Encyclopedia of Sociology Vol

Finnish sociology, 2449, 2450–2451, 2452, 2453

Finnish State Alcohol

Monopoly, 2453

Fiorina, Morris P., 3236

Firsov, Boris, 2982

First Amendment

and peaceful protest right, 2265, 2269

and regulation of expression, 268, 270–276

See also Free speech First-cousin marriages, 1272, 1273,

1509, 1513 First-order partial, 452 Firth, Raymond, 289 Fischer, Charles S., 3192 Fischer, Joel, 2843 Fischer, John L., 2896 Fischer, Michael, 2221 Fisher, B. M., 1566 Fisher, G. A., 2299–2300

Fisher, R. A., 454, 3006, 3035 Fisher, S., 1718 Fisher-Pitman test, 1957 Fishman, Joshua, 2894

Fiske, D., 2085, 3210

Fisse, Brent, 530

Fitzpatrick, Mary Anne, 1735

5-HIAA, 3079

Five-Factor Model of Personality,

2079–2080, 2085

Fixed-sample panel, 1687

FJH hypothesis, 2712

Flacks, Richard, 460

Flashpoint model of collective behavior, 353

Flechtheim, Ossip, 1038

Fleming, Jacqueline, 2497 Flexner, Abraham, 325, 2841 Flick industrial group, 2123 Fligstein, Neill, 738, 739 Flinn, Kelly, 1880

Flis, Andrzej, 2119

Flowers, Gennifer, 2581

Flynn, Charles, 1247

Flynn, Edward, 2126

Focus groups, online, 408

Focus on the Family, 770

Folic acid, 2235, 2238

Folk Devils and Moral Panics

(Cohen), 1578

Folk Islamic tradition, 2943

Folk music, 1927

Folkhälsoinstitutet (Sweden), 2451

Folkloristics, literary, 1635

Folkman, S., 2066, 3057

Folkways (Sumner), 2986

Foner, Anne, 1618

Food. See Agricultural innovation; Eating and diet; Eating disorders

Food and Drug Administration,

U.S., 88

Food Stamp program, 2283

For Marx (Althusser), 721

Foran, John, 1871

Forbes, Charles, 2127

Forced labor. See Slavery and involuntary servitude

Forces of Order: Police Behavior in Japan and the United States

(Bayley), 2114

Ford, Henry, 697, 699

Ford, Henry Jones, 2124

Ford, R., 1653

Ford Foundation, 636, 637,

2398, 2401

research funding in China by, 302

Fordham Index of Social Health,

The, 2687

Forecasting. See Futures studies as human and social activity; Social forecasting

Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of

1977, 2127

Foresight. See Futures studies as human and social activity

Forest Service, U.S., 802

Forging Industrial Policy

(Dobbins), 738

Form, William, 423, 424

Formal employment. See Labor force; Work and occupations

Formal models, 2028

Formality

and historical sociology, 386

and positivism, 2194

Formes élémentaires de la vie religieuse, Les (Durkheim), 1024

Forrester, Jay W., 2662

Forsyth, Donelson, 2418

Forsyth, Elaine, 2729

Fortes, Meyer, 289, 1507, 1508

Forza Italia Party, 2129

Foster, John, 1707

Foucault, Michel, 227, 1199, 1303,

1707, 2173, 2892

as Japanese sociology influence, 1479

on nature of knowledge, 2757

on social change, 2647–2648

on social control, 2660

Foucher, M., 1936

Foundation Health Systems, 1822

Foundation research grants, 2400–2401

See also specific foundations

Four-function paradigm (Parsons concept), 1554–1555, 1559–1560, 1978, 2005

applied to organizational structure, 2005–2014

Fourier, Charles, 2846, 2847,

2849, 3203

Fourteenth Amendment, 270,

283, 587

Fox, Renee, 583

Fragmentation

bureaucratic, 3103–3104

political party, 2157–2158, 2159

Frampton, Merle E., 1503–1504,

1505, 1506–1507

France

abortion policy, 2238, 2239

African colonization, 60, 61

age pyramid, 610, 612

civil law system, 467, 474, 475, 476, 477, 478–479

clinical psychology literature, 327

comparative remarriage rates, 1749

conditions conducive to democracy, 605, 606

daily time use, 3160

education and status attainment, 3045

ethnic immigration, 636

and ethnic status incongruence, 3051

family planning, 2178

family policy, 966

fertility decline, 626, 2178

fertility transitions, 1007

governmental division of power, 1953

health-care system, 375, 377, 379, 380

in Indochina, 2974, 2975

job discrimination against immigrants, 693

juvenile violence, 1487

labor market structure, 1987, 1988

labor movement, 1529

long-term care and care facilities, 1652, 1653, 1655, 1661

migrant Arab workers in, 1865

occupational mobility, 1987, 1988

origination of secularization as concept in, 2482–2483

political and governmental scandals, 2129, 2134

political party system, 2154, 2159

Political Systems Performance

Data, 2477

and postmodernism, 2207

relative marriage rate, 1749

retirement practices, 2407, 2408

social movement emergence, 2719

Social Science Data Archive,

575, 576

social security system spending, 2800

social surveys, 577

sociocultural anthropology, 2891, 2892

status incongruence, 3054

time use research, 3161, 3164

tourism in, 3167, 3169

transnational corporations, 3175, 3176

See also French School of

Sociology, The

Francis, Emmerich, 1075

Franco, Francisco, 2129

Frank, Andre Gunder, 640, 1706

Frank, David J., 2662

Frank, Jerome, 2961

Frankfurt Institute of Social

Research. See Frankfurt School

Frankfurt School

on art and culture, 173, 2173

British sociology and, 226

on conformity sources, 540

critical theory tradition, 539–542, 543, 1752, 1754, 1757, 1758

epistemology debate, 822, 1027

German sociology and, 1075, 1076, 1077, 1078, 1079, 1081

high culture/mass culture debate, 1645–1646

Marxist sociology and, 540, 543, 1076–1077, 1732, 2756

mass culture theories, 2168, 2169

mass society theory, 1772

Frankl, Viktor, 5, 460, 1617, 2084

Franklin, Benjamin, 2456, 2483

Franzosi, Roberto, 1199

Fraser, Nancy, 545

Fraternal lodges. See Voluntary associations

Fraud. See White-collar crime

Fraudulent research. See Ethics in social research

Frazer, James, 1271, 2889

Frederick the Great, king of Prussia, 1435

Frederickson, George, 55

Free enterprise system. See

Capitalism

Free market. See Capitalism; Economic institutions

Free rider concept, 604

Free speech, 269, 280, 2908

civil liberties and, 315

civil rights movement and, 273

hate speech and, 275–276

rise of democracy and, 267–268

student movements and, 3069–3070

Vietnam War and, 273–274

See also Censorship and the regulation of expression

Free Speech Movement, 3069–3070

Free will, 527–528, 1248, 1278, 2218

Freedman, David A., 3039

Freedman, Ronald, 425

Freedom of expression. See Censorship and freedom of expression; Free speech

Freedom of Information Act, 2401

Freedom Riders, 2494, 2495

Freedom Summer Project

(Mississippi), 2495

Freeman, Alan D., 2961

Freeman, Howard, 156, 1160

Freeman, John, 2029

Freeman, Linton, 2734

Frege, Gottlob, 821

Freidmann, Harriet, 2433

Freidson, Eliot, 226, 1813–1814,

1815, 2263, 2264

Freire, Paulo, 2040

French, Hilary, 1230

French language, 327–328

French Revolution, 606, 1771, 2138, 2206, 2412, 2414, 2846, 2865, 3000

and civil law system, 473– 474, 475

historical sociology study of, 1198

Marxist perspective on, 2410, 2411

and mass murder and terror, 1066, 3137

and origins of political parties, 2154–2155

social dynamics of, 2664

and status incongruence, 3050

French School of Sociology, The,

1024–1029

and clinical sociology, 327–328

contemporary, 1026–1028

and economic sociology, 734

and life histories and narratives, 1633

popular culture studies, 2170

principal branches of, 1024–1025

See also France

French structuralism, 563, 1027, 1032–1034, 1035

Frenk, Julio, 374

Frequency distribution, 658

Frequency polygons, 659

Freud, Sigmund, 1304, 1902, 2069

on crowd behavior, 553, 559

dependency theory, 2063, 2064 depression description, 650 family triads, 332

and feminist theory, 990, 991 identity formation theory, 2856 on incest taboo, 1273, 1274, 1275 moral development theory, 2089 personality theory, 540,

1713–1714, 2084, 2087, 2088, 2090, 2092

on primal horde, 1273, 1576 on religious experience, 2367,

2373, 2965

sexuality theory, 1273, 1275, 2537, 2565

suicide theory, 3077 ‘‘tender years doctrine,’’ 702

Freyer, Hans, 1075, 1076 Fried, Morton, 2891 Friedkin, Noah E., 2673 Friedland, Roger, 2166 Friedman, Edward, 606 Friedman, G., 1026 Friedman, Milton, 722 Friedman two-way analysis of

variance, 1962–1963 Friendship. See Interpersonal

attraction; Social networks Friis, Henning, 2450

Frith, Simon, 1925, 1927

Fromm, Erich, 539

Frontiers. See National border relations

Frude, Neil, 1276

Frustration, collective expressions of, 349

Frustration-aggression hypothesis, 73, 2670

Fuchs, Josef, 1038

Fukutake, Tadashi, 1479

Fulton, Robert, 581, 582, 583 Functional analysis, 1030, 1031 Functionalism and structuralism,

