Encyclopedia of Sociology Vol

Callahan, Daniel, 588

Calment, Jeanne, 1631

Calvin, John, 3227

Calvinism, 2211, 2520

Cambodia, 2974, 2975, 2978

fertility decline, 627

genocide, 68, 1069, 1070, 1384, 2975

slavery and slave-like practices, 2604, 2606–2607

women in labor force percentage, 3262

Cambodian Americans, 175, 180

Cambridge-Somerville Study, 1488

Cameroon, 2133

affinity of religion and family in, 936

and family size, 977

slavery and slave-like practices, 2604

Camp David agreements (1978), 2048

Campbell, Angus, 2299, 2300,

2303–2304, 2683, 3234, 3235

Campbell, D. T., 2324–2325, 2326,

2327, 3128–3129, 3210

Campbell, Donald, 865–866, 2282

Campbell, John Creighton, 380

Campbell, John L., 2164

Campbell, Richard T., 1692

Canada

church-state relations, 2359– 2361, 2362

clinical psychology, 327

cohabitation, 109

divorce law reforms, 703

divorce rate, 112, 706

equal pay for work of equal value, 372

family violence, 981

health-care system, 374, 377, 378, 379, 380, 1827

legal system, 465, 471

long-term care and care facilities, 1660–1661

multilingualism, 2909

Muslim minorities, 2950

occupational status attainment, 2786

political system, 2359, 2360 prohibition legalization, 1577 publishing industry, 1648 racial conflict, 321

Social Science Data Archive, 576 social security system, 2800 tourism in, 3169

transnational corporations, 3175 Canadian Human Rights Act of

1977, 372

Canadian Mobility Study, 2786

Cancer

alcohol abuse and, 93, 1640 dietary factors, 1641 quality of life and, 2301 smoking and, 1639

