Encyclopedia of Sociology Vol

social change in, 941

sociodemographic profile, 2938

sociological article count, 1869

Eheart, Brenda Krause, 1636

Ehrenhalt, Alan, 356

Ehrenreich, Barbara, 1818

Ehrenreich, John, 1818

Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis

Bonaparte, The (Marx), 723, 2163

Einstein, Albert, 1012, 2196

Eisenhower, Dwight D., 2127,

2299–2300

Eisenstadt, S. N., 1198, 2690

Ejido, 1859

El Salvador

protest movements, 1170, 2266

wartime rape, 2579

Elaboration paradigm, 3107

Elavil, 654

Elazar, Daniel, 2, 2126–2127, 2377

Elder, Glen H. Jr., 31–32, 360, 1618, 1619, 2662, 2855, 2861

Eldercare, 129–130

and filial responsibility, 1019

See also Long-term care; Longterm care facilities

Elderly people. See Aging and the life course

Election polling, 575, 2278–2279, 3232–3236

panel design, 1686

presidential race fiascoes, 2273–2274, 3232

Elections. See Voting behavior

Electoral system types, 2154, 2156–2157

Electra complex, 332, 1713

Electroconvulsive therapy, 655

Electronic journals, 413

Electronic mail, 406, 407, 408, 1607, 1768

Electronic networks, 408

Electronic-text form, 407–408

Elementary and secondary education, 763–766

Elementary and Secondary

Education Act of 1965, 2266

Elementary Forms of the Religious Life

(Durkheim and Mauss), 1032

Elementary Structures of Kinship, The

(Lévi-Strauss), 1032, 1033

Eléments de sociologie (Bouglé and Raffault), 1025

Eléments de sociologie (Davy), 1026

Eliade, Mircea, 3279

Elias, Norbert, 4, 782, 1075,

2521–2522, 2989, 3155

Elite paradigm. See Intellectuals; Social and political elites

Elizabethan Poor Laws, 2840–2841

Elling, Ray H., 376

Elliott, Delbert, 1492

Ellis, Carolyn, 248, 1636–1637,

2291–2292

Ellis, Havelock, 2566

Ellison, Curtis W., 1925

Ellwood, Robert, 2380

Elmira (New York), voting behavior study, 3233, 3234

Elohim, 3280

Elster, Jon, 1234, 2341, 2452, 2701

EM algorithm, 3039

E-mail (electronic mail), 406, 407, 408, 1607, 1768

Embarrassment, 2523

Embezzlement, 3246, 3247, 3251

Embracing the Other (Oliner et al.), 118

Emergent norm theory, 351, 354

Emerson, R., 208, 2670, 2671–

2673, 2674

Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 2218

Emic-etic frame, 550, 564, 2091–2092, 2889, 2891, 2892

Emler, Nicholas, 1901, 1902

Emolins, E., 1025

Emotional attachments. See Attachment; Attachment theory; Social belong

Emotional energy, 786

Emotions, 772–788

affect control theory, 43, 44–45, 780, 2527–2528

attitude change and, 189

and communication, 2522

cultural approach to, 774, 781–785

divorce effects on, 707–708

impression formation and, 43

and macroprocesses, 786–787

masking of. See subhead affect control theory above

and nineteenth-century sociology, 773–776

norms and, 2527–2528

and reason, 785–786

regulation of. See subhead affect control theory above

and self-esteem, 2514

sentiments vs., 2518–2519, 2523

social contagion theory, 679

and social movements, 2722

social structural approach, 776–781

sociohistorical approach, 2521–2522

sociological case studies of, 245

values and, 3213

See also Depression; Stress

Empathy, 116

Empedocles, 2086

Emphysema, 1640

Empire Strikes Back, The (Solomos,

Findlay, Jones, and Gilroy), 226

Empires, 2998–2999, 3001

Empirical analytic metatheory. See Metatheory

Empirical sociology, 1079

Empiricism, 1249

Employee Retirement Income

Security Act of 1974, 2404

Employment. See Labor force; Work and occupations

Employment Act (report), 576

Employment relationship. See Work orientation

Employment Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA), 1826

Empty-nest stage, 1729

Enclave theory (Portes concept), 848–849

Enculturation, 2855

Encyclopedia of Social Sociences, 583

Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences

(Kotz and Johnson), 1957

Endler, Norman, 651

Endo, Ryukichi, 1477 End-of-ideology argument, 2626 End-of-life preferences. See Death

and dying Endogamy

historical kinship effects, 1507, 1515

mate selection and, 1776, 1779 population studies, 634

Endogenous variables, 262, 2251 Endomorphy, 1717, 1778 Endowment effect, and decision

processing, 594

Engels, Friedrich, 415, 698, 988, 1196, 1234, 1290, 2640, 3066 and dialectical materialism, 1782 on family structure, 1505

and historical materialism, 1751, 1752, 1782

and industrialization, 2196 on religion, 2965, 2967, 2968

scientific socialism concept, 1753 socialist ideal of, 2847

and sociology of law, 1576 theories of the state, 2162, 2163 time use study, 3155

on women’s inequality, 2692 Engerman, Stanley L., 2596 Engineering, 2259, 2460, 2461

women careerists, 2532, 2533, 2785

England. See British sociology; United Kingdom

English Poor Law of 1601, 2840

Enlightenment, 603, 2178

critical theory on, 541, 544 egalitarian ideals of, 2811 on free expression, 268 humanism and, 1247–1248 and materialism, 1781, 1782 and personality theories,

