Encyclopedia of Sociology Vol

Davis, Beverly, 1594

Davis, Fred, 460

Davis, Gerald F., 2668

Davis, James, 411, 2684

Davis, Keith, 1778

Davis, Kingsley, 1006, 1030, 2690,

2813, 3214

Davis-Moore hypothesis, 2813 Davy, Georges, 1026, 1425 Dawes, R. M., 592–593 Dawkins, Richard, 2207, 2882 Day, Randall D., 1729 Day-care facilities

for adults, 1657

for children, 129, 359

DDA (Danish data archive), 576 DDT insecticide, 88

De Christoforo, Violet, 181

De Civitate Dei (Augustine), 1507 De facto censorship, 269

De Greef, G., 1932

De la division du travail social

(Durkheim), 1024 De Marchi, Bruna, 1473

Death and dying, 581–590 anniversary effect, 584–585 assisted suicide, 585, 586–587,

3083–3086

bereavement and, 582, 584, 649 causes of, 1137–1138 demographic data, 609–611 depression and, 656

end-of-life preferences, 586–587 and event history analysis, 869 funerals and, 582

Kübler-Ross’s stages of, 582 leading causes of, 222, 224,

1639, 1641

lifestyles and, 1639–1642

and living wills, 585–586, 587, 3064, 3083

new norms for, 3064, 3065 nursing home hospice units, 1671 planning for, 583

and quality of dying, 585, 587–588

and ‘‘right to die’’ movement, 585, 586, 3064, 3065, 3083

risk of, 1127

self-motivation and, 584–585 seminal book on, 583

social stressors and, 584 widowhood mortality risk, 3259

See also Life expectancy; Suicide; Widowhood

Death and Identity (Fulton), 581, 582

Death and the Right Hand

(Hertz), 1032 Death penalty

as civil liberties issue, 315 as criminal sanction, 515 as retribution, 2056

Death rates. See Birth and death rates; Infant and child mortality

Debs, Eugene, 273, 2146

Debt. See Bankruptcy and credit Debt bondage, 2597, 2602, 2604,

2605, 2606, 2607

Decameron, The (Bocaccio), 2185

Decency, 2527

Deci, E. L., 2059–2060 Decision-making power, 2165 Decision-making theory and

research, 590–601 absolute vs. comparative

judgment, 597–598 and adolescence, 12 coalitions, 329–333

decision processing, 593–595 decision theories, 590–593, 598 democratic process, 603–606 general judgment and, 598

and group decision making, 595–597

on helping behavior, 115–116 individual differences, 595 innovation-decision process, 678 rational decision theory, 349–350 systems theory, 3102–3105

and war, 3244–3256 and widowhood, 126

Declaration of Independence (U.S.),

2267, 2365

Declaration of Rights of Man and

the Citizen (France), 475

Déclassé. See Status incongruence Decolonization. See Imperialism,

colonialism, and decolonization

Deconstructionism, postmodern, 2200

Deduction/induction. See Experiments; Quasi-experimental research designs; Scientific explanation; Statistical inference

Deep ecology, 803

Deep South Center for Environmental Justice, 791

Deep Throat (film), 2185

Defendant’s rights, 317, 318

Defense Department, U.S., 144,

1876, 1880, 1881

Defenses (emotional), 1713–1714

Defining Issues Test, 1898–1899,

1901, 1902

Degree of association, 1806–1811

Dehumanization, aggression and, 74

Deinstitutionalization, 1657, 1841,

2660

DeJanvry, Alain, 641

Delacroix, Jacques, 1709–1710

Delayed gratification, 668

Delinquent Boys (Cohen), 534

Delinquent subcultures. See Criminal and delinquent subcultures

Delinquents, juvenile. See Juvenile delinquency, theories of; Juvenile delinquency and juvenile crime