1029–1037

and British structuralism, 1034, 2890

case studies, 244

challenges to functionalism, 2416 convergence theories and, 423

criminal law and, 516

definition of, 1885

differentiation and, 2484

educational mobility theories, 757, 2927, 2928

and French School of Sociology,

1026–1027, 1032–1034

and German sociology, 1078, 1080, 1081

and Japanese sociology, 1479

juvenile delinquency theories, 1493–1495, 1497–1498

and kinship systems, 1502– 1503, 1507

legal systems comparisons, 472

macro themes, 1704, 1705

materialism and, 1784

modernization theory and, 1885

and penology, 2051–2054

and Polish sociology, 2119

political party origins and, 2154–2155

rational choice theory and, 2341–2342

role theory and, 2415, 2416, 2417, 2421–2423, 2425

and sentiments, 2522

as sexual behavior approach, 2537

and social and political elites, 2626

social control studies, 2657

and social exchange theory, 2670

and social inequality, 2690

and social problems perspective, 2759–2760

and socialization theory, 2856

social-structural model of law and, 1559–1560

stratification theories, 2626, 2813–2814

See also Social structure;

Structuralism

Functionalist hypothesis, 2866

Functions of Police in Modern Society,

The (Bittner), 2108–2109, 2114

Fundamental attribution error, 194, 2751

Fundamentalism, 2361, 2368–2373

and censorship, 277

coining of term, 2369

comparative analysis of, 2372–2373

counterculture, 462

definitions of, 2372, 2944–2945

different meanings of, 2368, 2368–2371

global, 2371–2372, 3288

Islamic, 2371, 2374, 2940–2941,

2943, 2944–2945

and legislation of morality, 1577, 1580

as response to secularization, 2487–2488, 2966–2967

social class and, 2378

tensions with other religious orientations, 2386

Fundamentalism Project, 2372–

2373, 2945

Fundamentals, The (anthology),

2368–2369

Funding of research. See Research funding in sociology

Funerals, 582, 584

Furman v. Georgia (1972), 2056

Furstenberg, Frank, 1390, 1391,

2393

Future of an Illusion, The

(Freud), 2965

Future of Marriage, The

(Bernard), 1736

Future of Religion, The (Stark and

Bainbridge), 2375

Futures studies as human and social activity, 1037–1043

characteristics of, 1039–1040

extrapolative, 1040–1041

history of, 1038–1039

limits of, 1040

normative, 1040–1041

prediction and, 2224–2231

preferable futures concept, 2677

and scenarios, 1041–1042

and social forecasting, 2676–2681

Futures Studies Internet Society,

2231–2232

Futuribles/Futuristics/Futurology. See Futures studies as human

and social activity; Prediction and futures studies; Social forecasting

G

Gabba, Carlo Francesco, 1464

Gabon, 2133

Gabor, Istvan, 2117

Gagnon, John H., 2539, 2550, 3091

Gaiser, Ted J., 408

Galanter, Marc, 471, 2961

Galbraith, Jay, 2011

Galbraith, John Kenneth, 724, 2921

Gale, Hugh, 3086

Gale Group, 1608

Galen, 1717, 2086

Galileo Galilei, 1781

Gall, Franz Joseph, 528, 529, 1717

Gallagher, John, 1266

Galli, Maria Callari, 1467

Gallier, Xavier, 1587

Gallino, Luciano, 1467

Gallup, George, 3232

Gallup polls. See Election polling; Public opinion; Survey research

Galpin, Charles J., 2428

Galston, William A., 356

Galton, Francis, 446–447, 550, 879,

2091–2092, 3005

eugenics theory, 1272 intelligence theory, 1360,

1361, 1364 Galton’s problem, 550 Galtung, Johan, 639, 1467

Gambler’s fallacy, 594–595

Gambling

and criminalization of deviance, 525

organized crime operations, 2017, 2019, 2021

as self-destructive behavior, 3077 Game theory and strategic

interaction, 1045–1056 altruism and, 118

characteristic function form, 1046 coalition formation and,

329–331, 332

conflict theory and, 414–416 differential games, 1049 dynamic games, 1048–1049 and economic sociology, 735,

2340

and equity theory, 2700

evolutionary games, 1049

and exchange networks, 2673–2674

experimental studies, 1047–1048

institutional analysis of, 1049–1051

mathematical sociology and, 1791

rational choice theory and, 2335, 2336–2337, 2338, 2419

representational forms of, 2337

and role theory, 2419

and social dynamics, 2666

and social values research, 3220–3222, 3223

solution concepts, 1046–1047

strategic form, 1046

supergames, 1049

theoretic concepts, 1045–1047

typology, 1046

Gamio, Manuel, 1858

Gamson, William A., 101–102,

645–646, 2270

on social movement successes, 2725

Gandhi, Indira, 2132

Gandhi, Mohandas, 1230, 2269,

3287–3288

Gang rape, 2580

Gangs

as counterculture, 460, 461

criminological research, 530, 533

cultural values and, 2171

as delinquent subculture, 509, 511, 512–513, 514

group norms and structure study of, 244, 363, 364, 365,

2611, 2613

macro-level deviance theories and, 663, 664

nineteenth-century urban, 1485

Gans, Herbert, 845

Ganzeboom, H. B. G., 2787

García, Carlos, 2131

Gardner, Howard, 1368, 1369

Gardner, John, 1384–1385, 2140

Garelli, Franco, 1473

Garfield, Eugene, 1610

Garfield, James, 2127

Garfinkel, Harold, 226, 856–857,

859, 2756

and conversation analysis, 431, 432

as founder of ethnomethodology, 246, 431

Garment industry, 2333 Garmon, Lance C., 1903 Garth, Bryant G., 1550–1551 Garvey, Marcus, 66