Cancian, Frank, 87

Canon law, 473, 1513, 1514, 1516 Montesquieu’s comparative

study of, 1545 Canova, Fabio, 644 Cantril, Hadley, 2303

Canvases and Careers (White and

White), 172

CAPI (Computer-Assisted Personal

Interviewing), 410

Capital

accumulation of, 1089, 1093, 1099, 1103

definition of, 2637 financial, 1264 flow of, 1088

foreign, 1087, 1088, 1268

Marx on contradictions of, 3066 surplus, 1265

transfer of, 1265

See also Cultural capital; Human capital; Social capital

Capital (Marx). See Kapital, Das

Capital punishment. See Death penalty

Capitalism, 237–243 agricultural, 2429, 2432 and alienation, 100, 697

in American society, 99, 143–144 and anomie, 164

and class conflict, 2692 and class-race relationship,

320–323

and colonialism, 240, 320

and communitarian views, 360

comparative historical analysis of, 383

as conducive condition for democracy, 605

conflict theory on, 415

contradictions in, 1311

and crime theories, 504

and criminal and delinquent subcultures, 511–512

and critical theory, 540, 541, 542, 544

and dependency theory, 639–642

diffusion of, 1085

and division of labor, 697, 1782

and economic determinism, 723

and economic institutions, 724, 728

and economic sociology, 733

expansion of, 1197, 1215

and feminist theory, 989, 990

and globalization, 1084, 1085, 1091

historical sociology on, 1197, 1199

and human ecology, 1215

and imperialism, 1265

and individualism, 1303

and intellectualism, 1356

and kinship systems, 1502

and labor movement, 1528, 1531–1533

and Latin America, 1540–1541

law and origins of, 1553– 1554, 1576

liberalism roots of, 1597

marginal utility analysis of, 2698

Marx case studies of, 245–246

Marx on, 237, 774, 1783, 2196, 3066

Marxist class structure theory and, 2814, 2847

Marxist deviance theory and, 669–670

Marxist historical materialism and, 543, 1704, 1782

Marxist historical specificity and, 2645–2646

Marxist legal theory and, 1553

Marxist leisure theory and, 1583

Marxist revolution theory and, 2410, 2411

Marxist sociology and, 238, 531

Marxist structural theory of the state and, 2163

mass culture attributed to, 1645–1646

materialist analyses of new phase of, 1784–1785

mature states of, 1309

and modernization theory, 1885, 1886

monopoly stage of, 1264, 1754

neo-Marxist view of, 1078–1079

patriarchy and, 1708

postcommunist transitions to, 2851–2852

and postindustrial society, 2194–2202, 2205

and postmodern society, 2206, 2207

and power elite, 2162

power-conflict analysis in context of, 53

and proletariat struggle, 238–239

Protestant Ethic and, 2483, 2942, 2943, 3222

and racism, 319–321

and retirement patterns, 2402

slavery linked with, 238, 239, 321

and social justice theories, 2697–2698

and social security systems, 2800

and societal stratification, 2865

and structuralist theory of the state, 2163

and time use research, 3156

and transnational expansion, 239–240, 241, 242, 1085

and war, 3243–3244

See also Corporate organizations

Capitalism and Modern Social Theory

(Giddens), 226

Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy

(Schumpeter), 733

Caplow, Theodore, 331, 332,

364, 367

Capone, Al, 3246

Car industry. See Automobiles Carbonaro, Antonio, 1467, 1470

Cardinal Principles of Secondary

Education (1918), 764

Cardoso, Fernando H., 642,

1087, 1538

Cardozo, Benjamin, 476

Care

as moral reasoning basis, 1900, 1902–1903

mother’s role and, 2036 personal dependency and, 2062

Career line

definition and concept of, 1982, 1984

See also Occupational and career mobility

Caregiver burden, 1658

Cargo cults, 2367

Caribbean News Agency, 1767 Caribbean region

African studies, 66

Demographic and Health

Surveys, 633

demographic transition, 622, 627 governmental and political

corruption, 2134 replacement-level fertility, 220 slavery in, 2599, 2600–2601

Carlsmith, M., 338, 339

Carlson, Richard, 677

Carlsson, N. Gösta, 2450

Carmichael, Stokely (Kwame

Ture), 53

Carmines, E. G., 2345, 2347, 2350

Carnap, Rudolf, 821, 2756

Carr, E. G., 214

Carroll, Lewis, 2339

Carroll, Michael P., 2965

Carrying capacity, 1219

Carson, Rachel, 789, 803

Carter, Jimmy, 712, 2048

Carter, Rosalyn, 588

Cartesianism. See Descartes, René

Carthage, 1066, 1069

Cartwright, Dorwin, 335–336, 1034,

2415, 2417, 2611

Case frame grammar, 2297–2298

Case law, 467–468, 476

Case studies, 243–249

Chicago School tradition of, 243–244

of childhood sexual abuse, 288, 293

in clinical sociology, 327

of counterculture, 461–463

functionalist-structural theories of, 244

as life histories, 245, 247– 248, 1633

methodology of, 327

politics and poetics of writing, 247–248

radical, 245–246

of reality construction, 246–247

retirement models, 2405–2406

of revolutions, 1198

Cassubians, 2268

Caste and inherited status, 249–255

Comte on, 1029

elites and, 2623

in Hindu society, 250–253, 3284

in Japan, 253–254

in Rwanda, 254

stratification parameters, 2810, 2811

See also Status attainment

Castell, Manuel, 1758

Castellano, Vittorio, 1465, 1470

Castro, Fidel, 2851

Castro, Luis J., 620

Catalano, Richard, 366

Catastrophes. See Disaster research; Society and technological risk

Categorical models, 1849, 3037– 3038

tabular analysis, 3107–3126

Catell, Raymond, 2084

Catherine the Great (Russian

czarina), 1435

Catholic Church. See Roman

Catholic Church

Catholic schools. See Parochial schools

CATI (Computer-Assisted Telephone

Interviewing), 410, 1802, 3092

Cattarinussi, Bernardo, 1468

Catton, William, 1214, 1219

Caudillo-cacíque power structure (Mexico), 1856

Causal inference models, 255–267

and attribution theory, 193– 194, 195

and comparative historical analysis, 387–388

and criminology, 502–504, 536

and decision-making theory, 591–592

and deviance theories, 662

and factor analysis, 908, 917–918

and longitudinal research, 1685, 1688–1689

and measurement errors, 256–257, 264–266, 1908–1909

and multiple indicators, 1907–1923

and path analysis, 259–260, 455–456

of personal autonomy, 2059

and quasi-experimental research designs, 2310–2327

scenarios, 1041–1042, 2678

and simultaneous equation models, 261–264

in social psychology research, 2771–2778

and statistical analysis, 3035

and structural equation modeling, 1922–1923

and tabular analysis, 3108–3126

and voting behavior research, 3234–3235

See also Correlation and regression analysis; Experiments; Scientific explanation

Causal Inferences in Nonexperimental

Research (Blalock), 3035

Causal Models in the Social Sciences

(Blalock), 3036

Causality orientations theory, 2059

Causation, definition of, 255

Cause and effect. See Causal inference models

Cavalli, Luciano, 1468, 1470

C.C.S. (Certified Clinical

Sociologist), 326

CCRCs. See Continuing care retirement communities CDC. See Centers for Disease

Control

CD-ROMs, 409, 420, 1605 data archives, 580, 2476 secondary data sets, 2479 and sexually explicit

material, 2185 Cell frequency, 658, 661 Cella, Gian Primo, 1467

Censorship and the regulation of expression, 267–281

civil liberties and, 315 communitarian view of, 360 hate speech and, 2140 judicial treatment of, 270–272 mass media, 1762–1763

national security and, 273–274 political correctness and, 2140 pornography and, 274–275, 2184,

2185–2186 rhetoric of, 268–269

and school curricula, 276–278 and social psychology, 278–279 sociolinguistics and, 2908

and student movements, 3070

See also Free speech

Census, 281–287

accuracy of, 285–287 of agriculture, 2432

and China studies, 300, 301 County and City Data Books,

2480–2481

crime survey, 1488–1489 demographers and, 637 demographic data, 631 divorce statistics, 701 document depositories, 1606–