Della Fave, Richard, 198

Della Porta, Donatella, 1472

Delli Zotti, Giovanni, 1468

Delphi method, 2618, 2678

Demagoguery, 1771

Demand Analysis (Wold and

Juréen), 3035

Demarchi, Franco, 1469

Dementia, 1839

Demeny, Paul, 619, 632

Democracy, 601–609

and capitalism, 241–242

and caste system in India, 252

and censorship and regulation of expression, 267, 268

common understanding of, 602

consociational model, 2159

critical theory on, 545

critiques of, 603, 604–605

democratization process and, 2159–2160

dictatorships vs., 3002–3003

and division of powers, 1952–1953

and educational mobility, 2927

effectiveness of, 605, 606

elites and, 2164, 2623, 2624–2626, 2627

equality and, 606

exclusions in, 602–603, 604

and French School of

Sociology, 1025

historical sociology studies of, 1198

individual rights and, 1238–1239

interest groups and, 604

and Japanese sociology, 1479

in labor movements, 605, 606, 1532–1533

Latin American movement, 1537, 1538, 1539

leadership and, 1565, 2164

and Mexican studies, 1861

origins of, 605–606

participatory, 605, 2164, 2627

and peace, 2045, 2046, 2049

Plato’s hostility to, 3202

pluralist theory of, 604–605, 2164, 2165, 2624–2626

political alienation and, 103–104

political corruption and, 2124, 2125

in political organizations, 2149

and political participation, 2339

and political party fragmentation, 2157–2158

and political party systems, 2153, 2154, 2159–2160

public opinion and, 2273

rational choice theory of, 2339

religious interests’ representation in, 2358–2362

renewed definitions of, 605

representative, 602–603, 2154, 2156–2157, 2164, 2627

and socialism, 2848

Tocqueville’s study of, 601, 606, 1515, 1704, 2966, 3227

and voluntary associations, 3227, 3230

voting behavior research, 3232–3238

and war initiation, 605, 3244

Democracy in America (Tocqueville),

1515, 2966, 3227

Democratic National Committee,

2128

Democratic National Convention

(1968), 556

Democratic Party

labor movement and, 1530, 1531, 1532, 1533–1534

liberalism and, 1596

machine politics, 2125–2126

protest movements within, 2267

voter classification, 3233, 3234

Democratic Party of the Left

(Italy), 2129

Democratic Republic of Congo

(formerly Zaire), 68, 2133

Democratic Revolutionary Party

(PRD; Mexico), 2135

Demographic and Health

Survey, 548, 633

Demographic methods, 609–621

birth and death rates, 217–224

crime rate calculation, 491–492

cross-cultural research, 548–549

crude rates comparison, 610–612

data description, 609–610, 632

descriptive statistics, 658–659

fertility determinants, 1005, 1008

hazards models, 617

indirect estimation, 617–618

mortality modeling, 619

nonparametric statistics, 1956– 1971

organizational knowledge as secondary data, 574

population projection, 615–616

standardization, 2991–2996

unemployment rate measurement, 1521, 1720

See also Population

Demographic transition, 621–630

birth and death rates calculations, 217–224

childbearing rate decline, 110, 122, 125, 2032

and city systems, 3196–3197

convergence theories, 425–426

divorce rate relationship, 112, 125–126

and historical population trends, 2175–2177

and long-term care needs, 1653, 1654, 1655

marital age, 620, 1425

marriage squeeze factors and, 1775–1776

men’s economic position and, 1525–1526

in Mexico, 1859–1860

in Middle Eastern countries, 1866–1868

1950s as anomaly, 124, 1525

population size and, 632–633, 635, 1219, 2176–2183

post-World War II, 704, 1525

replacement fertility and, 2181

and social change, 703–704, 2642–2643

See also Birth and death rates; Fertility determinants; Infant and child mortality; Marriage and divorce rates

Demography, 630–639

of AIDS/HIV, 2586–2588,

2591–2593

alienated groups and, 102

American Indian studies, 133–134

of American marriages, 124–126

of Asian Americans, 175–177

and census, 281–287

of child sexual abuse, 2581

and China studies, 298

of cohabitors, 109

data archives for secondary analysis, 2476

definitions of, 630, 632

dependency theory and, 645

divorce correlates, 634, 704, 704–705

drug users, 710–711

and equality of opportunity, 826–827

and family size, 970–972

formal, 631–632

of labor force, 1525–2526

of legal profession, 468–469 and life cycle, 1625

of nursing home residents, 1667–1668

organizational, 395–397 parenting trends, 2031–2033 population policy, 635 populations included in, 630–631 of poverty in less developed

countries, 2216

of poverty in United States, 2214–2215

as profession, 636–637 of rape, 2576–2577

of remarriage, 2387–2388 research areas, 635–636 and rural sociology, 2428 social, 632–635, 2678–2679