Garza, Gustav O., 1859

Gasparini, Alberto, 1468, 1472,

1473, 2288

Gaston, Berger, 1037

Gates, Bill, 1285

Gates Commission, 1877 GATT (General Agreement on

Tariffs and Trade), 794, 1859 Gaulejac, Vincent de, 328 Gauset, Jessie Redmon, 66 Gauss-Markov theorem, 2251 Gaventa, John, 2040

Gay community. See Sexual orientation

Gay Liberation Front, 111

Gay rights movement, 315, 2719 Gaza, 1866

Gaze theory

collective gaze, 3173 male gaze, 2172

tourist gaze, 3166–3167, 3172–3173

Gdansk shipyard (Poland), 2268 GDOS (Group Development

Observation System ), 1979–1980 GDP. See Gross Domestic Product Geddes, Patrick, 1290, 1291

Geen, R. G., 70

Geertz, Clifford, 387, 547, 852,

2855, 2891, 2906

Indonesian studies, 2976–2977 on Islamic society, 2941, 2944 semiotic theory, 2958

on world religions, 3289 Gehlen, Arnold, 1076, 1077, 1234 Geiger, Theodor, 2450

Geis, Gilbert, 3250, 3252

Gellner, Ernest, 227, 2941, 2942

theory of Muslim society, 2943–2944, 2945, 2946, 2947

Gemeinschaft (belonging), 2630,

3129, 3134

Gemeinschaft-Gessellschaft shift (Tönnies concept), 355, 362, 363, 364, 367, 1502, 1506, 2426, 2483, 3130, 3135, 3182

