Encyclopedia of Sociology Vol

Acta Sociologica (journal), 2451

Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales, 1027

ACTH (adrenocorticotropic

hormone), 652

Action

values as transcending, 3213 Weber’s four typologies of,

2519–2520

Action, collective. See Collective behavior

Action theory, 1080

Activities of daily living (ADL), 1653, 1654, 1655, 1667

Adams, Bert N., 485–486

Adams, John, 273, 584

Adaptive behavior

by religious organizations, 2379 personal dependency and, 2066 Addiction. See Alcohol; Drug abuse

Adkins, Janet, 3085

ADL (activities of daily living) scales, 1653, 1654, 1655, 1667

Adler, Alfred, 1714, 1715, 1717,

1718, 2084, 2088

Adler, Nathan, 460 Administration, Weber’s three

types of, 230 Adolescence, 1–18

acquaintence rape, 2577 abortion rates, 2235 acquaintance rape, 2588 AIDS/HIV risk, 2585, 2586–2587 alcohol use, 94, 95

anomie and strain theories, 166 attitude formation, 185 changing norms of, 1, 3

drug abuse concerns, 710–711, 712–713

duration of, 5, 6

and education, 10–11 educational attainment predictors, 2784

fertility determinants, 1005, 1010 health assessment in, 1131 interdisciplinary study of, 2

life course focus, 2, 3–9, 12–13, 1620, 2861

and music, 1926

and parents’ relationship, 2037

peer pressure in, 1057

pregnancy rates, 488, 2032, 2235

and self-esteem, 2513, 2534

sexual behavior patterns, 2551–2553

sexual orientation, 2552–2553

social historical perspective on, 3, 4–6

socialization, 10–11, 34, 2852–2860, 2861

socioeconomic status and health behavior, 1129

and suicide, 3078, 3080

and temporary work, 1724

transition markers in, 6, 7, 8, 9

work experience, 8–9, 11–12, 13, 34

and youth subculture, 512, 514

See also Gangs; Juvenile delinquency, theories of; Juvenile delinquency and juvenile crime

Adoption (of children), 597–598

by gays and lesbians, 315

Adoption (of innovation), 677, 678–679

diffusion research, 86–91

rural sociology on, 2430

Adorno, Theodor, 822, 1027, 2986

on authoritarian personality, 317, 334, 540

and critical theory, 539, 540–541, 542, 544

and genocide theory, 1070

and German sociology, 1075, 1076, 1077, 1078, 1079

on mass culture, 173, 1645

ADPSS. See Instituto Superiore di Sociologia

Adreotti, Giulio, 2129

Adult day care, 1657

Adult education, 18–25

acceleration of, 22, 23, 3064

contemporary structures, 22–24

participatory research, 2039, 2040, 2041

providers of, 18, 19, 21

and structural lag, 3064

types of, 18–20

Adultery, 2541–2545

as divorce ground, 701, 1737 Adulthood, 25–41

accommodation and, 33 age norms, 29, 30, 31

alcohol consumption rates, 95 assumption of, 25

attachment styles, 2068 childfree, 109–111 delayed onset, 26, 27

divorce effects, 706, 707–709 education continuation. See Adult

education

and family formation, 27, 28, 34, 35

and financial independence, 29 and gender roles, 30, 33, 34 goals of, 33

and labor force participation, 3262–3263

and moral development, 1900, 1903–1904

obstacles to, 27

and occupational and career mobility, 1892–1894

parental relations, 2037–2038 parental roles, 27, 28, 2031–2038 and personal dependency,

2063–2064 prerogatives of, 25

psychological orientations in, 32–33

race and transition to, 35 and residence, 26, 29 rituals of, 29

role adaptation, 32–36 and self-concept, 2508 and social class, 33

socialization in, 2860, 2861–2862 and structural lag, 3063 subjective indicators of, 25 subjective transition to, 28–30 transition markers in, 7, 25, 27,