suicide rates by country, 3082 U.S. suicide rates, 3078

of underemployment, 1720–1722 of widowhood, 126, 3256–3257

See also specific countries

Demographic and Health Surveys Project (Macro International), 2178

Deng Ziaoping, 2643

Denisoff, R. Serge, 1927

Denmark

family violence, 981

health-care system, 374, 375, 377 legal system, 471

long-term care and care facilities, 1652, 1653, 1655, 1661

pornography legalization, 2188 same-sex marriage legalization,

111

Social Science Data Archive,

575, 576

social security system spending, 2797, 2800

sociology, 2450 women in labor force

percentage, 3262 Dennis, Norman, 225 Denominations

decline of liberal mainline, 2379 definition of, 2365

members in United States, 2376–2377

Dentistry, 2259

Denton, Herbert, 2497

Denton, Nancy, 366, 2500, 2501,

2502–2503, 2504, 3199

Denton, Wayne H., 1736

Denzin, Norman, 569, 1633,

1635, 2220

Dependency (personal). See Personal

dependency

Dependency theory, 134–135, 639–648, 1084, 1087–1089, 1091, 1214, 2922

critics and defenders of, 644–645

Latin American studies, 641–643, 1535, 1538, 2922

modernization theory vs., 639–646, 1706–1707

Dependent variable (statistical), 3038

Depression, 648–657

aging and, 652, 653, 656, 1839

in artists, 655

case study of, 245

childhood sexual abuse and, 290, 293

concomitants, 655–656

divorce and, 705

measurement of, 653–654, 1834

risk factors, 652–653, 1836

and self-esteem, 2514

as suicide predictor, 650, 656, 3078–3079, 3081

theories of, 650–652, 1838

treatment of, 654–655

types of, 649–650

women’s employment and, 1838

Depression (economic). See Great

Depression

Depression Adjective Check

List, 654

Depressive disorder, 648–649, 650

Deprivation. See Poverty; Relative

deprivation

Derrida, Jacques, 2207, 2757

Dertaux, Daniel, 1633

DES cattle feed, 88

Desai, A.R., 1291, 1293

Desai, I.P., 1291

DeSapio, Carmine, 2126

Descartes, René, 1302, 1781, 2218,

2219, 3005

Descent. See Inheritance

Descriptive statistics, 657–662

data distribution, 658–659, 661

summary statistics, 659–661

Desegregation. See Segregation and

desegregation

Design effect, sampling procedure, 2447, 2448

Design of Experiments, The

(Fisher), 3006

Desktop computers. See Computer applications in sociology

Desmond, Adrian, 2460

Determinate sentencing, 2254

Determined behavior, 528, 529, 539

Determinism, 2218, 2226

Deterministic criminology, 521

Deterrence theory

of criminal sanctions, 519, 525, 529, 536, 537, 2056–2057, 2659

of criminalization, 525, 529, 536

general and specific processes, 2659

Detroit Area Studies, 2476

Deurbanization, 3195

Deutsch, Karl W., 1940, 1942

Deutsch, Morton, 402, 1012, 1978,

2620, 2917

on social justice, 2699, 2701

Deutsche Gesellschaft für Soziologie, 1074–1075, 1077, 1080

Deutscher, Irwin, 2222

DeVault, Marjorie L., 1648

Developing countries

adult education, 23

AIDS/STDs, 2591–2593

case studies of global economic changes, 246

child labor, 3262

dependency theory, 639–646, 1706

and environmental problems, 793–794, 932

ethnic political conflict, 847

family planning, 959–960, 972

family and religion in, 944

feminist perspectives, 1708

fertility declines, 2178–2179

fertility transitions, 627–629, 633, 1005–1010

Green Revolution, 89–90

infant mortality rates, 221

liberation movement, 541

and modernization theory, 1706, 1883–1887

mortality decline, 2177–2178

mortality levels, 622–623

mortality modeling, 619

participatory research, 2040

population, 2177–2178

post-disaster impact, 685

revolutions, 2412–2413

rural sociology, 2429–2430

social security systems, 2799– 2801, 2803

time use research, 3161, 3162

total fertility rates, 219–220

transnational corporations and, 697, 3178–3179

UN New World Information and

Communication Order, 1767

See also Industrialization in less developed countries; specific countries

Development. See Education and development; Modernization theory

Developmental psychology, 1617, 1624

Freudian, 1713–1714, 2088

on homosexuality and bisexuality, 2565–2566

invariant sequence in, 1900, 1901

moral development stages, 1894–1897

personality theories, 2088, 2090, 2092

Piaget stages theory, 1894, 1895–1896, 2085, 2092, 2855

quasi-experimental design, 1686

on self-esteem, 2512–2513

on socialization, 2855, 2856–2862

Deviance. See Alienation; Anomie; Criminalization of deviance; Deviance theories; Legislation of morality

Deviance theories, 662–674

behavior typology, 669

cross-cultural analysis, 549

defiant vs. evasive deviance, 523–524

definition problems, 2659

ecological factors, 2658

on illness and disability, 1815–1816

and labeling, 520, 669–670, 1496–1497

and legislation of morality, 1575–1576

liberal vs. conservative, 357

macro-level origins, 662, 663–666

macro-level reactions, 663, 670–671, 2660

on mental illness, 669, 1836–1837, 1840

micro-level origins, 662, 663, 666–670

micro-level reactions, 663, 668–670

music and, 1926

neutralization theory on, 1496

pragmatism theory and, 2221

pure deviance/falsely accused/ secret deviance distinctions, 668

Scandinavian sociology, 2453

and social control, 2657–2659

and social learning theory, 666–667, 668, 672

social stimuli effects on, 2775

and socialization, 2858

subcultural approach to, 664, 2775

and urban underclass, 2497–2498

See also Compliance and conformity; Criminalization of deviance; Juvenile delinquency, theories of

Deviation from the mean (statistics). See Mean absolute deviation

Dewey, John, 1014, 1249, 1250,

1783, 3100

and pragmatism, 2218–2219, 2220, 2423, 2955, 3098

Dezalay, Yves, 1550–1551

DHS. See Demographic and

Health Survey

Di Palma, Giuseppe, 2159

Di Pietro, Antonio, 2129

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-I, DSM- II, DSM-III, DSM-IV), 649, 650, 653, 1832–1833, 1834, 1838, 1840, 1841