Gemeinschaftsgefühl (Adler

concept), 1714

Gender, 1057–1066

affirmative action and, 50, 1063, 2706

African-American education and, 2499

aggression and, 1452

aggressive tendencies and, 72

aging and, 83

AIDS/HIV contraction, 1641, 1642, 2589–2590

alcohol use differences, 94, 1640–1641

altruism and, 117

American Sociological Association and issues of, 153–155, 156

ascriptive character of, 2565

attitude formation toward, 185, 997

bankruptcy and, 204

and changing attitudes, 1063–1064

and childhood sexual abuse, 289, 291, 1275–1276, 2581

and childlessness, 109, 110

and collective mobility, 2716

and comparable worth, 369–372, 3048, 3265

conformity propensity, 403

and courtship, 486, 487, 489

and crime rates, 498, 534

and criminal sanctions, 517

and criminological theory, 504, 505, 511, 530, 536, 984

and cultural norms, 2528

differences between gay and lesbian relations, 111–112

differences between widows and widowers, 1749, 3255,

3257, 3258

differences in depression diagnosis, 649, 652–653, 1837, 1838

differences in diet and obesity, 1641

differences in language use, 2909

differences in marijuana use, 523

differences in marital communication, 1735–1736

differences in marriage, 1736

differences in reasons for marrying, 488

differences in suicide rate, 3078, 3079, 3081

differences in work orientation, 3275

direct and indirect discrimination, 689–691

as distinct from sex, 1057–1058, 2529, 2886

divorce petitioners and, 1747

divorce practices and, 112, 126, 620, 701–703, 707–708, 1425, 1526

double standard, 701

drug use breakdown, 710–711

earnings pattern and, 1624–1625

and economic determinism, 723

and economic sociology, 736

equality and, 107, 142, 302

See also subhead inequality below

equality of opportunity and, 830, 832

ethnography and, 854

expectation states theory and, 882–883

feminist definition of, 2886

Finnish studies, 2453

hate speech and, 275–276

health promotion/health status and, 1165, 1166

helping behavior and, 117

historical variations in, 1199

identity and, 1001, 1061, 1256

impression formations and, 43

income disparity and, 645

inequality, 1062–1063, 2692

inequality and theories of crime, 504, 984

intergenerational relations and, 1389, 1391

interpersonal conflict resolution and, 1452

interracial marriage and divorce rates, 1750

in Islamic societies, 2948–2950

job satisfaction and, 3275

juvenile delinquency and, 1489–1490

kinship system changes and, 1502

labor-force composition and, 1524–1526, 3262

See also Labor force, women’s participation in

leadership image and, 1570

legislation of morality and, 1579–1580

leisure and, 1584, 1585, 1589

life cycle and, 1623–1625

life expectancy and, 1058, 1165

lifestyle risk-taking differences, 1639, 2559

literary sociology and, 1648, 2171–2172

love and, 1697, 1700–1701

marital age and, 124

marital equality and, 107

marital expectation differences, 1736

marital quality measurement by, 1730–1732, 1737

Marxist sociology and, 1754–1755

mate selection factors and, 1775–1776

medical profession and, 1816

mental health and illness and, 1837–1838

mental illness rates, 1837–1838

Middle Eastern studies, 1867

and military service, 1879–1880

moral development theories and, 1900, 1902–1903, 2089

music and, 1926

neutrality, 1057

Norwegian sociological studies, 2453

novel authorship and, 1648

nursing home residents and, 1667

as object of sexual orientation, 2565–2567, 2570

occupational aspiration levels, 2785

and occupational segregation, 379, 2012, 3046, 3262, 3264–3265

and occupational status attainment, 2000, 2785, 3046

and ordination of women, 2379

peer group segregation by, 2859

personality theory and, 2089

persuasion receptivity and, 2096–2097

political alienation and, 102

political correctness and, 2140, 2141–2142

popular culture and, 2170, 2171–2172

poverty and, 1288, 2033, 2215, 3048

professions and, 2259, 2262–2263

redefinition of, 996

relationship changes, 704

religion and, 1057

as remarriage factor, 1748–1749

remarriage satisfaction and, 2390

retirement and, 2406–2407

and rural sociology, 2430

schematization, 1000

and scientific explanation bias, 2471

and self-esteem development, 2513

self-serving attributions and, 196

sex differences studies, 2529–2535

sexual harassment and, 2580–2581

singlehood and, 107–108, 124–125

single-parent households and, 127, 128

smoking and, 1640

and social comparison bases, 2654

social construction of, 1057– 1058-1059

and social security system inequities, 2802

and social stratification, 2817–2819

Southeast Asian studies, 2976

and status attainment, 3044, 3046

stereotypes. See Sex stereotypes

and structural lag, 3063

Swedish studies, 2453

symbolic interaction theory and, 1001, 1002

time use research, 3160– 3163, 3164

and transvestism and transsexuality, 2572–2573

underemployment inequality and, 1720–1721, 1722

in unilineal vs. bilateral kinship systems, 1507–1508

and voluntary association membership, 3228

and white-collar crime offenders, 3251

widow/widower differences, 3255, 3257, 3258

widow/widower remarriage rates, 1749

widowhood demographics, 126, 3256–3257

and women’s high status in Southeast Asia, 2976

work and, 122, 1059–1062, 3275

See also Occupational segregation

See also Femininity/masculinity; Feminist theory; Gender roles; Sex stereotypes; Sexual behavior patterns; Women

Gender identity. See Femininity/ masculinity

Gender preference

family planning and, 628

family size and, 2182

Southeast Asian neutrality on, 2976

Gender roles

adulthood, 30, 33, 34

alternative lifestyles, 111

American family, 122

case studies, 246

child custody awards, 702

division of labor, 696, 1057, 1062, 1064

divorce effects on, 703, 704–705

fatherhood, 2036–2037

femininity/masculinity concepts, 997

fertility transition effects on, 625, 627, 634

and filial responsibility, 129, 1020, 1022

in Islamic society, 2949–2950

mate selection theories and, 1775

media stereotypical portrayals of, 1699

in Mexico and Brazil, 941,

1860–1861

motherhood, 2036

parental roles and, 2035

and personal dependency, 2064

role theory and, 2418

sex differences and, 2418

socialization process and, 2857, 2886

Gene therapies, 1824

Genealogical mapping, 1512–1516

Genentech, Inc., 1824

General Accounting Office, 838

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, 794, 1859

General Directorate for Science and Technology (European Commission), 580

General Economic History

(Weber), 733

General Inquirer, The (Stone et al.), 1979

General linear model, 162–163, 457

General Social Survey (GSS), 166–167, 317, 548, 576–577, 1479, 2475

attitude items, 190, 3093

cross-sectional samples, 1684

on family size, 973, 977

on sexual behavior, 2538, 2541, 2545

and social indicators, 2682, 2684

General systems theory, 1558, 1931

General theory of action, 1197

General Theory of Secularization, A

(Martin), 2485

Generalized belief, 353

Generalized other, 3097

Generation life table, 612, 614

Generational equity, 1388, 1398

Genesis, 1511, 2369, 3285

Genetic psychology, 1274

Genetic structuralism, 1027, 1028

Genetics

as aggression influence, 69, 70

as alcoholism factor, 97

altruism theory, 115

as depression risk factor, 652, 1836

as educational attainment factor, 2931

and incest taboos, 1273, 1274

as intelligence factor, 1369–1373, 2090, 2140, 2330

Mendelian, 2880, 2881

and personality traits, 2088, 2089–2090, 2092

and puberty, 6

and public policy concerns, 1824

as schizophrenia factor, 1836

and self-esteem, 2513

and sexual selection theory, 2885

as suicide tendency factor, 3079

See also Nature vs. nurture

Geneva Conference on Vietnam (1954), 332

Geneva Convention (1949), 1244

Genital intercourse. See Heterosexuality; Sexual behavior patterns

Genocide, 1066–1073

contemporary, 1070, 1071

definitions of, 1066, 1071–1072

early historical, 1068–1071

from environmental destruction, 1221

as ethnic cleansing, 1944, 1946, 1948

ethnic hatred and, 2529

and ethnonationalism, 1944, 1946, 1948

and eugenics, 879

‘‘genocidal massacre’’ distinction, 1072

human rights and, 1244

ideological, 1067, 1069–1070

ideological vs. instrumental, 1067, 1070

and intelligence of targeted groups, 1384

and international law, 1244, 1429

Nazi Holocaust, 1066, 1067,

1070, 1384, 2206

Genovese, Eugene, 54

Genovese, Kitty, 115

Gentile, Giovanni, 1465

‘‘Gentleman’s Agreement’’ of 1907–1908, 175, 176

Gentrification, 3196

Genuine Progress Indicator, 2687

Geographical Information

System, 411, 580

Geography

applications to sociology, 2921–2923

and economic institutions, 728–730

and population changes, 2179–2180

Geopolitics, 1933

George Washington Medical

School, 588

George Washington University, 1422 Georgia (republic), 2362, 2982 Georgia State University, content-

