Encyclopedia of Sociology Vol

Colombia

demographic transition, 626, 2178

drug cartels, 2135

drug crop-control program, 714

health-care system, 381

lawyers in, 478

political and social tradition, 1536

Colonialism. See Imperialism,

colonialism, and decolonization

Color blindness (racial), 2246

Colorado State University, 3230

Colorectal cancer, 1640, 1641

Colozzi, Ivo, 1472

Columbia University, 681, 2193,

2756, 3099

voting behavior research, 3232, 3233–3234, 3238

Column frequency and percentage, 658

Colvin, Mark, 1498

Coming White Minority, The

(Maharidge), 1580

Command economy. See Central economy

Commentary (periodical), 1601

Commercial and Political Atlas

(Playfair), 3005, 3006

Commercial law, 473, 476

Commercial sex workers. See Prostitution

Commercial speech, restrictions on, 271

Commission on National Goals, 2299

Commission for Racial Justice of the United Church of Christ, 795

Commission on Applied and Clinical Sociology, 326

Commission on Human Rights, 2607

Commission on Marijuana and Drug Abuse, 712

Commission on Obscenity and Pornography, 274

Commission Toward the Year

2000, 1039

Commitment, as social control, 2658

Committee on Economic

Security, 2403

Committee on Industrial

Organizations, 1530

Committee on Political Education, 1530, 1533–1534

Committee on the Next Decade in Operations Research (CONDOR), 3105

Commodity riots, 555, 556

Common factor model, 908–910

Common law system, 464, 465–472, 474, 475, 477–478, 480–482, 1554

and family violence, 981, 983

and marriage, 948

Montesquieu comparative study of, 1545

rape definition, 2576

social conditions conducive to, 1547

Common Market, 548–549

Common sense, 2100–2102, 2959

Commoner, Barry, 1221, 1222

Commons, J. R., 1310

Communal riots, 555, 556

Communality, 909, 912

Communes, 459, 460

Communication

and attitude change, 188

censorship and regulation of expression, 267–281

conversation analysis, 431–439

disaster reporting, 683–684

electronic, 408, 1321

emotions and, 2522

gendered differences in expression of love, 1700

Habermas theory, 543

history of graphic, 3005–3007

innovation diffusion research, 678

innovations in, 1346

instrumentalist theory of, 2219

intelligence and, 1380–1381

Japanese sociology studies, 1481

as marital adjustment factor, 1730, 1735–1736, 1737

model as vehicle for, 2029

as nationalism factor, 1940, 1942

nonverbal cues, 1976, 1978, 1980, 2061, 3096

persuasive, 188, 2776

in small-group problem solving, 2619

and social networks, 2734

symbolic interaction theory of, 2767–2768

See also Internet; Language; Mass media; Mass media research; Sociolinguistics

Communication of Innovations (Rogers

and Shoemaker), 678

Communication-persuasion

paradigm (attitude change), 188

Communism. See Socialism and

communism

Communism, Conformity, and Civil

Liberties (Stouffer), 314, 316–317

Communist Church, 355

Communist Manifesto (Marx), 2846

Communist Party (China), 2137

Communist Party (Italy), 2128, 2129

Communist Party (Russia), 2136,

2357, 2850

and Soviet sociology, 2981

Communitarian Challenge to Liberalism, The (Kukathas), 356

Communitarianism, 354–362

as alternative to alienation, 104

authoritarian, 356

on civic society, 360

community and, 359–361

of countercultures, 460–461

critics and responses, 360–361

history of, 355–356

impact of, 361–362

kinship systems and, 1509, 1511–1512

new school of responsive, 356–361

political theory of, 356, 2337

primary contribution of, 361

utopian designs and, 3202–3203

values and, 3218–3219, 3222

Community, 362–369

agenda-control power in, 2165–2166

alienation from, 100

as anachronistic, 360

anomie and, 164–165

belonging and, 2520, 2521

case studies of, 243, 244–245

and cities, 305

civil liberties balanced with needs of, 318

classic perspective on, 362–363

communitarian view of, 358–361

as community of communities, 359, 363

countercultures as, 459–463

and criminal sanctions, 515– 516, 537

definitions of, 362–363

disaster planning and reaction, 683, 684, 685

‘‘disorganization’’ sociological perspective on, 665

drug-abuse prevention programs, 715–717

education and, 2927

expressive needs of, 272

gay and lesbian, 2570

Gemeinschaft concept vs., 2630

Japanese sociology studies, 1480, 1481, 1483

leisure and, 1584–1585

long-term care facilities, 1656–1657, 1658

macro-level deviance theories and, 662, 663–666

and mass society theory, 1770, 1772, 1773–1774

moral infrastructure of, 357– 358, 359

and organizational functioning, 2006–2007

participation in decision making, 605

participatory research and, 2038–2042

policing program, 716, 2114