2086–2087

postmodernism and, 2205, 2206, 2207, 2208

and rational choice theory, 2335, 2340

scientific secularism of, 2142 and secularization, 2482,

2965–2966

Ennis, Carolyn Z., 2089

Ennis, Philip, 1925

Enriquez, Eugene, 328

Ensel, Walter M., 2792

Enterprise labor movements, 1529

Entitlements, 1221–1222, 2699

Environment

definition of, 1228

See also Environmental equity; Environmental movement; Environmental sociology; Human ecology and environmental analysis

Environmental Defense Fund, 803

Environmental equity, 788–800, 809

and ecological democracy, 791–793

and environmental justice movement, 789–790, 791, 803, 809

and epidemiology, 817

and global issues, 793–794

and grassroots protests, 791

and mainstream environmental groups, 790–791

and materialist theory, 1785

and racism, 789, 803, 809, 1159

research finding on, 794–795

and urban development, 308–309

See also Environmental sociology

Environmental justice. See

Environmental equity

Environmental Justice Resource

Center, 791

Environmental movement, 2717, 2719, 2724–2725, 2877

and suburban exclusionary zoning, 3072

Environmental Protection Agency,

791, 802, 804, 2461

Environmental racism, 789, 803, 809, 1159

Environmental security, 1222

Environmental sociology, 800–813

birth of, 804–805

and conservation movement, 802–803

constructivist/interpretative orientation, 810–811

and cross-cultural analysis, 549

current trends in, 810–811

and evolution of problems, 801–802, 804–805, 807–809

and mainstream sociology, 805–807, 811

and Mexican sociology, 1860

and modern movements, 803–804

as proactive, 1226–1228

solutions to problems of, 809–810

and urbanization, 311–312

See also Human ecology and environmental analysis

EPA. See Environmental

Protection Agency

EPA (evaluation, potency, and activity) responses, 42, 43, 45–46

Epidemiologic transition theory, 1325–1326, 1327

Epidemiology, 813–818

drug abuse, 710–711

and healthy life expectancy, 1632

and lifestyle risks and health, 1639–1642

and medical sociology, 1813

mental illness and disorders, 1833–1840

methodology, 815–817

origins of, 814

sexually transmitted diseases, 814, 2585–2593

suicide, 3078–3079

and theories of crime, 503

typical paradigm in, 814–815

Episcopalians, 95

Epistemology, 818–826

and evaluation research, 867

and feminist theory, 994–996

and German Historical School,

819–820

and materialism, 1780

and metatheory, 1852–1854

postmodern, 2205, 2206–2208, 2757

and scientific explanation, 2469–2472

and social philosophy, 2756, 2757

and sociological positivism, 818–819

and sociology of knowledge, 2954, 2957

and twentieth-century sociology, 820–824

Epstein, Cynthia Fuchs, 995

EQS (computer software), 1914

Equal Employment Opportunity

Commission, 49, 2591

sexual harassment guidelines, 2580

sexual harassment policy, 2581

‘‘Equal Pay to Men and Women for Equal Work’’ (Edgeworth), 370

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA),

579, 2267, 2724

Equality of Educational Opportunity

(Coleman et al.), 758, 830–831

Equality of opportunity, 826–835

African-American historical denial of, 2333–2334, 2491–2499

comparable worth and, 369–372

democracy’s relationship with, 606

and demographic trends, 826–827

direct/indirect discrimination as bar to, 689–692

division of labor as threat to, 698

in education, 756–757, 759, 826

and family policy in Western societies, 963

and feminist theory, 988

as industrial era’s defining feature, 2811–2812, 2820

in less developed countries, 932

meritocracy model and, 2626

policy and practices of, 833–834

political correctness and, 2140, 2141

prejudice and, 2244, 2245

process differences in, 829–830

residual differences in, 827–828

social justice and, 2704–2707

as Swedish health-care principle, 377

See also Civil rights; Class and race; Discrimination; Segregation and desegregation; Social class; Social inequality