1607, 2477

of family size, 971

and first automated data processing machine, 406

labor force concept and measurement, 1521–1523

marriage and divorce rates, 1744 National Crime and Victimization

Survey, 494

National Longitudinal Surveys

data, 2476

nursing home residents profile, 1667

occupational categories, 697, 1997, 3264

occupational prestige scale, 1997

population sampling, 2444

poverty data, 2214–2215

race and ethnicity data, 284–285, 286

remarriage rates, 2387, 2388

rotating panel sample, 1687

sampling procedure, 2448

as secondary data analysis source, 2475–2476, 2480–2481

social indicator publication, 2685

social surveys, 578

sociologist careers and, 148

standardization, 2995

suburban definition, 3070

urban underclass measurement, 2212, 3199

widowhood data, 3256–3257

Census Bureau, U.S. See Census

Center for Advanced Study in Political Science, 172

Center for Coordination of Research on Social Indicators, 2683

Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, 654

Center for Human Resource Research, 2475–2476

Center for Political Studies, 101

Center for Sociological Studies, 1026

Center for Substance Abuse Prevention, 715

Center for Women Policy

Studies, 2577

Center to Improve Care of the Dying, 588

Centers, R., 1778

Centers for Disease Control, 1162, 2585, 2587, 2588

Central African countries, 60

Central African Republic, 2129,

2133–2134

Central America. See Latin America; Latin American studies; specific countries

Central economy, 1313, 2849, 2850–2851

Central Europe. See Eastern Europe

Central Intelligence Agency, 274,

898, 2144

Central tendency of distribution, measures of, 659

Centrifugal system of kinship, 1511–1512, 1513, 1514

Centripetal system of kinship, 1510–1511, 1512, 1513–1514

Centuries of Childhood (Ariès), 2090

Cerebral arteriosclerosis, 139

Cerezo, Vincio, 2135

Ceri, Paolo, 1467

Certainty effect, 591–592

CES. See Committee on Economic Security

Césaire, Aimé, 66

Cesarean section, 2237

CES-D (depression scale), 1834, 1835

CESSDA (Council of European Social Science Data Archives), 575, 576–577

CFA. See Confirmatory factor analysis

Chadwick, Bruce A., 364, 367

Chain migration, 177

Chain of being, 1599

Chains of Opportunity (White), 2662

Chaitanya, 3287–3288

Chajanov, A. V., 2979

Chalasinski, Jozef, 2119

Challenger disaster, 2875, 2878, 3253

Chambliss, William J., 529, 530,

1497, 2961

Champs de la sociologie française, Les

(Verret and Mendras), 1026

Chancery courts, 477

Chandler, Alfred, 738

Chaney, James, 2495

Change. See Social change

Change measurement. See Experiments; Longitudinal research; Quasi-experimental research design; Measurement

Chaos theory, 1212–1213

Chapple, Elliot D., 1974, 1975, 1976

Chapter 7 bankruptcy liquidation, 202, 203, 205

Chapter 11 bankruptcy reorganization, 203

Chapter 12 bankruptcy reorganization, 203

Chapter 13 bankruptcy repayment plan, 202–203, 205

Charismatic authority, 229–230 emotional factors in, 2519–2520 irrational legal order and, 1546 as nationalist movement

leadership, 1943 Charity. See Philanthropy

Charity Organizations Societies,

2841

Charlemagne, 2940, 2998

Charmaz, Kathy, 583

Charny, Israel, 1072

Charter schools, 765–766

Charts

descriptive statistics, 658–659 graphic, 3003–3022

Chateaubriand, François-Auguste-

René, 1771

Chattel slave systems, 2596–2597, 2601, 2603

Chattopadhyay, K. P., 1291

Chaves, Mark, 2379, 2484

Chavez, Hugo, 2135

Chavis, David, 363

Chayanov, A. V., 2432

Chechnya, 1945, 2136, 2947, 3001

Checkoway, Barry, 3071–3072

Chemers, M. M., 1571

Chen Da, 298

Cherlin, Andrew J., 702, 705, 706,

1390, 1391, 2393

Chernobyl disaster, 683, 686, 805, 2875, 2876, 2877

Chernomyrdin, Viktor, 2136

Chesler, Pat, 2089

Chess, S., 2088, 2090

Cheung, Chau-Kiu, 1901

Chi square, 1808–1809

Chiapas rebellion (1994), 1861, 2271 Chicago Eight, 2146

Chicago, Illinois

first juvenile court, 1485 machine politics, 2126 Muslim immigrants, 2950 settlement houses and social

reform, 365–3363

slum life study, 365

social disorganization study, 1495 sociological child guidance

clinics, 324

Chicago School, 431, 532–533,

821, 843

Asian-American research, 176, 177

case studies tradition, 243–244 clinical sociology, 324, 325 collective behavior studies, 2265 community studies, 363, 365 deviance theory, 664–665, 2658 and ethnography, 852, 853

and functionalism and structuralism, 1031

and human ecology, 2822

life histories and narratives, 1633 neighborhood focus of, 664–665 pragmatist roots of, 2220–2221 Simmel as influence on, 1772 social control perspective, 2657 and social problems, 2759