political communitarianism and, 356

power structure in India, 252–253

public health campaigns, 1640

responsive communitarianism and, 358–361

rural sociology studies, 2428– 2429, 2431

‘‘saved’’ argument, 367

and school curricula control, 277–278

settlement houses, 365–366, 2841

social capital and, 366

social disorganization theory of, 1495

social mobility and, 2714

social networks and, 664– 665, 716

in social reform context, 365–366

social theory and transformation of, 366–368

as socialist ideal, 2847, 2849

and ‘‘strength of weak ties’’ hypothesis, 2693, 2731–2732, 2791, 2792, 2827

studies of, 363–365, 2220–2221

and territorial belonging, 3129–3132

urban sociology and, 3191–3197

Community and Power (Nisbet), 356

Community and Society (Tönnies),

2520

Community health. See Comparative health-care systems; Health promotion and health status; Medical sociology

Community hospitals. See Hospitals

Community of limited liability thesis, 367

Community Partnership Program,

716, 717

Community service, 2254

as criminal sanction, 515

Community supervision, as criminal sanction, 515

Community surveys, 363–365, 1834

Companionship family, 1502, 1506

Comparable worth, 369–373, 2141, 2706, 3048, 3265

Comparative health-care systems,

373–383

frameworks for comparison, 376–377

key characteristics, 374–375

long-term care, 375, 378, 1655, 1659–1661

review of selected systems, 377–381

and U.S. medical-industrial complex, 1826–1829

Comparative judgment, 597–598

Comparative Politics (Almond and

Powell), 2917

Comparative properties of collectives, 1592

Comparative-historical sociology,

383–392

advantages of, 2918–2919 analytic types of, 385–388 civil vs. common law tradition,

472–481

court systems and law, 473–481 holistic comparisons, 387

legal systems, 1545–1551 and macrosociology, 1709

and origins of political parties, 2154–2155

on revolutions, 383, 384, 2413, 2414, 3000–3001

urban features, 3194

See also Convergence theories Compensatory control, 518 Competition

coalitions and, 330–331 and sex selection theory,

2885–2886

and social exchange theory, 2671 and social values research, 3220,

3222–3223

Complementarity. See Mate selection theories

Complete life table, 613 Complex organizations, 392–400

in American society, 143–144 and bureaucracy, 229–235 corporate, 244, 441–446 definitions of organizations,

393–394 demographics of, 395–397 division of labor in, 696 environments of, 394–395

internal diversity sources among, 397–398

language use in, 2901–2902 large law firms as, 469–470 and political power, 2163,

2997–2998 structure of, 2002–2014 survival predictors, 397

transnational, 3174–3180

Complexity theory, 2753

Compliance and conformity,

400–406

anomie concept and, 165–166

belief and behavioral typologies, 2616

classic experiments, 401–402

collectivism and, 3218

control theory and, 535–536

cultural conformity vs. social belonging, 2630

definitions of, 400

deviant typologies vs., 669

factors increasing, 402–403, 2776

Frankfurt School on sources of, 540

and helping behavior, 2774

and intolerance of deviance, 317

normative influences, 523–524, 2094, 2658

normative sanctions, 515, 2341

persuasion and, 2094

political correctness and, 2138–2142

self-presentation and, 2506

in sentiments, 2529

small group, 2615–2617, 2776

social belonging and, 3131–3132

social exchange theory and, 2670–2671

social networks and, 2732

‘‘stakes in conformity’’ theory, 665, 667

values and, 3216

See also Deviance theories; Nonconformity; Social values and norms

Composite scale, 1909

Comprehensive Drug Abuse and

Control Act of 1970, 713

Compulsory education, 742, 2056

Computational graphics (‘‘nomographs’’), 3003

Computer applications in sociology,

406–414

affect control theory, 45–46

bootstrapping and jackknifing, 2397, 2449, 2678, 3039

and capitalism, 240

causal modeling, 266

census data, 283

content analysis, 418–421

covariance structure models, 3037

data banks and depositories, 575, 580

disaster planning and management, 684, 685, 686

mathematical simulations, 1790

for measures of association of more than two variables, 1812

nonparametric test software, 1971

and observation systems, 1981

qualitative, 409–410

and replication, 2397

sampling standard error detection, 2449

and secondary data analysis, 2481

SEM (structural equation modeling), 908, 1692, 1910, 1914–1915, 1918–1923, 2346–2347, 3039

statistical graphics, 3003, 3003–3022, 3019–3020, 3022

statistical packages, 3035, 3038, 3039

systems theory, 3103

telephone interviewing, 410, 1802, 3092

typologies, 3183–3185

See also Information society;