Diagnostic Interview Schedule

(DIS), 1834

Diagnostic Products, 1824

Dialectic

pragmatism and, 2217, 2218

protest and counterprotest movements, 2267

Dialectic of enlightenment, 541, 542

Dialectical Fairy Scene. See Passagen-

Werk

Dialectical materialism, 1781–1782

definition of, 1782

and French School of Sociology,

1026–1027

‘‘Dialectics of Systemic Constraint and Academic Freedom: Polish Sociology under Socialist Regime’’ (Kwasniewicz), 2119

Dialects, 2901

Dianetics (Hubbard), 2366

Diaphragm, 626

Diaries, life histories, 1633

Diarrheal diseases, 623

Díaz, Porfirio, 1857

Dickens, Charles, 1309

Dictatorship, 1067, 1070, 2163,

2356, 3002–3003

Dictionary of Occupational Titles, 3264

Dictionary of Sociology (Fairchild

ed.), 326

Dictionary of Statistics (Mulhall),

3005–3006, 3007, 3008

Dictionnaire critique de la sociologie

(Boudon and Bourricaud), 1028

Diderot, Denis, 1976

Diederich, Charles, 899

Diet. See Eating and diet

Differential association theory, 507, 531, 533, 534, 537, 666, 668, 2775

and juvenile delinquency, 1495–1496

Differential equation models, 1693–1694

Differential parental investment (DPI) theory, 2884–2885

Differential prediction, differential validity vs., 3211

Differentiation, and functionalism, 1031, 2484

‘‘Differentiation and the Principle of Saving Energy’’ (Simmel), 697

Diffuse collective behavior, 554

Diffusion of Innovations (Rogers), 678 Diffusion theories, 674–681, 1030

agricultural innovation, 86–91, 2429–2430, 2431

collective behavior, 679 cultural diffusion, 675–676, 679 definition of, 1885

earliest social scientific use of term, 675

of innovations, 674, 676–679 and mass media research,

1763–1764

and modernization theory, 1885 and popular culture, 2168–2172 and rural sociology, 2429–2430 and social change, 2643

and social networks, 2732 Diggins, John, 2219 Digman, John, 2085

DiIulio, John J., 2053–2054

Dill, K. E., 73

Dill, William S., 1005

Dillman, Don A., 3091

Dilthey, Wilhelm, 819

DiMaggio, Paul, 173, 737, 1649–1650 sociology of music study, 1925,

1926, 2171

DiMaggio, Paul J., 1925, 1926

Diop, Cheikh Anta, 66

DiPrete, Thomas J., 1986,

1987, 1992

Direct democracy. See Participatory democracy

Directions in Sociolinguistics (Gumperz

and Hymes eds.), 2894

Dirsmith, Mark, 2221

Disability

and eldercare, 1021–1022 stigmatization of, 1815

Disaggregative (ecological)

fallacies, 1592

statistical analysis of, 1593–1594 Disaster research, 682–688

conceptualization of ‘‘disaster,’’ 682–683

relationship to sociology, 687

technological risk, 2874–2879

transemergency period behavior, 684

universality of generalizations, 685–686

white-collar crime issues, 3252–3253

Disaster Research Center, 681–682

Disaster Research Group, 681–682

Discouraged workers, definition of, 1720

Discourse, political, 271, 279

Discrete Multivariate Analysis (Bishop

et al.), 3036

Discrete-time methods, and event history analysis, 874–875

Discrimination, 688–695

affirmative action and, 47–52, 2496, 2706

African Americans and, 54–58, 67, 143, 250, 845, 2333, 2491–2499, 2500–2504, 2601

aging and, 79

American Indians and, 57, 133–134, 143

in American society, 142, 143

Asian Americans and, 143, 174, 175

comparable worth remedy for, 370–372

in criminal sentencing, 2962

decomposition approach to, 690–691

direct/indirect distinction, 688–694

effective remedial intervention, 692

ethnicity and, 844, 848

homosexuality and, 2570

institutional racism and, 53–54

noncitizen workers and, 2608

occupational, 1312

pornography and, 275

prejudice and, 2243

recognition as social problem, 2761

and reference group perceptions, 2753

remedy complexities, 691–692

sexism and, 988, 989, 1838

sexual harassment and, 2591

social justice beliefs and, 2706

sociological definition of, 688–689

‘‘vicious circle’’ of, 694

See also Equality of opportunity; Segregation and desegregation

Disease. See Epidemiology; Health and illness behavior; Public health; Sexually transmitted diseases; specific diseases

Disengagement theory, 2300

Dishaw, Nancy B., 1868

Disordered cohort flow, 345

Dispersion of distribution, measures of, 659–660, 1964

Displaced aggression, 73

Displaced workers, 1722–1723

Dispute resolution

coalition process of, 332–333, 465

court systems and law, 464–481

in group, 1111–1116

legal ethnographies, 1549–1550

mediation and arbitration, 465, 479

Disraeli, Benjamin, 1599

Dissociative identity disorder, 291

Dissonance theory. See Cognitive dissonance theory

Distribution. See Joint distribution; Conditional distribution; Uniform distribution