Chicago School of Civics and

Philanthropy, 366

Child abuse and neglect

African and Asian forced labor, 2605–2606

and family violence, 981 learned aggression from, 71 low-birth-weight babies as, 221 treatment and prevention, 75

See also Childhood sexual abuse Child care, 128–129, 2032

costs of, 2035 employer-provided, 3266 structural lag and, 3062

Child care centers, 129, 359 Child custody, 702, 707

and sexual abuse charges, 2582 and social justice, 2707

and support payments, 128, 708, 947, 2707

Child fingerprinting, civil liberties and, 316, 318

Child guidance clinics, 324, 325 Child labor, 2036, 2605–2606, 3262 Child pornography, 274

Child Study Movement, 2

Child support payments, 128, 708

and family law, 947

and social justice, 2707

Childbearing

age at first birth, 125

American family patterns, 125, 2032–2033

average number of births per woman, 2031–2032

birth rates, 217–220

by single women, 125, 634, 708, 1506, 1744, 2033

comparative health-care systems, 374, 378

as demographic research area, 635

gender preference in, 628

historical decline in, 2032

and life-cycle demographic model, 1625

as life-cycle transition, 1616, 1623, 1625

and lifestyle risks, 1640

and marital quality, 1729, 1730–1731, 1737, 2035, 2037

marriage as legitimization of, 1734

medicalization of, 1816

morbidity and mortality, 2236

rewards and costs, 2034–2033

sociobiological law of anisogamy on, 2884–2885

Total Fertility Rate, 627, 628, 629

See also Family planning; Family size; Fertility determinants; Infant and child mortality; Pregnancy and pregnancy termination

Childfree adults, 109–111, 634, 1506, 1625

rising rate of, 2035

Childhood

aggressio-learning factors in, 70, 75, 76

altruism in, 115

attitude formation in, 185

censorship and, 272

cross-cultural socialization analysis, 550

dependency theory and, 2063–2064, 2066–2067

developmental studies, 1617, 1624, 1686

as distinct life stage, 122, 2681

family roles and, 122, 696, 2032

family trends and, 127–128, 142, 2033

Freudian drive theory and, 1713

historical views of, 2035–2036, 2090–2091

homuncularism and, 2090–2091

mass media influences in, 1762–1764

moral development stages, 1895–1897

nonmaternal caretakers, 128– 129, 359

parental costs during, 2034–2035

parental divorce effects on, 127–128, 705–707, 1747, 1749, 1750, 2033, 2392

parental prescriptive altruism and, 1508

parental remarriage effects on, 2391–2392

parental roles and, 2035–2037

as personality influence, 2090

phenomenological investigation of, 2102–2103

poverty rates, 127, 1287

self-esteem development in, 2508, 2512–2513

sexual behavior in, 2550–2551

socialization, 2856–2860

and structural lag, 3062–3063

See also Adolescence; Human rights/children’s rights; Infant and child mortality

Childhood sexual abuse, 288–297, 2581–2582

and Asian sex trade, 2607

cross-cultural issues in, 292–293

definitions of, 288, 292, 2581

explanations of, 2582

and family violence victim attributions, 196

incidence and prevalence of, 288–289

intrafamilial, 2594

long-term effects of, 289– 292, 293

by other children, 2582

and pornography, 274

rape theories and, 2591

treatment of, 293, 521

See also Incest

Childhood: A Global Journal of Child

Research, 550

Childlessness. See Childfree adults

Child-rearing styles. See Family and household structure; Parental roles; Socialization