Equilibrium theory. See Cognitive consistency theories; Social dynamics

Equity law, 477–478

Equity theory, 2700–2701

and just society, 3205–3206

Equivalence consistency, 2348–2349

ERA. See Equal Rights Amendment

Erbakan, Necmetin, 2132

Erie County (Ohio) voting behavior study, 3233–3234

Erikson, Erik, 5, 460, 1617,

2084, 2092

eight stages of life concept, 1624, 2861

moral development theory, 2089

Erikson, Robert, 425, 2452

ERISA. See Employment Retirement

Income Security Act of 1974

Eritrea, 1941

Erotica, pornography vs., 2184–2185

Error. See Measurement; Reliability;

Validity

Eskola, Antti, 2452

Esping-Andersen, Gosta, 377, 379,

2452, 2797

Espionage Act of 1917, 2146

Espy, Mike, 2128

Essed, Philomena, 57

Essentialist sexual behavior theory, 2537, 2566, 2567

Estes, Richard J., 2302

Estimation techniques, 1958

sample-based, 2444

Estonia, 2362

sociological research, 2982–2983

Ethanol alcohol. See Alcohol

Ethic of Care Interview, 1903

Ethics

and cloning, 1824

and death and dying, 585, 3064

and economic institutions, 727

in religious experiences and social processes, 3283–3284

in survey research, 3093–3094

See also Ethics in social research; Moral development

Ethics in Government Act of

1978, 2127

Ethics in medicine. See Bioethics

Ethics in social research, 542,

835–840, 853

Code of Ethics, 836–840 confidentiality, 836

disclosure of purpose, 836–837 government regulation, 838–839 life histories and narratives, 2293 moral relativism, 840

scientific research fraud, 2458 utilitarianism, 839–840

Ethics of Care Interview, 1900,

1902–1903

Ethiopia, 2602, 2604, 2999 Ethnic cleansing. See Genocide Ethnic myth, 2332

Ethnic niche, 849

Ethnic succession, 532, 558 in organized crime, 2019

Ethnic violence, 1199

Ethnicity, 840–852

African sociocultural institutions, 63–65

AIDS/HIV risks, 2587, 2590 alcohol use and, 94–95 assimilation model, 178–179,

842–844

and capitalism, 239

case studies research, 244 and caste and inherited

status, 253

and census, 284–285, 286 and civil rights movement,

178–179

and collective mobility, 2715–2716

and courtship, 486

and crime rates, 531–532

and criminal deviance, 526, 530 definition of, 841

demographic factors, 636 differentiated from race, 2329 diversity in, 1296

and economic conflict, 845–846 and ethnic-group resources,

847–849

and ethnocentrism, 1274, 1400, 1580, 2882

evolutionary perspective on, 2882–2883

and family policy in Western societies, 966

and family structure, 123

and forecasts of American white minority, 1580

and genocide, 1066–67, 1069–1070, 1071, 2529

and health care, 1152

and informal economy, 1340–1341, 1349–1341

and Japanese sociology, 1483

language varieties, 2909

and Latin American

societies, 1536

markers of, 23239

and Mexican social change, 1857, 1858–1859, 1861

and nationalism, 1939–1949, 3001–3002

in neighborhoods, 532, 558

and organized crime, 2018–2019

and political correctness, 2140, 2141

and popular culture transmission, 2170–2171

poverty level, 2215

and prejudice, 1600

and race, 841

and reactions to deviance, 670

and relative deprivation, 1940

and religious intolerance, 3288

remarriage rates, 2388

and social constructionism, 849

social surveys of, 578

socialization in subcultures, 2862

and status attainment, 3044

and status incongruence, 3051, 3052, 3054

and stratification, 844–847, 2818–2819

and suburbanization, 3074–3075

suicide variation, 3079

and underemployment, 1721, 1722, 1724

and urban life, 307, 308, 532–533, 558, 2498

and war, 3244

See also Cross-cultural analysis; Discrimination; Equality of opportunity; Multiculturalism;

Race; Social mobility; specific groups

Ethno (computer program), 409

Ethnocentrism, 1274, 1400,

1580, 2882

Ethnogenesis, 1296

Ethnographic Atlas, 548

Ethnography, 852–856

autoethnography, 245, 852, 1636–1637, 2291, 2293

British studies, 2890

case studies, 243–244, 245, 246–247

Chinese studies, 297–298, 301

and community studies, 364–365

cross-cultural analysis, 547–548

and cultural studies, 564

definition of, 2888

of drug abuse, 717

emic-etic frame, 550, 564, 2091–2092, 2889, 2892

field research, 853–854

legal, 1549–1550

money theories, 1890

and new religious movements, 2367

postmodern, 855, 2893

and publication, 854–855

sociocultural anthropology and, 2888–2894

sociolinguistics and, 2891

of underclass neighborhoods, 3200

of urban area deviance, 665

writing of, 247–248

Ethnology

China studies, 298, 300

culture definitions, 563

definition of, 2888

Ethnomethodology, 852, 856–

861, 2756

background and development of, 856–858, 2099

and case studies of reality construction, 246–247

contemporary research initiatives in, 858–860

conversation analysis, 247, 431–439

definition of, 2768

phenomenology and, 2099

and social institutions and worlds, 859–860

and social structures, 858–859 and sociolinguistics, 2895

and workplace studies, 860 Ethnonationalism. See Nationalism Ethnoscience, 547, 2891