Internet

Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing (CATI), 410, 1802, 3092

Computerized Self-Administered

Questionnaires, 410

‘‘Computing in the Social Sciences’’ (annual conference), 407

Comte, Auguste, 734, 818, 1024, 1028, 1031, 1423, 1465, 1466, 1857, 2265

on altruism, 114, 2882

as clinical sociology precursor, 327, 1029

on historical progress, 2644

as Japanese sociology early influence, 1477

macro-level phenomena concerns, 1704

as Polish sociology influence, 2118

on positivism, 2192, 2193, 2217

and secularization, 2483

‘‘Concepts of Culture and Social System, The’’ (Kroeber and Parsons), 565

Conciliatory control, 518

Concubines, 2601, 2602

Concurrent schedules of reinforcement, 212–213

Concurrent validity, 3208

Condition of Education, The

(report), 265

Conditional distributions, 2250

Conditional mean, 447

Conditional probabilities, 3111–3112

Condom use, 957, 2559, 2560, 2586, 2587, 2590, 2592, 2593

See also Family planning

CONDOR (Committee on the Next Decade in Operations Research), 3105

Condorcet, Marquis de, 2339

Conference for Security and Cooperation in Europe, 2047

Confidence intervals. See Statistical inference

Confirmatory factor analysis, 907, 915–918, 1920–1921

Conflict

definition of, 1111, 1451

global security and, 1222

industrial, 1312, 1314

See also Conflict theory;

Violence: War

Conflict management, 1015

group resolution, 1111–1116, 1400, 1401

leadership strategies, 1569

negotiation of power, 1950–1955

Conflict subcultures, 509–510, 512

and criminal sanctions, 516–517

Conflict theory, 414–417

coalitions and, 330–332

cognitive consistency theories and, 334–335

collective behavior theories and, 351–352

competing interests and, 415

criminological, 516–517, 535, 536, 2659

and educational mobility, 756, 758, 2928

of emotion, 2522–2523

family and religion and, 939

and German sociology, 1078

intergroup and interorganizational relations and, 1401

and juvenile delinquency, 1497–1498

macro-level reactions to deviance and, 670

as major social order school, 2337

and penology, 2054–2055

and Polish sociology, 2119–2120

and political power, 2997

on sexual behavior, 2537, 2538

and social control, 2660

and social problems, 2762

sociolinguistics and, 2905–2906

sports sociology and, 2989

war and, 415, 3243–3244

See also Game theory and strategic interaction; Marxist sociology

Conformity. See Compliance and

conformity

Confucianism, 1477, 2941

Confucius, 1564

Conger, J. A., 1566

Congleton, Roger D., 2273

Congo River Basin, 60

Congregationalism, 3227

Congress of Racial Equality, 2269,

2495, 3069, 3070

Congress of the United States, 1954

corruption scandals, 2127–2128

direct election of members, 602

and gays in the military issue, 1881

and human rights issues, 2607

power shift to executive branch from, 2624

and public opinion, 2276– 2277, 2278

Congress of Vienna (1815), 1933

Congress Party (India), 2486

Congruency theory, 335, 336–337

Conjugal love, 1699

Conjunction fallacy, 595

Conklin, Agnes, 324

Connor, Walker, 1941, 1942

Consciousness. See Phenomenology

Conscription (military draft), 1876–1877

protests against, 2269–2270, 3069

Consensus model

communitarian, 359

of criminal law, 516

of religious organizations, 2379–2380

Conservation movement, 802–803

Conservatism. See Liberalism/

conservatism

Conservative Party (Great

Britain), 2130

Consistency, as reliability component, 2343, 2347–2350, 2352–2353

Consistency theory. See Cognitive consistency theories

Consolidated metropolitan statistical area, 307

Consolidated Omnibus Budget

Reconciliation Act of 1985, 1143

Consortium of Social Science

Associations, 153

‘‘Conspicuous consumption’’ concept, 3168

Constantine, John, 1729

Constitution, U.S.