Children. See Childhood

Children of the Great Depression

(Elder), 1618, 2662

Children’s Bureau, U.S., 366

Children’s Defense Fund, 130

Children’s Health Insurance

Program, 1146

Children’s rights, 1239–1240, 1242–1244

Chile

dependency theory and, 642

economic liberalization, 1539, 1540, 1541

economic, social, and political conditions, 1536, 1537

fertility decline, 627

health-care system, 381

labor movement, 1532

lawyers in, 478

protest movements, 2266

Chin, Ko-lin, 512

Chin, Vincent, 1410

China studies, 297–304

AIDS/HIV cases, 2591–2592

and Cold War-era triad, 332

communist dictatorship, 3002

conditions counter-conducive to democracy, 605

delinquent subcultures, 512

education and mobility, 3045

ethnonationalist movements, 1944, 1946

family and population policy, 930, 931–932, 972

fertility control, 220

fertility decline, 627

governmental and political corruption, 2137

health-care system, 380–381

historical empires, 2998–2999

and historical sociology study of, 1198

labor movement, 1532

mass media, 1767

nationalist movement, 3001

occupational mobility, 1988, 1993

protest movement and countermovement, 333, 2268, 2270, 2718, 2721–2722, 3067

revolutions, 3000, 3001

secularization, 2485

sex trade, 2607

sexually transmitted diseases, 2592

slavery and slave-like practices, 2604

social change patterns, 2643, 2645

social gerontology, 301

socialism and communism, 298, 2849, 3002

socialist economic modifications, 2851

tourism in, 3167, 3169

women’s equality, 990

Chinese Americans

chain migrants, 177

crime rates, 531

demographic characteristics, 176

economic system of, 182

immigration restrictions, 123, 175, 176, 321

income and status attainment, 181

opium-use stereotype, 714

social isolation study, 176, 178

youth gangs, 512

Chinese Communist Party

(CCP), 298

Chinese Democracy Movement,

2721–2722

Chinese Exclusion Act of

1882, 123, 175

Chinese Laundryman, The: A Study in

Social Isolation (Siu), 176

Chinese Sociological Association,

297, 300

Chipendale (instructional

package), 411

Chirac, Jacques, 2129

Chiropractors, 221, 2259

Chirot, Daniel, 645, 2978

Chi-square test, 1965, 1966, 1967

Chiswick, Barry, 181–182

Chivalry, 483–484

Chlamydia, 2587, 2592

Chmielewski, Piotr, 2119

Chodorow, Nancy, 992–993, 994,

998, 1058, 2172

Choice (book review publication), 1606

Choice in Dying, 588

Cholera, 814

Cholesterol levels, 1642

Chomsky, Noam, 438, 1033,

1233, 2899

Choron, Jacques, 582

Chretien, James K., 2589

Christal, R., 2085

Christian Coalition, 3229

Christian Democratic Party (Italy),

2128, 2129

Christian Science, 2366

Christianity

Engels’s view as true communism, 2968

and ethical norms, 3283–3284

and fundamentalism, 2368–2372

interfaith dialogue and, 3289

Islamic parallels, 2937, 2939, 2943

kinship and family typologies, 1507, 1516–1517

and new religious movements, 3287

origins, 3287

religious experiences and symbols, 3280, 3281

view of human nature, 2086

See also Protestantism; Religious movements; Religious organizations; Roman Catholic Church

Christie, Nils, 2453

Christine de Pisan, 988

CHRR. See Center for Human Resource Research

Chubais, Anatoly, 2136

Chun Doo Hwan, 2131

Chuprov, A. A., 2979

Church and state, 2356–2358

interpenetration model, 2356, 2357, 2358, 2359–2360

separation of, 146, 2356– 2357, 2358

two-powers model, 2357–2358

Church groups. See Religious organizations

Church of England, 701

Church of Scientology, 900,

2366, 3287

Churches. See Denominations;

Religious organizations

Churchill, Winston, 1599

Churching of America, The (Finke and

Stark), 2485

Church-sect typology, 2365, 2366–2367, 2373, 2378

CIA. See Central Intelligence

Agency, 898

CICD. See Center to Improve Care of the Dying

Cigarette smoking. See Smoking

Cigna (health insurance provider), 1822

Ciller, Tansu, 2132

CIO. See Committee on Industrial Organizations

Cipolla, Costantino, 824

Cipriani, Roberto, 1473

Circular reaction, 350

Circulation mobility, 2712

Cirrhosis, 93, 94, 1640

Cisneros, Henry, 2128

Citation indexes, 1610–1611

Cities, 305–314

African-American segregation indices, 2500–2504

alcohol consumption patterns, 94

case studies, 243–244

deconcentration, 3195

definition of, 305

ethnic enclaves in, 2498

as fertility transition factor, 624

juvenile gangs in, 1485

kinship systems, 1502, 1503

mass society theory on, 1772, 1773

megacities, 310–311, 312, 3197

mental illness incidence, 1840, 1841

metropolitan areas. See Metropolitan Statistical Areas

Native American population, 136

police forces, 2110–2112

political corruption in, 2125–2126

population distribution, 634

population of world’s largest metropolises, 3195

population shifts and, 2179–2180, 3195–3196

See also Urbanization

primate systems, 3196–3197

quality of life ranking, 2302–2303

rural societies contrasted with, 3192

secondary data analysis, 2480–2481

settlement houses, 2841

social reform, 365–366

and suburbanization, 311, 3070–3076, 3194

underclass. See Urban underclass

underemployment in, 1721

zoning against ‘‘adult’’ businesses, 2186

See also Community; Urban sociology

Citizens Clearing House for

Hazardous Waste, 791

Citizens for Excellence in

Education, 770

Citizens groups. See Public interest groups

Citizenship

discrimination based on, 692, 693

and social security systems, 2797, 2800

‘‘City, The: Suggestions for Investigation of Human Behavior in the Urban Environment’’ (Park), 1772