analysis Web site, 421 Georgianna, Sharon, 3079, 3081 Gerard, Harold, 402

Gereffi, Gary, 643

Gergen, Kenneth J., 117

Gergen, Mary M., 117

German idealism, 1248–1249 German Sociological Association,

1076, 1078, 1081

German Sociological Society, 1423 German sociology, 1073–1084

action theory, 1080 behaviorism, 1080 classical period of, 1074

Cologne School, 1077, 1078 consolidation, 1080–1081 critical theory, 1076, 1077–

1078, 1079 divisions in, 1076

in East Germany, 2117 economic, 732–734 expansion of, 1077–1080 functionalism, 1080 historical materialism, 1080 idealism, 1248–1249

as Japanese sociology early influence, 1477–1478

life histories and narratives, 1633, 1635

literary sociology, 1648

medical sociology, 1814

and Nazi regime, 1074, 1075

and New Left, 1079

as ‘‘normal science,’’ 1081–1082

positivism controversy, 1077

reconstruction era, 1075–1077

Schelsky school, 1077

Social Science Data Archive,

575, 576, 580

and sociology of knowledge, 2953–2954

structural functionalism, 1078

systems theory, 1080

time use research, 3162, 3163, 3164

traits of, 1073

Weimar period, 1074–1075

Young Turks in, 1075, 1076, 1077, 1078, 1080

See also Frankfurt School;

Germany

Germani, Gino, 1537

Germany

African colonization by, 60

apprenticeship system, 27

civil law system, 471, 474, 475–476, 477, 478, 479, 480

communitarianism, 361, 362

conditions conducive to democracy, 605, 606

data archive, 2477

dictatorship, 3002

disaster research, 687

divorce laws, 703

divorce rate, 706

East German centrally managed privatization, 2851

epistemology, 819–820

ethnic immigration, 636, 693

ethnic status incongruence, 3051

family ‘‘legacy of silence’’ in, 1512

family policy, 966

governmental division of power, 1953

health-care system, 374–375, 376, 377, 379–380

high suicide rate, 3079, 3082

historical city-states, 2998

job discrimination against immigrants, 693

kinship mapping priority, 1513, 1515

labor movement, 1529, 1531

lawyers in, 477, 478

Lebensraum concept, 1933

legal system, 1550

long-term care and care facilities, 1653, 1659, 1660, 1661

migrant Arab workers in, 1865

Nazi era. See Nazis

and Nazi protests in 1920s, 2268

occupational mobility, 1987

organizational demographics, 395

political party system, 2154, 2157, 2159, 2163

political scandals, 2130

relative marriage rate, 1749

research university model, 1180

retirement practices, 2407–2408

revolution, 3001

social security system, 2796, 2797, 2800

social surveys, 577

transnational corporations, 3175, 3176

unemployment, 3263

Weimar Republic voting behavior research, 3233

woman suffrage, 703

See also Germany sociology

Gerontology. See Aging and the life course; Filial responsibility; Intergenerational relations; Intergenerational resource transfers; Long-term care; Longterm care facilities; Retirement; Widowhood

Gerth, Hans, 2069

Gesell, Arnold, 1894–1895, 2092

Gessellschaft. See Gemeinschaft-

Gesselschaft shift

Gessellschaft und Demokratie in Deutschland (Dahrendorf), 1078

Gestalt psychology

cognitive consistency theories and, 334

and group cohesiveness, 2614 personality theory, 1718, 2085

Getting a Job (Granovetter), 736

Getting into Print (Powell), 1647 Ghana, 66

family size, 978 health-care system, 381

Ghana Empire, 2999 Ghetto-specific cultural traits. See

Urban underclass Ghost Dance, 137

Ghurye, G. S., 1290, 1291, 1292

Gibbs, Jack, 504, 3079

Gibbs, James L., Jr., 464

Gibbs, Jewelle Taylor, 3079

Gibbs, John, 194, 1899

Gibbs sampler, 3039

Giddens, Anthony, 226, 227, 228, 1033, 1086, 1090, 1212, 1224, 2642, 2983

Japanese sociology and, 1479 on money’s symbolism, 1890 on postindustrial society,

2201, 2202

theory of structuration, 1710 Giddings, Franklin, 1424, 3232

as Japanese sociology early influence, 1477

and positivism, 2192, 2193

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963), 2960 Gieryn, Thomas F., 2455, 2458, 2459