banning of slavery, 2601

Bill of Rights, 270, 315, 359

census directive, 282

civil liberties guarantees, 315, 316

freedom of expression guarantees, 268, 270–273, 275–276

and protest movements, 2265, 2269

public ignorance of rights under, 318

as shared value, 359

Constitutional monarchy, 2356

Constitutional personality theory, 1717–1718

Constitutional Revolution of

1905–1911 (Iran), 1871

Constitutions, 3000–3001

Construct validity

attitudes as indicators, 190

in long-term longitudinal studies, 1690

quasi-experimental research design, 2324–2325

reliability and, 2346

validity and, 3208, 3210

Construction de la sociologie, La

(Berthelot), 1028

Constructionist perspective

and collective action, 354

and emotions, 2523–2524

of environmental sociology, 810–811

of epistemology, 823–824

and ethnicity, 849

of holistic personality theory, 2088

and medical sociology, 1813– 1814, 1815–1816

of popular culture, 2169, 2172–2173

and scientific knowledge, 2459

and sexual behavior, 2537–2538, 2566–2567

and sexual orientation, 2566–2567, 2569

and social problems, 2762–2763

and socialization, 2855

Consumer debt, 206–207

Consumer Price Index, 2213–2214

Consumer Reports (periodical), 864

Consumerism

and health care industry, 1826

media messages of, 1699

and postmodernism, 2200, 2205, 2206, 2208–2209

pressure against products made by child labor, 2607

survey data collection, 575

tourism as, 3168

Consumption

and economic sociology, 736

and environmental sociology, 800, 807

Contagion theories, 350–351, 3080, 3081

Contemporary Sociology (journal),

1606, 1869–1870

Contempt of court, 478

Content analysis, 417–422, 1978–1979, 1981, 2468

Content validity, 3207, 3208–3209

Contested Knowledge (journal),

2207–2208

Contextual properties of collectives, 1592

Contingency of reinforcement, 210–212

Contingency tables. See Tabular analysis; Typologies

Continuing care retirement communities (CCRCs), 1664

Continuing quality improvement (CQI), 1665

Continuous National Surveys

(CNS), 577, 578

Contraceptives. See Family planning

Contract with America, 2278

Contract workers, 321, 2597

Contracultures. See Countercultures

Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, A (Marx), 722–723

Control balance theory of deviance, 535

Control theory. See Social control

Convenience samples, 2444

Convention for the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, 1066, 1072

Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials (1999), 2138

Convention on Psychotropic Substances (1971), 713

Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989), 1243

Convergence theories, 422–431

crowd behavior, 679

demographic transition, 425–426

family patterns, 426

globalization and, 427–428

in industrial sociology, 422–423, 424–425, 428

microlevel behavior, 349–350

modernization and, 422–423

social security systems, 2800–2801

urban organization and, 3197

welfare state, 426–427

Convergent validity, 3210

Conversation analysis, 431–441

case studies of, 247

content analysis, 1979

and gender identity, 1002

sequence organization, 433–435

sociolinguistics and, 2895, 2902–2903, 2904–2905

SYMLOG observation system, 1976–1977

on turn-taking, 247, 435–437, 438, 439

Converse, Philip E., 2683,

3234, 3235

Cook, Karen S., 2672, 2674, 2733

Cook, T. D., 2324–2325, 2326, 2327

Cook, Thomas, 2282

Cook County, Illinois, 1485

Cooley, Charles Horton, 783, 1254,

1313, 2089, 2218, 3098

‘‘looking-glass self’’ concept, 2089, 2344, 2512, 2750, 2856

pragmatism theory, 2218, 2219, 2221, 2423

on primary groups, 2610, 2611

Cooper, Anna Julia, 66

Cooper, J., 339–340

Cooperation

coalitions and, 329

among complex organizations, 393

within in-groups, 3218

and social values research, 3220, 3221–3222

Cooperative Extension Service,

2416, 2429

COPE. See Committee on Political Education

Cope, Edward, 1–2

Coping, 1814

personal dependency and, 2062–2063, 2066

role theory and, 2415

self-destructive responses, 3077

CORE. See Congress of Racial

Equality

Cornfield, Daniel B., 1533 Cornish, Edward, 1038 Corporal punishment, 76, 315

as criminal sanction, 515

and family violence, 982–983, 985 Corporate organizations, 441–446

career advancement in, 1984–1985, 1986

case studies of, 244

case studies of multinational, 246 CEOs of, 1564

democratic decision making in, 601

dominance in American society, 143–144

European labor movements, 1529, 1530–1532

as governing class, 604

health care industry, 1810–1829 and interest groups, 2151

legal rights of, 441

Mexican political, 1858, 1859 owner vs. managerial control

of, 443

social control over, 443–444 and social networks, 2727–2728 transnational, 3174–3180

and white-collar crime, 3246– 3254

See also Complex organizations Corporatist welfare state, 377, 379

Corpus Juris Civilis, 465, 473 Corrections systems. See

Criminology; Criminal sanctions; Penology

Correlation and regression analysis,

446–459

attenuated correlations, 1909 differential equation models,

1693–1694 intercorrelations among items,

2345, 2348, 2354

linear regression, 162–163, 2251 and measurement, 1795, 2345 and measurement error, 1917 misleading results, 457