City of God (Augustine), 1507

City Police (Rubenstein), 2114

City-states, 2998

Civic Forum (Czech Republic), 1532

Civic society, 360

Civil disobedience. See Protest movements; Student movements

Civil law cases, 471–472, 479–480

Civil law system, 464, 465–466, 471, 472–476, 480–481, 1554

judges in, 477

kinship distance computation, 1514

lawyers in, 478

legal rules vs. social norms, 1546

Civil liberties, 314–319

democracy associated with, 605, 606

liberalism’s emphasis on, 355

political correctness and, 2140

responsive communitarianism and, 357, 361

See also Human rights/ children’s rights

Civil rights

affirmative action and, 47, 48, 49

civil liberties distinguished from, 315

and critical theory, 539

and crowd behavior, 557, 558

and feminist theory, 989

pornography seen as issue of, 275

See also Censorship and regulation of expression; Civil rights movement; Discrimination; Segregation and desegregation

Civil Rights Act of 1875, 2491

Civil Rights Act of 1964, 275–276,

830, 3067

affirmative action and, 48

as civil rights movement outcome, 2266, 2267, 2268

continuing racial discrimination and, 56, 2497

as enforcement device, 2496

equal pay for equal work provision, 372, 2706

and expanded job opportunities, 3264–3265

sexual harassment coverage, 2580

Civil Rights Act of 1990, 275–276

Civil rights movement, 58, 64, 136, 273, 558, 1315, 2266, 2267, 2493–2496, 2723

and countermovement, 2267

desegregation as focus of, 2494–2495

emergence theory and, 2718

ethnic studies and, 178–179

Montgomery bus boycott as impetus for, 2493

nonviolence tactic, 2269

participant characteristics, 2145, 2268–2269, 2495, 3067–3070

political alienation and, 103

public opinion effects of, 2277

as religious movement, 2365, 2374, 2377, 2493, 2719

social stratification effects of, 142

students and, 3067–3068, 3069–3070

and urban race riots, 2270, 2495

Civil service, 603, 2127, 2130, 2131, 2132

Civil Service Retirement Act of

1920, 2402

Civil War (U.S.), 1876, 2127

Irish Catholic draft riots, 2269, 3069

veteran pensions, 2797

Claes, Willy, 2130

Clans. See Indigenous peoples; Kinship systems and family types

Clark, Burton, 1182, 1183

Clark, Candace, 782

Clark, Colin, 1218

Clarke, J., 1578

Clarke, M., 3249

Clarkson, F. E., 2190

‘‘Clash of civilizations’’ hypothesis, 2940–2941

Class. See Class and race; Marxist sociology; Social class; Social and political elites; Social structure; Status attainment

Class and Class Conflict in Industrial

Society (Dahrendorf), 225–226

Class and race, 319–323

academic achievement, 2933– 2934

adolescent sexual behavior patterns, 2551–2552

African American studies, 53, 56–57

as all-volunteer military force issue, 1878–1879, 1880

ascriptive stratification, 2819

British sociological studies, 226 caste inherited status, 250 city-suburb socioeconomic

differences, 3072–3073 contemporary relations, 322–323 courtship endogamy, 485 criminal deviance, 526, 530,

531, 534, 536 criminal sanctions, 517

divorce correlates, 704–705, 707–708

education and mobility, 756, 757 environmental equity, 796 ethnic stratification, 845

fertility transitions, 1007 filial responsibility, 1020 historical sociology, 1198 identity politics, 1580

ilicit drug use/convictions, 713 income inequality, 3048 inequality theories, 2692 juvenile delinquency and crime,

1490–1492

leisure, 1584–1585, 1588 Marxist criminology, 534–535 popular culture transmission,

2170–2172 prejudice, 2242–2246 status attainment, 3044

stratification models, 2817–2819 whiteness vs. blackness, 56

See also Racism; Segregation and desegregation

Class Structure in the Social

Consciousness (Ossowski), 2119

Class struggle, 415, 601, 697, 1221, 1782

as basis of Marxist socialist ideal, 2847

and industrial sociology, 1310 oppositional framework for, 2692 religious orientation and,

