 1214

Hutu, 254

Huxley, Aldous, 1505

Huxley, J., 2880

Hybrid corn innovation, 87, 677, 2429

Hyman, Herbert H., 2479, 3092

Hymes, Dell, 2894

Hyperactivity, 1816

Hyperemesis, 2235

HyperResearch (computer

software), 419, 420

Hypertension, 93

Hypertext, 408

Hypnosis, 898–899

Hypodermic needle model of diffusion, 679

Hypodescent rule, 2331–2332

Hypothesis testing, 3023–3024

See also Scientific explanation; Statistical inference

Hypothetical cohort, 614

I

Iadov, Vladimir, 2980, 2981

Iannaccone, Laurence, 939,

2375, 2485

Ianni, Francis A. J., 2018

Ibarar, Peter R., 2763

IBM cards (Hollerith code), 575

Ibn Khaldun, Abd-al-Rahman, 327, 1564, 2941–2942, 2943, 2945, 2946

Ibo, 54, 1384

Icaria (Illinois utopian community), 2849

Iceland

long-term care and care facilities, 1654, 1655, 1661

sociology in, 2451, 2452, 2453

ICPSR (Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research, Ann Arbor, Michigan), 409, 575, 576, 577–578, 579, 1606

resources and functions, 2474–2475, 2476–2477, 2481

ICSS (International Committee for Sport Sociology), 2986–2987

Id, 1713

Ideal type formulation, 3181

Idealism

German, 1248–1249

materialism vs., 1780

and pragmatism, 2218, 2219

and symbolic interactionism, 2856

Idealization, 1699

Ideation. See Sociology of knowledge

Idée de droit social, L’

(Gurvitch), 1026

Identity. See Identity theory; Individualism; Self-concept; Social identity

Identity politics, 1580, 1784

Identity theory, 1253–1258 adolescence and, 4 adulthood and, 29, 32 affect and emotion in, 1257 attitudes and, 44

cognitive focus of, 1257 and collectivity, 2632–2633 commitment in, 1255, 1256 definition of, 2784

educational aspirations and, 2784 ethnicity and, 1939–1940

gender and, 1001, 1061, 1256 groups and, 45

impression formation and, 42–44, 2776

individuals and, 100, 2221, 2856 Japanese Americans and, 180–181 nationalism and, 1939–1940 parental role and, 2034 personality theory and, 2083 Polish sociology and, 2119 possibility of choice in, 1253

role theory and, 2423–2425 sexual orientation and, 2567,

2570–2571

social belonging and, 2633–2634 social perception and, 2750 socialization and, 2856, 2861 sociolinguistics and, 2906–2908 symbolic interactionism and,

2423, 3095–3100 Ideology

and functionalism, 1031

and genocide, 1067, 1069–70 and Iranian revolution, 1871 Mannheim’s theory of, 2955–

2956, 2957, 2958

Marxist sociological research on, 1755, 2955, 2956

and nationalism, 1940, 1944 political correctness and,

2138–2142

and protest movements, 2267 and revolutions, 2413, 3001

as social capital influence, 2639 and sociology of knowledge,

2955–2956, 2958

Ideology and Utopia (Mannheim),

2955–2956, 2959

‘‘Ideology as a Cultural System’’ (Geertz), 2958

Idiosyncrasy credits, 404

IFDO (International Federation of

Data Organizations), 577

IIS. See International Institute of

Sociology

I-It and I-Thou relations (Buber concept), 355

Ikegami, Naoki, 380

Iker, Howard, 420

Illegal migrants, 1436, 1936

Illegitimacy, 1258–1264

consequences of, 1260–1261

economic issues of, 1260

public policy and, 1261

rise in, 1259

tolerance for, 1259, 1260

trends in, 1259–1260

Illiberal Education (D’Souza), 2140

Illicit drug use. See Drug abuse

Illinois State Penitentiary, 325

Illiteracy. See Literacy

Illness. See Health and illness behavior; Health and the life course; Health promotion and health status; Medical sociology; Medical-industrial complex; specific conditions