Etic. See Emic-etic frame

Etzioni, Amitai, 316, 318, 1234, 2379

on alienation, 104

‘‘I-We’’ paradigm, 1601 and new communitarianism

school, 356

EU. See Expected utility (EU) theory Eucharist, 3281, 3282

Eugenics, 320, 1272

and family law, 948–949 and fertility determinants,

1005, 1007 and genocide, 879

See also Social Darwinism Eunuchs, 2602 Eurobarometers, 549, 577, 578–

579, 3223 Eurocentrism, 55, 57–58 Europe

abortion legality, 2240 borderlessness, 1934–1938 boundaries development,

1932, 1939

colonialism in Africa, 60–61, 1934

countercultures, 462–463 data archives, 2477

discrimination practices, 692–693 divorce policy, 703–704

drug abuse policy, 712 empires, 2998

evolution of paid work, 3262 fertility transitions, 622–623, 625–627, 633, 1006–1010,

1007, 2178

highest life expectancies in, 623 imperialist class and race effects,

320–322

interest groups, 2150–2151 kinship systems, 1515, 1516–1517

labor market structure, 1988

labor movement, 1528, 1529, 1530–1531

legal codification, 475–476

legal system, 1546–1547

literary sociology, 1649

long-term care and care facilities, 1652–1654

marriage and divorce rates, 1749

mathematical work in sociology, 1791

migrant Arab workers, 1865

mortality transition, 621, 632

Muslim minorities, 2950

occupational mobility, 1987, 1988

opinion studies, 578–579

political corruption, 2128–2130

political party systems, 2157–2158

population factors, 636, 2177, 2182

rape incidence, 2576

retirement comparisons, 2407

Roman law as legal system basis, 465, 1545

sex segregation of occupations, 3264

social anthropology studies, 2888, 2890

Social Science Data Archives, 575,

576–577, 579–580

state system’s emergence in, 1933, 2356, 2362

and status incongruence, 3051–3052

supranational bodies, 3003

See also European Union; North Atlantic Treaty Organization

terrorism, 3137

voting behavior research, 3237, 3238

woman suffrage, 703

See also Eastern Europe; specific countries

European Commission

corruption scandal, 2130

General Directorate for Science and Technology, 580

European Community. See

European Union

European Economic Community. See

European Union

European Fertility Project

(Princeton), 625–627

European Household Panels, 577

European Lifelong Learning

Initiative, 24

European Parliament, 2130

European Sociological Institute,

2452

European Union, 395, 428, 464, 476,

480, 1948

borderlessness of, 1934, 1936 Eurobarometer surveys, 549, 577,

578–579, 3223

and hegemonic stability theory, 3242

interest groups and, 2151 lifelong education, 23–24

minority unemployment, 692–693 multinational legal system, 1550 opinion studies, 578–579

political corruption, 2130 powers of, 3003

time use research, 3159–3160 values surveys, 3223

Eurostat time use survey, 3160 Euthanasia, 585, 2719, 3088

passive, 3084

voluntary vs. involuntary, 3083

See also Assisted suicide Euthanasia Research and Guidance

Organization, 3084

EV. See Expected value (EV) theory Evaluation research, 861–869

accountability in, 862–863 definition of, 861–862 development of, 862 future of, 866–868 practice of, 868 quantitative vs. qualitative,

864–865 syntheses, 865–866

and utilization of findings, 863–864

and value theory, 867–868, 2828 Evangelicalism, 2370, 2965,

2966–2967, 3081

Evans, Peter, 642, 643, 1706

Evans-Pritchard, E. E., 563, 2890 Event frame, 2298

Event history analysis, 869–875 accelerated failure-time models,

870–871 data, 870

discrete-time methods, 874–875 mobility research, 2817 models, 1692–1693, 1790 multiple events, 873–874 problems with conventional

methods, 870 proportional hazards models,

871–873 repeated events, 874

statistical method, 3037 and terrorism, 3140

Event management, 43–44 Event sequence analyses, 2297

Everday life. See Time use research Evers, Medgar, 2495

Evolution: biological, social, cultural, 1, 563, 875–880, 1029, 1030, 1074, 1228, 1272

altruism theory, 115, 118, 2882–2883

and anthropological origins, 2889–2890

fitness principle, 2881–2882, 2885 fundamentalist opposition to

theory of, 2369

gender role theory and, 2418 and generative religious

movements, 2367 genocide theory and, 1068 macro perspective, 1704, 1705 Marxist historical materialism