Gift, The (Mauss), 103, 734

Gifted children, 324

Gilbert, G. Nigel, 2459

Gilbert, Rosewell, 38083

Gilded Age, 2125

Gilder, Georges, 723

Gilligan, Carol, 993–994, 1307, 1900,

1902, 1903, 2089, 2172

Gillmore, Samuel, 1853–1854

Gilman, Albert, 2894

Gilman, Charlotte Perkins, 852, 989

Gilpin, Robert, 3242

Gilroy, Paul, 226

Gini, Corrado, 1423, 1424, 1465

Ginkgo, 654

Ginsberg, Benjamin, 2273

Gioja, Melchiorre, 574

Giorio, Giuliano, 1472

GIS (Geographic Information

Systems), 411, 580

Giscard d’Estaing, Valéry, 2129, 2134

Gitlow v. New York (1925), 270 Glaser, Barney, 582, 2290 Glaser, Daniel, 510

Glaser, W. A., 410

Glasnost, 2981

Glass, G. V., 1843

Glazer, Nathan, 847, 1595, 1601,

2333, 2818

Glendon, Mary Ann, 356, 472

Glenn, Jerome C., 1039

Glick, Clarence E., 324

Global environmental change (GEC), 810–811

Global environmental problems, 801, 805

and futures studies, 1041 Global Media Monitoring

Project, 1768

Global properties of collectives, 1591 ‘‘Global village’’ concept, 428 Globalization and global systems

analysis, 1084–1098 agricultural innovation and,

87–88

American society and, 140 boundaries and, 1084

British sociology and, 227–228 capitalism and, 242, 1084,

1085, 1091 censorship and, 280 child labor and, 3262

class and race relationship and, 322

competition and, 1085, 1091 and conditions for future social

changes, 2646

convergence theories, 427–428 core/periphery/semiperiphery structure in, 1089, 1265

criminal and delinquent subcultures and, 513

cross-cultural analysis, 549

current systems analysis and, 1090–1094

democracy and, 606

dependency theory and, 1087–1089

development issues and, 1706

diffusion and, 1085

disembedding and, 1086

division of labor and, 697

economic institutions and, 729, 1197, 1225, 1313

feminist perspective on, 1708

fundamentalism and, 2371–2372

and Islamic militancy effects, 2947–2948

Japanese sociology and, 1481–1484

labor-force participation and, 1088, 1526, 3267, 3275

legal systems and, 1550–1551

leisure and, 1589

Marxist theory and, 1084–1086

and Marxist theory rethinking, 1757, 1758

mass media research, 1767–1768

materialist theory on, 1784–1785

medical-industrial complex and, 1827

in Mexican studies, 1861

migration and, 1092

modernization theory and, 1084–1086, 1886–1887

music and social structure link and, 1924–1925

nationalism and, 1944–1945, 1948

peacekeeping and, 2045–2046

postindustrial theory and, 2202

postmodernism and, 2206–2207

radical case studies, 246

risk in, 1086

rural sociology and, 2432, 2433

sex industry and, 2560–2561, 2607

social dynamics of, 2665–2666

and social inequality, 1087, 1088, 2691, 2705–2708

and social movement emergence, 2719

state system as basis of, 1092, 1093, 2362

and territorial belonging, 3135

and terrorist tactics, 3139–3140

trade and, 1087, 1088

transnational corporations and, 3174–3180

urbanization and, 306, 309, 311

and war causes, 3243–3244

world system theory, 1089–1090, 1197, 1199, 1706, 1758, 1876, 2646

Globe, Le (French periodical), 2846

Glock, Charles Y., 2373

Gluckman, Max, 289, 1549, 1550

Glue sniffing, 713

Gnoseology. See Epistemology

GNP. See Gross National Product

Goals

anomie and, 165, 1494

effectiveness of democracy in achieving, 606

group size and, 1118–1121

group vs. individual, 595–596

intrinsic/extrinsic motivation and, 2059–2060

organizational orientation toward, 393–394, 2008–2011

strain theory of deviance and, 664, 1494–1495

values and, 3213

values differentiated from, 2829

Godet, Michel, 1037, 1041

Goffman, Erving, 707, 776–777, 852, 853, 995, 1577, 1932, 2173, 2901, 2902, 2907, 2908

affect control theory, 41, 46

and Chicago School, 244

on face-to-face interaction, 431, 432

on interaction rituals, 416, 2523

on medicine as social control, 1815–1816

pragmatism theory, 2423

role theory, 2417, 2423, 2425, 2506

sociological theory of personality, 2080

on total institution, 1673, 1674

Gold, Martin, 1013

Gold Coast and the Slum, The: A Sociological Study of Chicago’s Near North Side (Zorbaugh), 324

Golden Hordes, The (Turner and

Ash), 3167

Goldhagen, Daniel, 387

Goldman, Emma, 989

Goldmann, Lucien, 1645

Goldschmidt, Walter, 88

Goldstein, Joshua, 3242

Goldstein, Kurt, 1714, 1718,

2087, 2088

Goldstone, Jack, 390, 1707,

1708, 2413

Goldthorpe, John H., 224, 425

Goleman, Daniel, 1368

Golod, Serguei, 2982

Gomez, Juan Vicente, 2134

Gonorrhea, 2582, 2583

Gonzalez, Felipe, 2129

‘‘Good neighbors’’ studies, 115 Good society model, 357, 360 Goode, Patrick, 1752, 1753