Illusions, and positive mental health, 2190

ILO. See International Labour

Organization

Image analysis (Guttman concept), 906

Image of the Future, The (Polak), 1038

Imagined Communities (Anderson),

2978

Imbalanced states, 335

IMF. See International Monetary

Fund

Imitation

as crowd behavior mechanism, 679

and role theory, 2415

and social learning theory, 2768–2769

Immanent critique (Frankfut School concept), 539–540, 542, 543

Immigration. See International

migration

Immigration Act of 1924, 174

Immigration Act of 1965, 143,

175, 177

Immigration Act of 1990, 143

Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986, 143, 1189, 1436–1437

‘‘Immorality of Being Softhearted’’ (Hardin), 1220

Immune system, 656

Immunization. See Vaccines

Impeachment, 1239, 2128, 2136

public opinion polling on, 2274, 2276, 2278

Imperialism: A Study (Hobson), 1265

Imperialism, colonialism, and decolonization, 1264–1266

in Africa, 60–61, 63, 64, 66, 1550,

2132, 2602

and antiblack ideology, 55

causes of decolonization, 1267–1268

as class and race factor, 320–322

consequences of decolonization, 1268–1269

decolonization, 1265–1269

definitions of, 1264, 1266

dependency theory and, 640–646

ecology and, 1214

economic analysis of, 1264

effects of twentieth-century wars on, 2362

eras of, 1266–1267

European political contraction and, 1266–1267

European political expansion and, 1264–1265

exploitation and, 1214, 1221

genocide and, 1069, 1071

global political discourse and, 1268

historical overview, 1264–1270

imperialism theories, 1265–1266

indigenous movements and, 1267

and Latin American studies, 1536–1537, 1538

legal systems layering (transplant) and, 465, 1550, 1556

Marxist-Leninist view of, 3243

mass media and, 1767

metropolitan vs. indigenous traditions, 1265

national borders and, 1933–1934

nationalism and, 1944–1945, 3001

power-conflict perspective on, 53, 54, 55

and resulting corruption, 2132, 3234

revolutions and, 1267, 3001

and slavery in the Americans, 2598–2601

social Darwinism and, 2330

in Southeast Asia, 2974–2975

systemic factors, 1268

violence and, 1267

Imperialism: The Highest Stage of

Capitalism (Lenin), 1265

Impression formation and management. See Affect control theory and impression formation; Social perception

Improper coalition, 332

Improper linear models, 592–593

In a Different Voice (Gilligan),

993–994

Inca Empire, 2999

Incarceration. See Penology

Incentive-based aggression, 73

Incest, 1270–1278, 2582–2583

affine and cousin marriages and, 1272, 1273, 1509, 1513

as child abuse, 1270, 1273, 1275–1276

feminist theory on, 991, 1275–1276

incidence of, 2557, 2559

and mate selection taboos, 1270–1274, 1509, 1513, 1776

as prohibited coitus, 1270

stepfamilies and, 1272, 2583

Incest: The Nature and Origin of the Taboo (Durkheim), 1032, 1272

Inclusion, 2633

Income distribution in the United States, 1278–1290

Asian Americans and, 181, 182

comparable worth and, 369–373

definition of, 1279

democracy and, 606

discrimination in, 689–690

education and, 1279–1280

employee benefits and, 1282

and equality of opportunity, 826–827

household structure and, 127, 1279

inequalities in, 130, 140, 142, 689–690, 1281–1282, 2691, 3048

labor-market factors, 1283

legal profession and, 470

lifestyle factors, 1283

per capita, 1279, 1281

and poverty demographics, 1285–1288, 2214–2215

size distribution changes, 2869

skilled vs. unskilled worker gap, 1281

social justice and, 2705–2706

social security systems and, 2802

status attainment and, 3047–3048

Survey of Income and Program Participation, 1284–1285, 1288, 1722, 2475

taxes and transfers, 1282–1283

and theories of crimes, 506, 536

underemployment and, 1721– 1722

War on Poverty and, 1286, 1494, 1882, 2404, 2760

wealth and, 1283–1285

women’s earnings gap, 370, 984

See also Poverty; Wages and salaries

Income generation. See Wages and salaries; Work and occupations

Incommensurability thesis, 2025, 2026

Inconsistency, tension state from, 334, 337–340

Indentured servants, 2597, 2598, 2599, 2600, 2601

Independence Day, 584

Independent contractors, 3268

Independent counsels, 145, 2127, 2128

Independent practice associations. See IPAs