Distribution of mean, 3028–3029

Distribution-free statistics. See Nonparametric statistics

Distributive justice. See Human rights/children’s rights; Social justice

Disturbance terms, 257

DIT (Defining Issues Test),

1898–1899, 1901, 1902

Divergence. See Convergence

theories

Diversity. See Multiculturalism

Divination. See Futures studies as human and social activity

Divine Light Mission, 3287

Divine names, 3280

Division of labor, 695–700

anomie and, 164

Blau’s landmark theory of, 699

capitalism and, 697, 1782

coleadership in small groups, 696

Durkheim on, 698, 734, 1553, 1575, 1576, 1704, 2647

and exchange theory, 2673

family and household, 1, 122, 696, 706–707, 1708, 2034, 2568

feminist theory on, 1708

gender changes in, 1502, 1624

heterosexuality images and, 2568

life-cycle earnings pattern and, 1624

in marriage, 1734, 1736

Marxist thought on, 697–698, 1754, 1782

and media portrayals of family life, 1699

in medical profession, 1816

as nationalism factor, 1940

occupational specialization as, 696–697, 3264

and oppositional class theory, 2692

in organizational structure, 696–697, 699, 2002, 2003–2004

professions and, 2259

radical case studies on, 246

reasons for, 112

in remarriages, 2390

routinization vs. expert specialization, 698

small group, 2620

societal differentiations, 697

subordination of women and, 1708

theoretical approaches, 697–699

Division of Labor in Society, The

(Durkheim), 698, 734, 1553, 1575, 1576

Divorce, 700–710

acceptability of, 112

American patterns, 125–126, 127–128, 700–703

barriers to, 1737

changes in, 1305

child custody and, 702, 707, 2707

child support payments and, 128, 708, 947

in China, 302

cohabitator rates, 109, 705, 922

consequences of, 705–708

correlates of, 126, 705

courtship after, 1779

demographic effects, 634, 635, 703

determinants in, 1737

and event history analysis, 869

factors contributing to increases in, 702

and family law, 947, 949

and family policy in less developed countries, 929

and family policy in Western societies, 962, 967

and family size, 977

and gender, 112, 126, 701–703, 707–808, 1526, 1747

as grandparental role factor, 696

grounds for, 701, 702–703

historical in America, 700–703

in Indonesia, 938

intergenerational relations and, 696, 1388–1392

life course effect of, 82–83, 127–128

and life cycle, 1625

life expectancy and, 126

marital adjustment and, 1726, 1731, 1737

median duration of marriage prior to, 1747

1950s anomaly, 702, 704

no-fault laws, 703, 704, 1305, 1560

and non-cohabiting frequency of sex, 2539

parental roles and, 2033

premarital cohabitation as risk factor, 705

rate effect on courtship, 489

rate leveling, 112, 125, 1525

rates by age, 1742, 1743, 1745–1747

recent rate declines, 701

remarriage and, 112–113, 125, 126, 488, 708, 922, 923, 1744, 1746, 1748, 2387–2388, 2390–2393

Roman Catholic ban on, 1516

social justice and, 2706–2707

suicide rate, 3078

table of rates (1970–1990), 1742

widowhood adjustment compared with, 3258–3259

women’s labor-force participation and, 1525

See also Marriage and divorce rates; Single-parent household

Divorce Registration Area (DRA),

1743, 1744

Dixon, William J., 645

Do not resuscitate (DNR) orders, 585

Dobbelaere, Karel, 2484

Dobbins, Frank, 738

Dobyns, Henry, 133

Dobzhansky, T., 2885

Doctors. See Physicians

Documentary method of interpretation (Mannheim concept), 857

Doeringer, Peter B., 1985

Dogmatism, persuasion and, 2096

Dohrenwend, B. S. and B. P.,

3056–3057

Dolby-Stahl, Sandra, 1635

Dolci, Danilo, 1467

Dollard, John, 73, 2084, 2670

Domanski, H., 2121

Domar, Evesy D., 2596, 2597–2598,

2607–2608

Domasio, Antonio, 2088

Domestic partners. See Cohabitation; Same-sex marriage

Domestic partnership certificates, 2546

Domestic violence. See Family violence

Domhoff, G. William, 604,

2162, 2166

Dominant stratification ideology, 2245

Dominican Republic

fertility decline, 627

forced labor, 2603 government and political

corruption, 2134 Donati, Pierpaolo, 1472 Donnan, H., 1933 Doob, J. L., 73, 3035 Dooley, Kevin, 410–411 Dopamine, 652, 654 Dore, Ronald, 224

Dornbusch, Sanford M., 1595, 1596

Dorso, Guido, 1466

Dos Santos, Theotonio, 640–642 Dot graph, 3004

Double standard, 701

Douglas, Ann, 2171, 2172

Douglas, Jack D., 459–460, 3079,

3080, 3081

Douglas, Mary, 1890, 1891, 2484,

2762, 2891

Dovidio, John F., 118

Downing, Brian M., 605

Downs, Anthony, 2278, 2335,

2339, 2920

Downward mobility, 3050, 3052–3053

Draft. See Conscription Draft riots, 2269–2270, 3069 Drake, St. Clair, 55 Dramaturgical school, 2768 Dramaturgy. See Symbolic

interaction theory

DRC. See Disaster Research Center Dream analysis, 1714

Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857), 62 Dreeben, Robert, 2927