multiple indicator models, 1907–1923

multiple regression, 452–456

nonparametric statistics and, 1957, 1969

statistical methods and, 3035–3036, 3039

in time series, 2679

See also Causal inference models

Correlation coefficient

for bivariate relationship, 661

definition of, 661

measures of association and, 1907–1908

and multiple indicator models, 1907–1908

and nonparametric statisti cs, 1957

scattor plot shape and direction, 661

statistical graphics, 3015–3016

Correspondent inference theory, 193–194

Corruption. See Political and

governmental corruption

Corsaro, William, 2297, 2855, 2901

Corse, Sarah M., 1647, 1648,

1649, 1650

Corsini, Raymond J., 1718, 2084

Cortese, Charles F., 2500

Cosby, William, 273

Coser, Lewis A., 415, 1356, 1646,

2522–2523, 2817, 3039

Cosmopolitanism, 3132–3133

COSSA. See Consortium of Social

Science Associations

Costa, Paul T., 2087

Costa Rica, 1536

Cost-benefit analysis

criminal sanctions and, 519–520

public policy and, 2283

Cost-effectiveness analysis, 2283

Costner, Herbert L., 3188

Cottage industry, 3262

Cottrell, Leonard, 324, 1237, 1726,

1727, 3098

Couch, Arthur, 1976

Couch, Carl, 2222

Coughlin, Richard, 360

Council of European Social Science

Data Archives, 575, 576–577

Council on Social Work

Education, 2845

Countercultures, 459–463, 2366,

2367, 2374

and mysticism, 460–461, 2969, 3287–3288

outcomes of movements, 2724

student movements, 3070

Countermovements, 2717–2718

Counter-urbanization, 311

Country Life Movement, 2426

Counts, Dorothy and David, 583

County of Washington v. Gunther

(1981), 372

Coups d’etat, definition of, 2410

Cours de philosophie positive

(Comte), 2192

Course in General Linguistics

(Saussure), 1032

Court systems and law, 464–483

accusatory vs. inquisitorial models, 479–480

appeals court, 471–472, 476

civil and criminal procedures, 479–480

determinate sentencing, 2056

and division of powers, 1953

jurisprudential vs. sociological perspectives, 2961

juvenile, 1485

and legal justice, 2696

legal precedent, 476

litigation comparison by country, 471

and nonintervention in family law, 949–950, 951

probation and, 2254

triadic dilemma, 465–466

See also Law and legal systems; Sociology of law

Courtly love, 1697

Courts of Indian Offenses, 137

Courtship, 483–490

advice books, 488

after divorce, 1779

and cohabitation, 108, 484, 487, 1779

history of, 483–484

love and, 484, 488, 489, 1698–1699

and mate selection theories, 1775 research trends, 488–489

See also Sexual behavior patterns Cousins, 1509, 1513

Covariance, 449 adjustments for, 161–162 attribution model, 193

for bivariate relationship, 661 definition of, 661

in event history models, 1693 structure models, 3037

See also Analysis of variance and covariance; Factor analysis

Covington, Martin V., 2859

Cox, David, 872

Cox, Oliver C., 53

Cox regression. See Proportional hazards models

Cox-Stuart change, 1969

CPI. See California Psychological

Inventory; Consumer Price Index

Crack cocaine, 711, 714 civil liberties issues, 318 and sexually transmitted

diseases, 2588 Craft guilds, 697 Craft unions, 1533 Crámer, Harald, 3035

Cramer’s V (measure of

association), 1809

Crane, Diana, 567, 568, 569,

677, 2915

Crane, Robert, 173

Craven, Avery, 1217

Craxi, Bettino, 2129

Creation stories, 3285

Creativity

depression linked with, 655–656 goal-relevant stimuli and, 2060 pragmatism and, 22220

Credentials theory, 2929–2930, 2933–2934

Credit. See Bankruptcy and credit Credit cards, 206–207

Crenson, Matthew, 2165–2166

Crespi, Irvin, 2274

Cressey, Donald, 503, 507, 2020,

2052–2053

Cresson, Edith, 2130

Crews, Frederick, 2023, 2026

Crime, theories of, 502–509, 527–537

anomie and, 166

communitarian, 359

community studies, 365

and consensus view, 516

control balance, 535

criminal behavior approach, 506–507, 513, 528–529, 1575

definitions of, 529–528

deterrence and, 2659

deviance and, 664–672, 2658

differential association, 666

and distinct forms of crime, 505–506

and functional perspective, 516

low self-control vs. diminished social control, 667

macro-level origins, 662, 663–666, 672

macro-level reaction, 670–671

micro-level origins, 662, 663, 666–670

micro-level reaction, 663, 668–670

penal policy and, 2056–2057

pornography and, 505, 2186, 2187

See also Criminal and delinquent subcultures; Criminal sanctions; Criminology; Juvenile delinquency, theories of