2385, 2968 revolutions and, 2410

societal stratification and, 2865 theory of state and, 2163

Classes (Wright), 723

Classes, Strata, and Power

(Wesolowski), 2120

Classical elite theory. See Social and political elites

Classical music. See Music

Classical school of criminology, 528, 535, 536

Classification. See Tabular analysis; Typologies

Clausen, John A., 1616, 1620, 2860

Clear, Todd, 360

‘‘Clear and present danger’’ designation, 318

Clegg, Stewart R., 2201

Clemens, Elisabeth S., 604

Clemmer, Donald, 2051–2052,

2053, 2055

Cleveland, Harlan, 1346

Cleveland, William S., 3006,

3009–3010, 3017, 3018

Client-centered therapy, 1715

Clinard, Marshall B., 3247,

3248–3249, 3250, 3252

Clinic for the Social Adjustment of the Gifted (New York University), 324

Clinical depression (depressive disorder), 649–650, 651, 656

Clinical Methods in Interracial and Intercultural Relations’’ (Haynes), 326

Clinical psychology, 325, 326

Clinical sociology, 323–329

first formal definition of, 326

first known use of term, 323

first use of term in print, 325

history of, 323–326, 327

in international settings, 327–328

linear models, 592–593

professional association, 155, 326

and sociological practice, 326, 327

theories, methods, and intervention strategies, 327

‘‘Clinical Sociology’’ (Wirth), 325

Clinical Sociology Association,

155, 326

Clinical Sociology Review, 326, 328

‘‘Clinical Study of Society, The’’ (Lee), 325

Clinton, Bill, 361–362, 791, 1144, 1147, 1159, 1239, 1244, 1531, 1820, 1825

administration scandals, 2128, 2276–2277, 2581, 3068

and family leave act, 2033–2034

and gays in the military issue, 1878, 1881

and national health care plan, 2804

and public opinion, 2276– 2277, 2278

Clinton, Hillary Rodham, 361–352

Clogg, Clifford, 1720, 3038

Cloning, 879, 1824, 2091

Closed population, 616

Cloth making, 64

Clothing. See Fashions

Cloward, Richard, 101, 513

on democracy, 603, 604, 606

on juvenile delinquency, 1945

on penology, 2052–2053

on urban gangs, 663

on welfare system, 2661

CLS. See Critical legal studies (CLS) movement

Club of Rome, 1038

Clubs. See Voluntary associations

Cluster analysis. See Correlation and regression analysis; Factor analysis

Cluster sampling, 2447–2448

CNN (Cable News Network), 1766

CNN syndrome, 684

Coale, Ansley J., 425–426, 619, 620, 624, 625, 626, 629, 631, 632, 633, 634

Coalition governments, 2159

Coalitions, 329–334

choice of partners in, 331, 332

in conflict theory, 414–416

modern empirical work in, 330–331

and network exchanges, 2673

position of weaker party in, 331, 332

real-life applications of, 330–333

triads and, 329, 330, 331– 332, 465

and war, 3242

Coase, Ronald, 735, 2340

Coase theorem, 2340

Cobb, Jonathan, 542

Cocaine, 711, 712, 713, 714, 715

Latin American traffic in, 2135

See also Crack cocaine

Cocaine Anonymous, 715

Cocaine cartels, 2135

Cochran’s Q test, 1969

Cockburn, Alexander, 1244

Code Napolèon, 474, 475, 1513

Code of Ethics (American Sociological Association [1989] 1997), 836–840

Code of Ethics (National Association

of Social Workers), 2842

Code of Jewish Law, The (Shulkham

Arukh), 1510

Codes

civil law, 474–476, 481

imperial, 2999

Coding

computer-assisted content analysis, 419–420

in qualitative research, 2289, 2290

Coefficient of correlation, 447, 449, 457

differential, 1693–1694

multiple, 452, 454

partial, 451–453, 457

Coercive persuasion. See Extreme influence: thought reform, high control groups, interrogation, and recovered memory psychotherapy

Coercive power. See Authority

Cognitive anthropology, 2891

Cognitive consistency theories,

334–342

attitudes and, 187–189

decision processing, 595

personality theory, 2084

Cognitive dissonance theory, 335, 337–340, 893

alternate versions of, 339–340

attitudes and, 187–188

belief adjustment and, 2701

history of, 338

situations promoting, 187–188

Cognitive distortions

from childhood sexual abuse, 290

as depression model, 651

self-esteem and, 2514–2517 Cognitive evaluation theory,

2059–2060

Cognitive institutions, 395

Cognitive psychology

aggressive personality theory, 70 altruism theory, 115 developmental invariant

sequence, 1900, 1901 medical sociology and, 1814 moral development stages, 1894,

1895–1907

role theory, 2417–2418, 2424 social values and norms,

2828–2839 Cognitive resource theory,

leadership model, 1568 Cognitive theories of depression,

651–652, 653–654 treatments, 655

Cohabitation, 108–109, 484,

487, 489

attitudes toward, 106, 109, 2568 by divorced persons, 1747 courtship and, 108, 484,

487, 1779

and declining marriage rate, 1744 and declining remarriage

rates, 1749

and extradyadic sex, 2541–2545 gay male and lesbian

relationships, 2545–2547 higher divorce rate linked

with, 705

increased rate of, 131, 1506, 1750 population composition and,

634, 635 premarital, 705

and remarriage rates, 1749, 2388 and sexual patterns, 2539, 2540

Cohen, Albert, 510–511, 534, 1494

Cohen, Bernard P., 2702

Cohen, E., 3169

Cohen, G. A., 1784

Cohen, Gershon D., 2969

Cohen, J., 1848–1849

Cohen, Jack C., 2500

Cohen, Lawrence, 506

Cohen, Morris, 2218

Cohen, Percy, 225

Cohen, Ronald L., 2698

Cohen, Stanley, 1578, 1579

Cohen, Stephen P., 2614

Cohen, William, 1244

Cohn, Norman, 1071, 2367, 2968 Cohort analysis. See Cohort

perspectives; Longitudinal research: Quasi-experimental research design

Cohort perspectives, 342–348 age and period interrelations,

80–81

age pyramid, 345, 609 aging and, 342–344 alienation and, 100

as analysis tool, 346–347 childlessness and, 110–111

and cohort norm formation, 3064 compositional, 344–345 conceptual framework, 342, 343 contextual characteristics,