and, 1782 modernization theory and,

1885, 1886

and Polish sociology, 2118 pragmatism and, 2218, 2219

and progress concept, 2644–2645 racial theories and, 2330, 2334 self-esteem theory, 2513

on sex differences, 2530

and sexual behavior, 2537, 2567, 2884–2885

social organization and, 1271

sociobiology and, 2880–2887, 2892

statements of Darwin’s theory, 2880–2881

‘‘Evolution of Autopoietic Law’’ (Teubner), 1558–1559

Excellence: Can We Be Equal and Excellent Too? (Gardner), 1384–1385

Exchange and Power in Social Life

(Blau), 2670

Exchange media. See Money

Exchange mobility, 2712

Exchange theory. See Social exchange theory

Excluded variables, 2251

Existential personality theory, 1717, 2084, 2085

Existentialism, 989, 2756

Exner, John E., Jr., 2077, 2078

Exodus, 3053, 3280, 3282,

3283, 3285

Exogamy

kinship, 1516

mate selection and, 1776

Exogenous variables, 2251

Expectation states theory, 880–887

in academic achievement, 2932

application of, 884–885

and gender, 882–883, 2530

interpersonal relations and, 2774

and perception of justice, 2696–2697

and performance expectations, 880, 882

relative deprivation expression, 349

research in, 881–883

role theory and, 2418, 2423

and social networks, 2731

and socialization, 2859

and status characteristics, 880, 882

and work orientation, 3271, 3272

Expected utility (EU) theory, 591–592, 597, 598

Expected value (EV) theory, 591, 592, 2673

Experiential personality theory, 1718

Experimental Economics (journal), 891

Experiments, 887–892

analysis of variance and covariance, 157–164

compliance and conformity, 400–401, 404

cost of, 890

and economic sociology, 891

multiple-indicator models as manipulation checks, 1922

quasi-experimental design, 2309–2327

replication and, 2395–2397, 2471

scientific method, 2463–2472

social psychology, 2769

See also Scientific explanation

Expert specialization, 699

Expert systems, 410

Exploratory factor analysis (EFA), 907, 911, 912, 1920–1921

Exponential smoothing, 2679

Expressive order, in social relations, 46

Expulsion, 527

Extended families. See Kinship systems and family types

Extramarital/extradyadic sex, 2541–2545

Extreme influence: thought reform, high control groups, interrogation, and recovered memory psychotherapy, 892–904

and effects of brainwashing, 897–898

and group-awareness training, 898–900

and hypnosis, 898–899

and physical abuse, 897

and police interrogation and false confessions, 900–901

and recovered memory psychotherapy, 901–902

and reeducation programs, 892–898

research on, 902

Schein definition of, 893

Extremism, political, 2160

Extroversion, 1565

Exxon-Valdez oil spill, 2877

Eyadema, Gnassingbe, 2133

Eyerman, Ron, 1357–1358, 1927

Eysenck, Hans, 70, 2084, 2087

Ezzy, Douglas, 1636

F

F scale (authoritarian personality measurement), 317

F tests (variance and covariance), 160–161

Faberman, Harvey, 2220

Face-to-face interviewing, 3091–3092

Facial expressions, 1976

Facilitating effect, 349, 2615

Factions

kinship systems and, 1509–1511

pivotol role of weak, 330

Factor analysis, 905–922

basis of, 3036

and causal modeling, 908, 917–918

and common factor model, 908–910

and communality estimation, 912

confirmatory, 907, 915–918, 1920–1921

and data reduction, 906–907

early development of, 906

and estimation and testing, 910–911

exploratory, 907, 911, 912, 1920–1921

and intercorrelatedness matrix, 2346

and invariance, 914

latent structure analysis vs., 3038, 3039

and matrix notation, 911–912

and measurement-concept problem, 1788

and multiple indicator causal models, 908

and multiple-indicator, multiplecause models, 917

and multitrait-multimethod models, 917

and personality trait measurement, 2078

principal components analysis vs., 913

as quantitative methods influence, 3036

and reliability, 2346, 2347

as research tool, 906

and rotation problem-correlated factors, 913–914

and score estimation, 914–915

and standardization, 2996

for status crystallization levels, 2869

and true-score models, 917

Factories

and corporate organization, 441–442

labor movement in, 1528

and Marxist theory, 2196

See also Industrial Revolution; Industrialization

Fads

as collective behavior, 348, 554

conformity and, 402

See also Fashions

FAFO (Trade Union Movement

Research Foundation;

Norway), 2451

Failure-time analysis, 869

Fairchild, H. P., 326

Fairness. See Social justice

Faletto, Enzo, 1538

Falk, R. Frank, 2500

Fall, Albert, 2127

Fallacies

of cohortcentrism, 343

disaggregative (ecological), 1592, 1593–1594

gambler’s, 594–595

individualistic, 3052

life-course, 344–345, 1614

longitudinal, 1593, 1614

Fallers, Lloyd, 1549

Fals Borda, Orlando, 2040,

2041, 2042

False memories, 2083

Falwell, Jerry, 2370, 2371

Familism. See Filial responsibility; Family and household structure; Intergenerational relations; Intergeneration resource transfers