Crime deterrence. See Criminal sanctions; Criminology; Social control

Crime in the United States (FBI

publication), 493–494, 503

Crime rates, 490–502

in cities, 311, 531

criminological studies of, 530–533

criminological theories on, 503–504

international data of, 498– 500, 549

measuring absolute vs. relative rates, 497–498

Crimes against humanity, 1429

‘‘Crimes of obedience,’’ 404

Criminal and delinquent subcultures, 509–515

characterizations of criminals, 530–531, 534, 1517

deviance theory, 664, 665– 668, 670

drug users, 713–714

factors in, 1494

labeling process, 668

‘‘prisonization’’ and, 2052

social control approach to, 521

stable vs. retreatist, 1494

Criminal justice system

criminal sanctions, 515–521, 526–527, 537, 2056

data from, 530

defendant’s rights and, 317, 318

determinate sentencing, 2056

due process and, 520–521

probation and parole, 2242–2258

and rape prosecution and defense, 2577

selection bias in disposition of cases, 2439

as social control, 2660

sociology of law and, 2960–2963

trials, 479–480

See also Penology

Criminal law

determinate sentencing, 2056

discrimination in sentencing, 2962

evolution of, 516–519

and family violence, 981

procedure, 479, 480

and subgroup variation, 527

See also Criminal sanctions;

Criminology

Criminal sanctions, 515–522

deterrence theory of, 519, 525, 529, 536, 537, 667, 2056–2057, 2341, 2650, 2659

deviance theories on, 666–667, 667, 670–671, 1575

discrimination in, 2962

and due process, 520–521

evolution of, 518, 526, 527–528

illicit drug use and, 712, 714

and labeling theory, 534

probation and parole and, 2252–2258

retribution and, 2056

sample selection bias, 2439

three dimensions of, 2659

for white-collar crime, 3251–3252

See also Criminalization of deviance; Police

Criminal Victimization in the United

States (report), 494

Criminality and Economic Conditions

(Bonger), 534

Criminalization of deviance, 523–527

decriminalization trend, 521

drug traffic and use, 711, 713–714, 1577

Durkheim on, 1575, 1577

historical theories, 528–529, 1575

labeling theory, 243, 520, 525, 534–535, 1577

macro-level reactions, 669–670

micro-level reactions, 662, 668–669

politicization of, 524–526

prostitution studies, 2559–2560

sanctions and, 667, 670–671

sexual behaviors, 2567–2568

sociology of sanctions, 516–518

Criminology, 527–539

Chicago School, 532–533

Classical School, 528–529,

535, 536

and correlates of crime, 530–531

and cross-border crime control, 1935–1936

and cross-cultural analysis, 549

and definition of crime, 529

deterministic, 521

mainstream, 504

and organized crime, 2017–2021

penology, 2051–2057

radical-Marxist, 504–505, 534–535

and rape, 2576–2581

and white-collar crime, 530, 3245–3254

See also Crime, theories of; Criminal sanctions; Juvenile delinquency, theories of; Juvenile delinquency and

juvenile crime; Political crime; Terrorism

Crimmins, E. M., 1632

Crippen, T., 2881, 2883, 2884, 2886 Crisis, definition of, 2025

Crisis responses, collective, 348 Crisis theory, 1755

on political party origins, 2154 Critcher, C., 353, 1578 Criterion-related validity, 3207, 3208 Critical legal studies (CLS)

movement, 1548, 1556–1557 Critical naturalism, 823

Critical realism (Bashkar concept), 823

Critical sociology, 1081 Critical theory, 539–546 criminology, 504–505

Frankfurt School, 539–542, 543,

1752, 1754, 1757, 1758

of Habermas, 539, 542–544, 545 human ecology and, 1214

legal studies, 2961 leisure and, 1583

Marxist sociology and, 539, 545, 1754, 1757, 1758, 2760

materialist theory and, 1785–1786 medical sociology and, 1815–

1816

and participatory research, 2040 political elite/pluralist debate,

2624–2626, 2627

on popular culture, 2169

on postindustrial society, 2205 post-Marxist, 1757, 1758

and poststructuralism, 544–545 pragmatism and, 2219

and rural sociology, 2431

on scientific explanation, 2472 social problems paradigm, 2760 and sports sociology, 2990

Crittenden, Kathleen, 196

Croatia, 2362

genocide, 68

national movement, 1941 Croce, Benedetto, 1465 Crohn, Joel, 1411, 1412 Croker, Richard, 2125 Cronbach, Lee, 2348

Cronbach’s alpha, 2348–2350, 2351 Cross-cultural analysis, 546–553

of affective responses, 42 of altruism, 118

anthropological, 547–548, 550, 2888, 2893

of attribution, 194, 198 borrowings in, 675 challenges and problems in,

549–550

changes theories, 674–675 of childhood sexual abuse,

292–293

of cognition, 2891

of communitarian moral judgments, 361

of conformity levels, 400, 404

of depression manifestation, 656 disaster research, 685

of educational attainment, 3044–3045

of family trends, 130, 1502 future of, 550

of health-care systems, 375–376 of homosexual behavior, 111 of income determinants, 3048

of kinship structures, 1502, 1509 of legal systems, 1549–1550

of love, 1697–1698

of mate selection, 2885 methodological techniques and

sources in, 547–549

of moral development, 1901, 1902–1903

of occupational status attainment, 3046–3047

prestige evaluations similarities, 1998–1999

of rape-prone societies, 2580–2581

of religious ethics and moral law, 3284

of religious myths and symbols, 3282–3283

secondary data analysis, 2478–2479

of socialization, 2862 Weber’s bureaucracy study,

229–230

of widowhood, 3255–3256

Cross-dressing, 2572, 2573 Cross-gender sexual contacts. See

Heterosexuality Cross-impact matrices, 2678 Crossley, Archibald, 3232 Cross-modality fallacies, 1593