343–344

cross-sectional fallacy and, 1685 and cumulative fertility rates, 220 definitions of, 80

and disordered cohort flow, 345 divorce rate and, 1747

on economic well-being/fertility theory, 635

and fallacy of cohortcentrism, 343–344

intercohort, 344 intracohort, 343

on Japanese controlled immigration, 176

on juvenile crime, 189, 1488 labor force and, 3262

and life course, 1614, 1615, 1618, 1619, 2861–2862

and life table, 612, 614–615 and life-cycle transitions,

1623–1624, 1625, 1626 and longevity of successive

cohorts, 345 population projection and,

616–617, 2181

population renewal theory and, 631–632

replacement fertility and, 2181

research methods, 346–347

social forecasting and, 2678

social inequality and, 2691

social security benefits and, 2803

social structures and, 345–346, 3063–3066

structural lag and, 3060–3061

on student movements, 3068

survey research, 2475

See also Longitudinal research

Colby, Anne, 1620–1621

Colclough, Glenna, 2027

Cold War

Asian immigration and, 175

and ‘‘clash of civilizations’’ hypothesis, 2940–2941

and collapse of international systems, 2362

democracy and, 601

Iron Curtain of, 1934

Latin American economic/ political liberalization at end of, 1540

military sociology and, 1876, 1878, 1882

new nation-state formation at end of, 2362

and nuclear annihilation fears, 3138

peacemaking studies, 2047

and peacetime conscription, 1876

Polish Roman Catholic Church

and, 2357

and postcommunist transition, 2851–2852

and power elite, 262

protest movements and, 2271

‘‘strategic triangle’’ of, 331–332

Cole, Charles L., 1727

Colegio de Mexico, 1858, 1859

Coleman, James S., 410, 606, 677

on conceptualizing change, 1689–1690

on corporate control, 443

on crowd behavior, 559

differential equation models, 1693

on equality of opportunity, 758, 829, 830–831

on labor union structure, 1533

on money and social exchange, 1890

as neoconservative, 1601

and rational choice theory, 1791, 2335, 2452

and representational models, 2029

social capital concept, 366, 2637, 2638, 2639, 2640, 2733–2734

social structural analysis, 2825, 2826

on stochastic models of change, 2668, 2674

and stochastic processes, 3036

on white-collar crime, 3246–3247, 3248, 3250, 3251, 3252, 3253

on youth culture, 512

Coleman Report, 70, 830–831,

2931–2932, 2935

Collaterality models, 1515

Collective behavior, 348–354

altruism and, 114

art production theory, 173

best known forms of, 348–349

bystander inaction and, 115

conflict theory and, 415–416

conformity and, 400–404, 2615–2617

contagion theories of, 350–351

crowds and riots as variants of, 349, 350–351, 553–560

decision making and, 595–597

differential association theory and, 665–666

diffusion processes, 679

disaster research on, 687

emergent norm theory, 351, 354

as facilitating individual desires, 349

free rider and, 604

group conflict resolution as, 1111–1115

identity and, 1940

interest groups and, 604

intergroup attributions in, 197

interpersonal identities in, 2221

law as moral consciousness of, 1575, 1576

leadership effectiveness and, 1571–1572

leadership emergence and, 1567, 1570

macro-level structural theories, 352–354

micro-level convergence theories, 349–350

micro-level interaction theories, 350–352

nationalism and, 1940–1941

nonconformity allowances in, 403–404, 606

political participation and, 2339

precipitating factors, 349, 353, 1940

protest movements as, 2265–2271

public opinion and, 2272

rational choice theory and, 349–350, 2335, 2338–2339, 2341

six determinants for, 353–354

social belonging and, 2635

social movements as, 2717–2725

social networks and, 2734

social psychology studies on, 2771

and social values and norms, 2341

values theory and, 352, 353, 3213, 3218–3219, 3222

See also Complex organizations; Corporate organizations; Small groups

Collective gaze, 3173

Collective memory, 1636

Collective representation, 2762

Collective unconscious, 1714

Collectivity. See Small groups; Social belonging

Colleges and universities. See Higher education; specific institutions

Collingridge, David, 2461

Collins, Harry M., 2459

Collins, Patricia Hill, 545

Collins, Randall, 416, 777, 785–786,

1708, 1710

Collor de Mello, Fernando, 2135–2136

Cologne School, 1077, 1078