Family allowance programs, 2795, 2798, 2799, 2803

Family and household structure,

922–928

adulthood and, 27, 28, 34, 35

of African Americans, 121–

122, 2333

alternative lifestyles and, 106–113, 1506

American family trends and, 126–129

of American Indians, 120–

121, 134

of Asian Americans, 176–177

blended families, 112–113, 126, 2391–2392

childhood sexual abuse and, 291, 292

childless, 109–111, 634

child-rearing style/juvenile crime relationship, 1490

in China, 302

coalitions within, 331–332

in colonial America, 121

convergence theories, 426

cross-national comparisons, 130

and culture-of-poverty viewpoint, 2211–2212

declining size of, 487

demographic transition and, 625, 628–629, 634

deviance theories and, 666, 667, 668

disaster planning and behavior and, 683, 684

division of labor and, 1, 122, 696, 706–707, 1708, 2034, 2568

divorce and, 704, 705–708, 922

drug-abuse prevention and, 716, 717

dual-income families, 127, 1524, 1525–1526, 3062

educational attainment and, 2930, 2931

eldercare and, 129–130, 1019–1020

eschelon authority structure, 706

grandparents and, 131, 696, 1390–1391

health behavior and, 1129

heterosexuality construct and, 2568

homelessness and, 1204

income and, 1281

informal long-term caregiving and, 1657–1658

institutional-to-companionship shift, 1502, 1506

intergenerational relations and, 1388–1392

intergenerational resource transfers and, 1393–1395

interpersonal conflict resolution and, 1454

Islamic patriarchy, 2949–2950

Japanese sociology and, 1478, 1480, 1481

juvenile delinquency theories and, 1490, 1498

leisure and, 1584–1585

liberal vs. communitarian view of, 359

life-cycle concept of, 1615–1616, 1617–1618, 1620, 1624–1625

long-term care needs and, 1654

marital adjustment and, 1725–1732

marital satisfaction and, 1729

marital trends and, 487, 488, 922–923

Mexican studies, 1860–1861

Middletown study findings, 364

modernity and, 1501–1507

nonmaternal childcare, 128–129

nuclear. See Nuclear family

object relations theory and, 2063–2064

patriarchal, 1009, 1271, 1490, 1498, 1503, 1579, 1708, 1734

population composition studies, 634

and poverty level, 2215

remarriage and, 2390–2393

as repetitive cycles, 1506–1507

and social learning theory, 665–666, 667–668

and social mobility, 2714

social surveys of, 577, 578

socialization and, 2856–2858, 2862

strengthening of, 1243–1244

structural lag and, 3062–3063

synchronization of lives and, 1615

time use research, 3160–3163

work relationship, 3266, 3275

See also American families; Intergenerational relations; Intergenerational resource transfers; Kinship systems and family types; Parental roles; Single-parent household

Family and Medical Leave Act of

1992, 2033–2034

Family and population policy in less developed countries, 928–934

definition of, 929, 933

Family and religion, 934–947

interfaith marriage, 911, 1411, 1776

in private sphere, 935, 942

in public sphere, 935, 942–944

secularization of, 937–938

and social change, 936–942

Family Assistance Plan, 2281

Family bereavement, 582, 584

Family Coordinator, The (journal), 106

Family farming, 2431–2432

Family law, 947–952

and common law marriage, 948

and contraception use, 950

and court nonintervention, 949–959

and divorce, 947, 949, 950

and filial responsibility, 1018–1019

and interracial marriage, 949, 950

justice analysis, 2707

and marriage, 947, 948–949

Family life cycle, 1625, 1729, 1737–1738

Family planning, 952–962

in China, 220, 303, 930,

931–932, 972

conditions for contraceptive use, 2178–2179

contraceptive availability/lowered abortion rate ratio, 2241

and contraceptive effectiveness, 956–957

and contraceptive provision, 958–959, 2178

and contraceptive use, 954–956

demographic research on, 635

and education and information, 957–958

and eugenics, 1272

and family law, 950

fertility declines and, 626, 627, 628, 1005, 1008, 1010, 2032, 2176, 2178

international comparisons of, 959–960

Malthusian model and, 633

mortality rates affecting, 624, 2177

national programs, 2179

as population policy in less developed countries, 928– 929, 2179

and rights of minors, 950

and risk of pregnancy, 952–953

and unintended pregnancy, 953–954, 2180, 2234

See also Family policy in Western societies; Family size

Family policy in Western societies,

962–970

definition of family, 964–965

definition of policy, 965–966

goals of, 966

and poverty, 967–968

Family roles. See Alternative life styles; American families; Family and household structure; Parental roles