Cross-Polity Survey, A (Banks and

Textor), 2917

Cross-pressure theory, 3049–3050 Cross-sectional fallacy, 1593, 1685 Cross-sectional surveys

cohort perspectives, 344 logic model, 2297

longitudinal, 1687, 1688–1689 marginal employment, 1722

Crowds and riots, 553–562 characteristic features, 554–557 collective behavior theory, 349,

350–351 convergence theory, 679

coordination of behavior of, 559–560

crowd activities, 554–555 diffusion theories, 679 emergence conditions, 557–558 participation units in, 556–557 predictors of participation in, 560 social psychology studies on,

2771 spectator-bystander

differentiation, 556

See also Draft riots; Urban riots Crowley, M., 2533

Crude rates, 610–612, 1740–1741 standardization, 2992–2995

See also Birth and death rates; Marriage and divorce rates

Crump, Edward (‘‘Boss’’), 2126

Crusades, 2967–2968

Crutchfield, Robert, 665

Cruzan, Nancy, 586

Cruzan v. the State of Missouri (1990), 3083, 3084

CS. See Cluster sampling

CSA. See Clinical Sociology

Association

CSAQ (Computerized SelfAdministered Questionnaires), 410

Cuba, 2134

and criminalization of deviance, 524

revolution (1959), 2411, 2412

as socialist state, 1536, 2851

Cuber, John, 1731

Cui bono criterion, 2004

Cults

as collective behavior, 349

counterculture, 461

definition of, 2366

and recovered memory syndrome, 901

religious, 3287

Cultural analysis, 2762, 2891–2892

Cultural anthropology. See Anthropology; Sociocultural anthropology

Cultural capital, 2626, 2714

and educational mobility, 2928, 3043

human capital vs., 2928

as stratifying force, 2812

Cultural conformity, social belonging vs., 2630

Cultural differentiation, 510

Cultural diversity, 1407

Cultural evolution. See Evolution: biological, social, cultural

Cultural hegemony theory, 1753

Cultural identity, 1199, 1402

Cultural imperialism, 1322, 1767

Cultural institutions, 1063

Cultural integration, 1223

Cultural lag, 3066

Cultural markers, 1932

Cultural pluralism. See

Multiculturalism

Cultural production. See Art and society; Literature and society; Music

Cultural psychology, 548

Cultural renewal, 1295

Cultural resistance studies, 2170

Cultural Revolution (China;

1966–1977), 3045

Cultural selection, 1234

Cultural specificity, 1368

Cultural studies, 569

Marxist sociology, 1756, 1757, 1758

on popular culture, 2169– 2170, 2172

pragmatism and, 2219

See also Ethnography; Sociocultural anthropology

Cultural Studies: A Research Annual

(journal), 2293

Culturalists, 563

Culture, 562–572

African institutions, 63–65

age appropriateness and, 1623

alienation and, 100

American Indian, 137–138

art and, 172–174

Asian-American personality studies, 178

British sociological studies, 226, 227–228

coethnic, 2329

conformity levels and, 400

criminal sanctions and, 518

definitions of, 562–563, 566–567

as depression influence, 656

development of, 1199

deviant behavior linked with, 664

differing concepts of corruption, 2124, 2126–2127

diffusion theories, 675–676, 679, 1085

disaster reaction and, 686

emic-etic frame, 550, 564, 2091–2092, 2889, 2891, 2892

emotions and, 774, 781–785

and ethnic-group resources, 847–848

ethnoscience and, 2891

Eurocentric, 55

global, 1085, 1091, 1092

high vs. mass culture debate, 565–566, 1645–1646

historical perspective, 568

of honor, 2528

and Latin American studies, 1537

legal systems as reflection of, 472

leisure as component of, 1583

marginalization, 2367, 2634–2635

Marxist sociology and, 562, 568, 1755, 1756, 1757

mass media mainstreaming of, 1766

and mental health concepts, 2190

metatheory and, 1853–1854

modernization theory and, 1885–1886

moral development theory, 1900–1902

music and, 1924–1927

nonmaterial, 1210

order-deficit model, 153

personal, 1305

postindustrial, 2200

postmodernist theories of, 1756, 1784, 2173, 2206–2209

production of, 567, 1647– 1648, 1925

recorded, 568

regulatory, 1103

religious orientation and, 2384–2385

role theory and, 2422

sexual orientation and, 2566–2567, 2569

of sexuality, 1304

and social change, 2643, 2644

social interaction definition, 2767

and social movement emergence, 2719–2720

and social structure debate, 563–565

and socialization, 2855, 2862

as spousal role influence, 696

subcultures definition, 509

and suicide variation, 3079

as symbolic aspect of social life, 518

technological, 1210

as tool kit, 1102

and values and norms, 2830, 3217

and values in economy, 736, 737

and variants of values, 3217, 3218, 3222, 3224

See also Countercultures; Crosscultural analysis; Ethnicity; Evolution: biological, social, cultural; Popular culture; Sociocultural anthropology