Dress. See Fashions

DRG. See Disaster Research Group Drive theory (psychological),

1713, 2087

Driver education classes, 677 Droegmuller, W., 288

Dror, Yehezkel, 1040

Drug abuse, 710–719

aggression linked with, 73

aging and declining rates of, 1838 AIDS/HIV risk, 712, 2559, 2586,

2587–2591 in cities, 311

civil liberties issues, 318

community assessment process, 366

concomitant depression, 655

control measures, 713–714

and criminal and delinquent subcultures, 509, 512

and criminalization of deviance, 523, 525, 526, 1577

cross-border trafficking, 1935, 1936

decriminalization efforts, 711– 712, 717

deviance theories on, 664, 667, 672

as divorce factor, 1737

epidemiology, 711–712

harm-reduction policy, 712, 718, 1651–1642

Latin American drug trafficking, 2135

and legislation of morality, 1577

medical treatment of, 521

moral and social decline linked with, 359

North Korean trade, 2137

organized crime profits, 2017

policy, 712–713

political correctness on, 2140

prevention and treatment, 711, 712, 714–717

and rehabilitation, 899

religious practices issue, 137

research, 717–718

and sexually transmitted diseases, 2578–2579

subcultures, 510, 512–513

as victimless crime, 1577

Drug companies. See Pharmaceutical companies

Drug Enforcement Administration,

U.S., 714, 2135, 2143–2144

Drug testing, 315, 714

Drugs (therapeutic). See Medications

Drunken driving, 93, 1640, 1641

anomie concept, 164–165

reform movements, 2722, 2725, 2877

DSM-I, II, III, IV. See Diagnostic

and Statistical Manual of Mental

Disorders

D’Souza, Dinesh, 2140

Du Bois, W. E. B., 55, 56, 58, 66, 1071, 2428–2429

Dualism, 1781

pragmatic critiques of, 2218–2219

Dube, S.C., 1292, 1293

Dubin, Robert, 3273

Dubnick, Melvin, 2280–2281

Duby, Georges, 1516

Due process, and criminal sanctions, 520–521

Duhem, Pierre, 821

Dühring, Eugen, 1066

Duke Longitudinal Study, 2555–2556

Dumas, Roland, 2129

Dummy variable analysis, 454

Dumont, Louis, 253, 1292

Duncan, Beverly, 2500

Duncan, Otis Dudley, 632, 1594,

2682, 2929, 3039

education and mobility study, 260–261, 262, 2713, 2716, 2927

model of attainment, 1692, 2781, 2782, 2817, 3042

occupational structure model, 3035–3036

and path analysis, 3035, 3036

residential segregation indices, 2500

scales of reward or status, 2867

and social inequality, 2690, 2867, 2868

Socioeconomic Index (SEI), 1997,

2000, 3265

Duncan’s regression, 3017

Dunham, H. Warren, 1833, 3055

Dunlap, John T., 422

Dunlop, John, 1985

Dunning, E., 2989

Dunphy, Dexter, 1979

Duration analysis, 869

Duration-dependent phenomenon. See Life tables

Durig, Alex, 2298

Durkheim, Émile, 237, 531, 568, 724, 732, 734, 773, 806, 1074, 1173, 1223, 1233, 1235, 1247, 1272, 1274, 1303, 1314, 1423,