Goode, William J., 1258–1259, 1503,

1504, 1615, 2823

Goodman, Andrew, 2495 Goodman, Leo A., 1594–1595, 1811,

3036, 3038 Goodman’s gamma, 661 Goodman’s tau, 661

Goodness-of-fit test, 1964–1966 Goodwin, Charles, 2905 Goodwin, William, 1233 Goody, Jack, 1515–1517, 2906 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 2981 Gordon, Leonard, 2270 Gordon, M. M., 2883

Gordon, Milton, 53, 842–843

Gordon, Robert, 1382

Gordon, Steven, 782

Gordon, Theodore J., 1039

Gore, Albert, Jr., 2686

Gore, M. S., 1293

Gospel music, 1926

Gotay, Carolyn C., 2301, 2305–2306

Gotham, Kevin Fox, 1636

Gottfredson, Michael, 505, 507,

535, 667

Gottman, J. M., 3143, 3149, 3151

Gould, Stephen Jay, 995

Gouldner, Alvin W., 233–234,

325, 327

Governing elite. See Social and political elites

Governing Prisons (DiIulio),

2053–2054

Government corruption. See Political and governmental corruption

Government division of powers, 1952–1953

Government regulation, 1098–1111

censorship as, 267–281

and comparative health-care systems, 374, 375, 378–381

definition of, 1098–1100

deregulation and reregulation, 1103–1105

deregulation/white-collar crime relationship, 3250

economic, 1100–1101, 1311, 1337

effectiveness of, 1102

empirical studies of, 1106–1109

and ethics in social research, 838–839

and family policy in Western societies, 963–964

origins of, 1101

reform of, 1104

theories of, 1100–1103

See also Public policy analysis; Social security systems

Grabb, Edward G., 1754

Graebner, Fritz, 675

Graen, G., 1567

Graft, 2124, 2125, 2126, 2127, 2137

Graham, Billy, 2370

Graig, Laurene A., 376, 377

Grammar analysis, 438–439, 2297–2298

of social interaction, 2897–2899

Gramsci, Antonio, 1753, 1758, 1772

British sociology and, 226

power elites/popular culture relationship, 2169, 2985–2986

and structuralist theory of state, 2163

Grand Tour, 3166

Grandparents, 131, 1390–1391

cultural influences on roles of, 696

See also Filial responsibility; Intergenerational resource transfers

Granovetter, Mark, 349, 350,

735–736, 2029, 2419

‘‘strength of weak ties’’ theory, 2693, 2731–2732, 2791, 2827

Grant Foundation, 2398

Grant requests. See Research funding in sociology

Graphics theory and systems

application, 1790

computer, 411

descriptive statistics, 658–659

history of, 3005–3007

perception research, 3009–3011

relationships between summary statistics and, 661

and social network analysis, 1789–1790, 2729

statistical, 3003, 3007–3022

values ranking, 3217

Grassroots protests, 791, 803

Gratian, 1507

Gratification, delayed vs. shortterm, 668

Grattet, Ryken, 2961

Gray, Louis N., 1790

Gray market, 2019, 2021

Great Britain. See United Kingdom

Great Depression

agricultural innovation and, 88–89

and American Sociological Association membership decline, 148

and birth rate decline, 2032

and census analysis, 283

cohort effects, 80, 1625, 2861

collapse of democracies during, 3002–3003

community studies on social effects of, 363–364

conservative policies blamed for, 1597

and divorce rate, 125, 702

and industrial sociology, 1310–1311

and labor movements, 1530 and labor-force measurement

concept, 1521 life-course study of children

born in, 1618

and pension plans, 2402–2403 and rural sociology research

support, 2427

and social security benefits, 2798 and voter realignment, 3235

Great Migration, 532

Great refusal (Marcuse concept), 541 Great Society, 2299

Great Zimbabwe Empire, 2999 Great-man theory, 1564–1565 Greece

clinical sociology, 328 Cyprus conflict, 1945

educational status attainment, 2784–2785

government and political corruption, 2130

long-term care and care facilities, 1652, 1653

organizational demographics, 395 revolution, 3001

student protest, 3067

Green, Gary S., 3245, 3246, 3247

Green Revolution, 89–90, 252–

253, 1222

Greenberg, David F., 1692, 2961

Greenberg, Jerald, 2698

Greenfeld, Liah, 173

Greening of America, The

(Reich), 1773

Greenpeace, 2149, 2725

Greenwood, Ernest, 2841

Greer, Scott, 1223

Gresham’s Law, 729

Greve, Heinrich C., 2668

Grief

of bereavement, 582, 648 depression compared with, 650

Grief, Esther B., 1898

Griff, Mason, 172–173

Griffin, Larry, 1636

Griffin, Monica D., 1648, 1649