Family size, 970–981

coalitions and, 332

definition of, 970

demographic trends in, 970–972, 1008, 1525, 2032, 2177

educational attainment and, 974–975

family structure and, 977

gender preference and, 628

labor-force participation and, 1525

only children, 974

parental attitudes and, 976

parenting style and, 2773

physical/social-psychological development and, 974

and population projections, 2182 social change linked with, 2641 and socioeconomic attainment

and mobility, 975–976, 3043 two-child norm, 2182

Family Size and Achievement (Blake),

974–975

Family Support Act of 1988, 967,

1261, 1988

Family therapy, case studies of, 247

Family Time and Industrial Time

(Hareven), 2662 Family violence, 981–988

case studies of, 247 common law on, 981, 983 and corporal punishment,

982–983

and drinking, 984–985 explanations of, 983–985 and female victim’s

attributions, 196 and homicide, 981–982

and marital rape, 950, 2577–2588 and nonfamily violence, 985

and pregnancy, 2234 statistics, 982–983

as statutory crime, 981

See also Child abuse and neglect; Childhood sexual abuse

Fanon, Frantz, 66

Fanshel, David, 2900

Fantastic Lodge (Hughes), 243

Fararo, Thomas J., 1790, 2029

Farber, Bernard, 1514–1515

Farias, Paul César, 2135

Faris, Ellsworth, 1833, 2220

Faris, Robert E. K., 3055

Farming. See Agricultural innovation; Rural sociology

Fascism, 539, 3002

conditions conducive to, 605 labor movement subordination

under, 1529

political party systems and, 2154 postmodernism and, 2206 structural theory on rise of, 2163

Fashionable Nonsense (Sokal and

Bricmont), 2208

Fashions

as collective behavior, 348

compliance and conformity to, 403

counterculture, 461, 462

diffusion theories, 679

innovations and transmission of, 2170

mass tourism and, 3268

normative consensus and, 524

‘‘Father figure’’ leader, 1566

Father-daughter incest, 1275– 1276, 2583

Fatherhood

changed concept of, 2036–2037

See also Family and household structure; Gender roles

Fauçonnet, P., 1024

Fazio, R. H., 339–340

FBI. See Federal Bureau of

Investigation

FCC. See Federal Communications

Commission; Federal Council of

Churches

Feagin, Joe R., 57, 2211

Fear

authority and, 2520

of rape, 2576

as safeguarding mechanism, 2522, 2525–2526

Feather, Norman T., 3214–3215

Featherman, David L., 1685

Featherman, Jones, Jauser (FJH)