1537, 1932, 2193, 2639, 2640, 2645, 2889

anomie theory, 164–165, 533, 581, 698, 1493, 1772

and British sociology, 225

as clinical sociology precursor, 327

coining of term ‘‘sociology’’ by, 327

on collective social conscience, 526

on communitarianism, 355, 2337

on community, 362, 366, 1772, 3129

comparative historical analysis by, 383

on consequences of criminalization, 526

on criminalization of deviance, 533, 1575, 1577

on division of labor, 698, 699, 1575, 1704, 2633, 2647

and ethnography, 852

as founder of French School of Sociology, 1024–1025, 1026, 1028

and functionalism and structuralism, 131, 1030, 1035

and historical sociology, 1196, 1197, 2917, 2917–2918

as Japanese sociology early influence, 1477

on laicization, 2484

legal theory, 1546, 1553

macro and micro sociological themes of, 1704

and modernization theory, 1885

on necessity for definition, 1854

organic solidarity concept, 2458

as Polish sociology influence, 2117, 2118

and positivism, 2192

on religious experience function, 775–776, 1032, 2385, 3278

representation collectives concept, 197

on rising expectations, 1491

on rural society, 2426

secondary data use by, 574

and secularization tradition, 2483

segmentary society view, 3134

on sentiments, 2519

and small group research foundations, 2611

social group definition, 2634 on societal reaction to crime,

1575, 1576, 1577

and sociology of education, 2927 as sociology of knowledge basis,

2954, 2955

and sociology of religion, 2373 and sociology’s supremacy over

psychology, 2921 and structuralism, 1537

Suicide as paradigm, 2024 suicide study, 165, 574, 581, 584,

1595, 3055, 3077, 3079, 3080 Dutroux, Marc, 2130

Dutt, B. N., 1291

Duval, S., 2509

Duvalier, François, 2134

Duvalier, Jean-Claude, 2134

Duverger, Maurice, 2164

DVD-ROM, 409

DWI (driving while intoxicated). See Drunken driving

Dworkin, Andrea, 2186–2187

Dworkin, Ronald, 466

Dwyer, James, 1689, 1691

Dyadic Adjustment Scale (marital),

1727–1728

Dynamic models. See Social dynamics Dynamic sample panel, 1687 Dynamic sociology, 1027, 1028

Dynamic Sociology: or Applied Social Science (Ward), 168

Dynamic Theory of Personality, A

(Lewin), 1012

Dysphoric mood, 649, 650, 651 Dysthymia, 649

E

Eagle Forum, 770

Eagly, Alice, 2418, 2530, 2533 Early retirement

incentive programs (ERIPs), 2407 male labor-force participants,

1524

structural lag and, 3061–3062 East African countries, 60

East Asian demographic transition, 626

East India Company, 3174

East Timor, 2975, 3262

genocide, 1066

Easterlin, Richard, 635, 2684

Eastern Europe

cross-border crime, 1936

democratization process in, 2159, 2160

and equality for women, 990

legal system, 1549, 1550

political corruption, 2136

political party systems, 2159

postcommunist revolution, 2851

protest movement strength, 2267, 2270, 2271

social security systems, 2796

socialist economic modifications, 2851–2852

sociology studies, 2116–2117

voluntary associations, 3227

See also Soviet and post-Soviet sociology; specific countries

Eastern religions, 2969, 3287

Eating and diet

Food Stamp program, 2283

health relationship, 1641

for pregnant woman, 2235–2236

significance in Judaism, 1510

Eating disorders, 655

Ebaugh, Helen Rose Fuchs, 245

Ebonics, 2908, 2909

ECI. See Ethics of Care Interview

Eckstein, Susan, 2414

ECLA. See Economic Commission

for Latin America

Ecofeminism, 803

Ecological democracy, and environmental equity, 791–793

Ecological fallacies. See Disaggregative (ecological) fallacies

Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe 900–1900

(Crosby), 2922

Ecological interaction., 2630, 2632

Ecological paradigm, 824–825

Ecological regression (levels of analysis), 1594–1595

Ecology. See Demography; Environmental equity; Environmental sociology; Human ecology and environmental analysis

Eco-Marxism, 792–793

EconLit, 1611

Econometrics, 256, 3059

‘‘Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problems of Embeddedness’’ (Granovetter), 735

Economic and Social Research

Council Data Archive (University

of Essex), 575, 576, 580

Economic Behavior Program (Survey

Research Center), 2476

Economic Commission for Latin America, 1537

Economic determinism, 721–724, 1309

Economic development. See Industrialization in less-developed countries; Modernization theory; Rural Sociology

Economic Dynamics (Baumol), 2668

Economic institutions, 724–731

in American society, 143–144

authoritarian state development, 3000

capital and, 2637

Chinese reforms, 302–303, 2851

coalitions and, 331

ethnicity and, 845–846

family and religion as, 938–941

and geographical scope, 728–730

and informal economy, 1334–1343

interdependence, 1211, 1225

and leisure activities, 1589

and market capitalism, 724

and market organization, 725–727

and rational choice theory, 2335, 2336–2337

and slave-created wealth, 55–56

and Smith’s wealth of nations theory, 2340

and social justice, 2697–2698

socialist central planning, 2849, 2850–2851

varieties of, 727–728

war and, 3242, 3243

See also Capitalism; Caste and inherited status; Economic sociology; Globalization and global systems analysis