Culture (Czarnowski), 2118

Culture and Evolution

(Chmielewski), 2119

Culture and Personality Approach in American Anthropology, The

(Mach), 2119–2120

Culture circles hypothesis, 675

Culture exchanges, 675

Culture lag, 2644

Culture of poverty, 1288, 2211–2212

Culture war, 1580

Culture: Sociological Perspectives (Hall

and Neitz), 567

Cumulative distribution function, 2250

Cumming, Elaine, 2300

Cumulative advantage/disadvantage theory, 84

Cumulative scale analysis, 1801

Cunnilingus, 2553

Cunningham, P. B., 76

Currency. See Money

Current Concepts of Positive Mental

Health (Jahoda), 2188–2189

Current life table, 612, 614

Current Population Survey, 284, 1521, 1687, 1720, 1722, 1747, 2215

Current Research in Social Psychology

(journal), 413

Curry, Theodore R., 2961

Curtis, R. F., 2345

Cuvillier, A., 1024

Cybercrime, 3253

Cyberspace. See Internet; Web sites

Cyclical theories, 2644–2645

Cyprus, 1945

Czarniawska, Barbara, 2902

Czarnowski, Stefan, 2118

Czech Republic

divorce rate, 706

ethnonationalism and creation of, 1934, 1946, 1947

labor movement, 1532

post-communist transition in, 2136

sociology in, 2117

tourism in, 3169

Czech revolution (1968), 2414

Czyzewski, Marek, 2119

D

Dadrian, Vahakn N., 1071

Dahl, Robert A., 603–604,

1456, 2624

Dahlström, Edmund, 2453

Dahrendorf, Ralf, 414, 1753, 2337,

2415, 2814

and British sociology, 224, 225–226

and German sociology, 1078, 1079, 1080

Daily time use. See Time use research

Daley, Richard J., 2126, 2496–2497

Dalit (Hindu oppressed), 252–253

Daly, Kathleen, 3251

Damaska, Mirjan, 1548, 1549

D’Amato, Alfonse, 2125

Damle, Y.B., 1291

D.A.R.E. (Drug Abuse Resistance

Education), 716, 717

Darkness Visible: A Memoir of Madness

(Styron), 651

Darley, John M., 115, 116–117

Darrow, Clarence, 2369

Dartmouth conference, 2047

Darwin, Charles, 1031, 1209, 1466,

1636, 2218, 2522

evolution by natural selection theory, 876, 878, 2330, 2334, 2369, 2418, 2880–2881, 2885, 2889

evolution theory statements, 2880–2881

as influence on Marx, 573, 1782

as Polish sociology influence, 2118

Data analysis

computing technology, 408–409

content analysis, 417–421

cross-cultural, 547–549

demographic, 609–610, 632

general linear model, 457

longitudinal, 1684, 1685–1686, 1689–1694

missing data treatment, 3039

multiple indicator models, 1907–1923

multiple regression, 451–457

replication, 2396–2397

sampling procedures, 2444–2449

secondary, 2473–2481

of social networks, 1789–1790 sources of personality data,

2076–2078

statistical distribution, 658– 659, 661

statistical graphics, 3003, 3011–3019, 3039

statistical methods, 3034–3039 statistical models, 2028

of survey research, 3090 tabular, 3107–26

of time use research, 3157–3159 of variance and covariance,

157–164

of voting behavior, 3232–3236 Data banks and depositories,

573–581

access procedures and use, 579–580

age-period-cohort effects, 81 census, 282–287 computer-assisted, 409–411, 413 concept and history, 573–575 data sharing, 576

demographic data, 609, 631 information collection measures,

1802–1803

intercohort comparisons, 344 replication and, 2397 secondary data analysis from,

2473–2481

for social research, 2769 Social Science Data Archives,

575–580

social survey instruments, 577–579

World Wide Web, 406, 413

See also Library resources and services for sociology

Data collection. See Data banks and depositories; Public opinion; Survey research

Data reduction, 906–907

Date rape, 2558–2559, 2577, 2583

Datenreport (publications), 2685

Dating. See Courtship

David (king of Israel), 1508

David, Rene, 1555

Davie, Grace, 2966

Davies, James C., 2270