hypothesis, 2712

Febvre, Lucien, 1933

Fecundity, 1006

Federal Bureau of Investigation,

493–494, 503, 530, 1486–1487

and desegregation protests, 2494–2495

juvenile rape arrests study, 1489

and political crime, 2143, 2146

on rape incidence, 2587

See also Uniform Crime Reports

Federal Communications

Commission, 242, 271–272

Federal Council of Churches, 2370

Federal Council of the Churches of

Christ in America, 326

Federal Election Campaign Act of

1971, 2127

Federal Housing Administration,

845, 3072

loan program, 56

Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics, 2685

Federalist Papers, The (Madison), 721

Federici, Nora, 1465

Feeley, Malcolm M., 2961

Feeling for the Organism, A

(Keller), 994

Fei Xiaotong, 298, 300

Feifel, Herman, 581, 582

Fein, Helen, 1071

Feinleib, Manning, 1691

Feld, S., 2303

Feldman, Alison, 1872

Fellatio, 2553

Felson, Marcus, 506

Femininity/masculinity, 997–1005

androgyny, 999–1000, 1002

anisogamy theory, 2885–2886

attributional style and, 196

development of, 998–999

feminist theory on, 2886

heterosexuality images and, 2568

learning theories of, 999

literary portrayals of, 2171, 2172

moral development theory on, 1900, 1902–1903

and personal dependency, 2064

psychoanalytic theory of, 998

psychological measure of, 999–1001

rape theories and, 2576, 2577–2578, 2579, 2581

research on, 1002–1003

roots of, 997–998

and sex role socialization, 2857

sociological view of, 1001–1002

and transsexuality, 2554, 2572–2573

See also Sex differences; Sex stereotypes; Sexual orientation

Feminism: The Essential Historical

Writings (Schneir), 989

Feminist movement. See Women’s movement

Feminist Papers, The (Rossi), 989

Feminist sociology. See Feminist theory

Feminist theory, 988–997

American Sociological

Association and, 153–155

as anti-anisogamy, 2886 and critical theory, 541,

542, 544, 545

on incest, 991, 1275–1276 and macrosocial inquiry,

1708–1709

and Marxist sociology, 989, 990, 1754–1755

on medical profession, 1816 and nature of knowledge,

994–996

and parental roles, 992–993 and participatory research,

2040, 2041

on peacekeeping, 2045

on personality development, 2089 and political correctness,

2141–2142

on popular culture, 2171–2172 pornography opponents, 274–

275, 2186–2187 on prostitution, 2560

on psychiatric classification, 1833 and radical case studies, 246

of rape, 2576, 2578–2579, 2581, 2583

and redefinition of gender, 996 on science and scientific method,

2460, 2471, 2958

on social attachment, 1307 on social inequality of

gender, 2692

and sociology of knowledge, 2958 and symbolic estates, 1512

and theories of crime, 505, 536 Third World, 1708

variations of, 993–994

Feminization of American Culture

(Douglas), 2171

Fenn, Richard, 2484

Fenollosa, E. F., 1477

Ferguson, Adam, 3098

Fernand Braudel Center, 1869, 1872

Ferracuti, Franco, 664

Ferrarotti, Franco, 1466, 1469, 1470

Ferrero (Italian sociologist), 2520 Fertility determinants, 1005–1012

cohort perspective, 2678 definitions of, 1005–1006 demographic models, 620 demographic transitions, 425,

621–622, 624–629, 632–635, 704, 2178–2179

and education and development, 745–746

factors in, 623–625, 635, 1525, 2032, 2182

and fertility transitions, 1007–1010

and life-cycle stages, 1625 in pretransition societies,

1006–1007 replacement fertility, 2181 and social change, 2462

socioeconomic status as, 3043 Total Fertility Rate, 627

Fertility rate

age-specific, 192, 193, 218–219 American Indian, 134

in China, 303

control measures, 1219 cumulative, 220 definition of, 2234

downward transition of, 1219 and family and household

structure, 924 global, 1219

‘‘natural’’ populations, 2176 1950s anomoly, 1525

total, 192, 193, 194

in United States, 122, 125,

2032, 2180

See also Birth and death rates; Family size

Fertility transitions in Australia, 1007 downward, 1219 in Europe, 1007

and fertility determinants, 1007–1010

in France, 1007

in Middle East, 628, 1008, 1867

in Southeast Asia, 2976

in Third World countries, 1010

in United States, 1007

Festinger, Leon, 2120, 2615

cognitive dissonance theory, 188, 335, 337–340, 2701

social comparison theory, 402, 2507, 2649, 2650–2651, 2652, 2653

Fetal alcohol syndrome, 1640

Fetus

AIDS/HIV transmission to, 2587, 2591

prenatal lifestyle risks to, 1640

viability, 2236

See also Abortion

Feudalism, 1932–1933

characteristics of, 2999

as conservative doctrine, 1600, 1601

revolution theory and, 2410, 2414

serfs under, 2597

stratification parameters, 2810–2811, 2812

Feuer, Lewis S., 3068, 3069

Feyerabend, Paul K., 823

FHA. See Federal Housing

Administration

Fiction. See Literature and society

Fiedler, Fred, 1568, 1571, 2620

Field, Mark G., 376

Field, P., 2512

Field research

in anthropology, 2893

description of, 2461

in ethnography, 852, 853– 854, 2893

and experiments, 887

quasi-experimental research designs, 2309–2327

in social psychology, 2769

Field research methods. See Case studies; Ethnography; Ethnomethodology; Sociocultural anthropology; Qualitative methods; Participatory research

Field theory, 1012–1018

current state of, 1013–1014

and group dynamics, 2611

and interpersonal power, 1458–1459

Field Theory in the Social Sciences

(Lewin), 1013 Fienberg, Stephen E., 3036 Fighting Back (drug abuse

program), 716, 717

Figurational analysis, sport sociology, 2989, 2990

Filial responsibility, 1018–1023 affection vs. obligation in,

1020–1021 attitudes toward, 1019 and direct parent care,

1019–1020

and kinship systems, 1508–1509, 1514–1515

and legal mandates for financial support, 1018–1019

and social policy, 1021–1022

See also Long-term care

Filiation, 1508

Filipino Americans, 176, 177 academic studies of, 181 household structure, 127 immigration quotas, 175 occupations, 181, 182

Film industry, 2172

X-rated films, 2185

Final Exit (Humphry), 585, 3084 Financial bubbles, 726

Financial panics, 726

Findlay, Bob, 226

Fine, Gary Alan, 1648, 2221

Fine art, 173

Finegold, Kenneth, 2165

Finke, Roger, 2375, 2485

Finkelhor, David, 292, 293, 1276,

2580, 2581, 2582

Finland

health-care system, 374, 375, 377, 378, 379, 380

multilingualism, 2909 retirement patterns, 2407 social security system, 2800 unemployment, 3263 woman suffrage, 703

See also Finnish sociology Finney, D. J., 3035

Finnish Foundation for Alcohol Studies, 2451