Economic Opportunity Act of

1965, 2266

Economic sociology, 731–741, 1309, 2919–2921

agricultural innovation and, 89–91

career mobility and, 1989–1990

on childbearing rewards and costs, 2034–2035

convergence theory, 422–428

criminal sanctions and, 518

dependency theory, 639–646

on direct and indirect discrimination, 689–694

divorce effects, 705, 706–707

divorce rate relationship, 701

and economic justice, 2694

education/economic impact relationship, 2934

and European Union free trade movement, 1034

and experiments, 891

and French School, 1024

and German sociology, 732–734

globalization and, 606

on governmental corruption, 2124

historical, 733–734

Latin American studies, 1539–1543

liberalism/conservatism and, 1597

macro-level reactions to deviance and, 670

modernization theory, 1883–1887

and money, 1888–1893

new, 734–739

organizational knowledge as secondary data, 574

on political power vs. economic, 2997

population growth and, 633

and postindustrial society, 2196–2203

rational choice theory and, 732, 939, 2335–2336, 2338

and social capital, 2637–2638

social indicators, 576

and social security systems, 2801–2803, 2804–2805

social surveys, 578

and Soviet sociology, 2979

and tourism, 3165–3172

wage inequalities and, 2691

Weber’s world religions analysis in context of, 2942–2943

and white-collar crime, 3248– 3254

and work and occupations, 3261–3268

Economic Theory of Democracy, An

(Downs), 2920

Economics, relationship between sociology and, 2919–2921

Economics of Non-Human Societies, The

(Tullock), 2920

Economist, The (periodical), 794

Economy and Society (Weber),

721, 732, 733

ECT (electroconvulsive therapy), 655

ECTA (software program), 3038

Ectomorphy, 1717, 1718

Ectopic pregnancy, 2234

Ecuador border dispute, 1934

Ecumenical movement, 2365

Edelhertz, Herbert, 3246, 3251

Edelstein, J. David, 1533

Edgeworth, F. Y., 370, 371, 1045

Education

in adolescence, 10–11

of African-American students, 2497, 2931–2932, 2933

age-graded schooling, 1623

allocation and, 11

American Indian, 135

behavioral applications, 215–216

bilingual, 123, 1861, 2140, 2908

communitarian view of, 358, 359

compulsory, 742, 2056

computer-assisted teaching and learning, 411

and criminal sanctions, 517

curricula control battles, 276–278

desegregation/integration results, 297, 2493, 2498–2499

divorce and, 126

educational access and, 145

equality of opportunity, 756– 757, 759, 826

as family planning factor, 957–958

as family size factor, 973, 975, 1009

and gender identity, 997, 998

of Hispanic Americans,

1190–1192, 1193

income distribution and, 1279–1280

labeling theory and, 2859

Mexican bilingual, 1861

Middle Eastern demographics, 1867

planful competence and, 13, 32

race and, 145

reformist projects, 2934–2935

right to, 1242–1243

school effectiveness factors, 2933

and school vouchers, 315

and schools as socialization agents, 2858–2859

and schoolteacher status incongruence, 3051

and self-concept/school performance relationship, 2508–2509

similarity of male and female math and science performance, 2532

sociological definition of, 2926

sociology of, 2926–2935

and sports, 2986–2987

structural lag and, 3062–3063

teacher expectations/ achievement relationship, 2932

and teaching of evolution, 2369

tracking and, 10, 2932

training standards, 1180

as underemployment factor, 1721, 1722

and violence in schools, 1484–1485, 1487–1488, 1491

and vocational skills, 3263

of women, 1219

See also Adult education

Education and development,

741–755

convergence theories, 426

findings, 750–754

measurement of, 748–750

and modernization theory, 746–747, 754

and recent socioeconomic development, 742–746

theoretical background of, 746–748

Education and mobility, 755–760

barriers to, 830–831

career mobility relationship, 1987–1988, 1991–1992

cross-cultural comparison, 3044–3045

cross-national comparison, 2716

empirical studies, 2929–2934

factors in, 3043–3045

family status and, 2929–2930

functionalist view of, 757, 2927, 2928

intergenerational, 2690

mate selection and, 1776

occupational prestige relationship, 2000

socialist quotas and, 2850

and societal stratification, 2927

status attainment model, 758, 2713, 2782, 2783–2785, 2817, 2867, 2868, 3042, 3043–3045

status conflict approach, 2928

and status incongruence, 3050–3051, 3051

tolerance of nonconformists linked with, 317

and transition to work, 2714

underemployment and, 1721

See also Equality of Opportunity

Education Department, U.S., 766

Education Morale, L’ (Durkheim

course), 1025

Educational and Psychological

Measurement (journal), 407, 409

Educational organization, 761–772

in American society, 145, 762–770

and bureaucratic power, 768–769 case studies of, 246

and charter schools, 765–766 diffusion of theories, 677 drug-abuse prevention

programs, 716 elementary and secondary

schools, 763–766

and ideological formation, 769–770

and market competition, 767–768 Marxist sociology of, 1755

modes of influence over, 766–770 and national school systems,

760–762

and political authority, 767 and professional authority, 769 racial integration effects,

2932–2933

reformist projects, 2934–2935 school choice plans, 2935 school resources/learning

relationship, 2931–2932, 2933 school shootings and, 1484–1485,

1487–1488, 1491 school success evaluations,

2934–2935

and school vouchers, 315 and structural lag, 3062–3063 and tracking, 10, 2932

Edwards, J. E., 1566

Edwards, Jonathan, 2086

EEOC. See Equal Employment

Opportunity Commission

EFA. See Exploratory factor analysis Effectance motivation, 2060–2061 Efficacy, trust and, 101–102 Egalitarian family system, 1490, 1734 Egalitarianism. See Equality of

opportunity

Egbaugh, Helen Rose Fuchs, 245

Eggan, Fred, 289

Ego, 1713, 1714

Egypt, 1865, 1866, 1867 fertility rate decline, 220 government and political

corruption, 2132 Israel peace accord, 2048

pan-Arab nationalism, 1944