28–32, 36, 2861

transition variations in, 26–28 Advance directives, 585–586, 587,

3064, 3083

Advanced degrees, in postindustrial society, 2196–2197

Advanced industrial societies. See Postindustrial society

Advanced Theory of Statistics

(Kendall), 3035

Advances in Field Theory (Wheelan et al.), 1013

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, The

(Twain), 277

Aesthetics, 1925

Aetna (health insurance provider), 1822

Affect Balance Scale, 2303,

2304, 2306

Affect, Cognition, and Stereotyping

(Mackie and Hamilton eds.), 2244

Affect control theory and impression formation, 41–47

applications of, 45–46

cultural norms and, 2528

emotions and, 43, 44–45, 780, 2527–2528

impression formation and management, 42–44, 2506, 2776

mathematical formulation, 1790

sentiments and, 2521

social perception and, 2750–2753

social stimuli and, 2774

Affective aggression, 68–69

Affective-cognitive consistency model, 335, 337

Affines, 1509

Affinity, 2632

Affirmative action, 47–53

admissions policies, 50, 51

backlash against, 2140, 2267, 2499, 2706

bans on, 51

categories affected, 48–49

civil rights and, 47, 48, 49, 2496, 2497

civil service examinations and, 49

consent decrees and, 49

controversy in, 47, 49

as discrimination remedy, 693, 694

enforcement of, 47

equality of opportunity and, 49, 833

gender and, 50, 1063

goals and timetables, 48

government contracts and, 49, 50

legal meaning of, 47 political correctness and,

2140, 2141 quotas and, 49 requirements of, 48

as reverse discrimination, 2706 salary differentials and, 690, 692 set-aside programs in, 49, 50 social justice beliefs and, 2706 Supreme Court cases, 50–51

Affluence. See Wealth

Afghanistan

Islamic fundamentalism, 2371, 3288

sociodemographic profile, 2938 AFL, 1530

AFL-CIO, 1532, 2148–2149

Africa

abortion illegality, 2240, 2241 age-set societies, 1623 AIDS/HIV epidemic, 2585, 2591,

2592–2593 art, 173 colonization, 1934

Demographic and Health

Surveys, 633

dependency theory and, 643, 644 ethnonationalism, 1934, 1948 fertility determinants, 1006 fertility rates, 219–220

fertility transitions, 627–628, 1008, 2178

health-care systems, 381 historical empires, 2999

legal ethnography, 1549, 1550 life expectancy, 623

military dictatorships, 3002, 3003 multilingualism, 2909

national boundaries, 1934 political and governmental corruption, 2132–2134

population factors, 2182 poverty in, 2216

slave trade from, 320, 321 slavery and involuntary servitude

in, 2501–2503, 2604–2608 sub-Saharan population growth,

628, 1008

See also African studies; specific countries; Sub-Saharan Africa

African American studies, 53–59

African studies inclusion, 67 AIDS/HIV risks, 2587, 2590 alcohol consumption rates, 94–95 alienation, 101–102

assimilation, 843–844 attributional patterns, 196 births per woman, 2032 case studies, 243, 244, 245 census undercounts, 286 childhood poverty rates, 127 city-suburb disparities, 3072 clinical sociology clinics, 326 direct and indirect

discrimination, 54–57, 143, 689, 691, 692, 693, 2333

divorce effects, 704–705, 707 divorce potential, 112, 126 educational attainment, 2931,

2932–2933 environmental equity, 789

equality of opportunity, 826, 845 experiential communities, 245 feminist theory, 545

filial responsibility, 1020 genocide charges, 1071–1072 historical marriage and family

structures, 121–122 homelessness, 1204 household income, 1279, 1280 illegitimacy, 1259

illicit drug convictions, 714 income inequality, 3048

infant and child mortality, 1328 intelligence testing, 1360, 2330 interracial marriage

demographics, 124, 1776 Islam adherents, 2950

job segregation, 3264–3265 juvenile crime rates, 1490, 1491 language and dialects, 2901

life expectancy, 1631 marriage demographics, 124,

1775, 1776

military service, 1879, 1880 music, 1926

nonmarital childbearing, 125

per capita income, 1280

political alienation, 102–103

poverty level, 2215

poverty theories, 1287, 2333– 2334

prejudice, 2243–2246

professional representation, 2260

protest movements, 2266

See also Civil rights movement

remarriage rates, 126, 2388

residential segregation indices, 57, 2500–2505

retirement, 2407

rural conditions, 2428–2429

segregation and desegregation, 2491–2499, 2601, 2608

slave experience, 54–58, 64, 121–122, 320, 321, 2491–2492, 2599–2601

social deprivations, 322

sociolinguistics, 2901, 2908–2909

status attainment, 3044, 3046

stereotypes, 64, 2243

subculture of male violence, 664, 665, 666

suburbanization, 3074–3075

suicide rates, 3078, 3079

underemployment, 1721, 1722

urban migration, 532

urban riots, 555–556, 557, 558

urban underclass, 3198–3200

white immigrant experience comparison, 2333–2334

white-black relations theories, 53–54, 56

and Wisconsin model, 2784

women in labor force, 123

See also Class and race; Race

African National Congress

(ANC), 2047

African primitive art, 173

African slave trade, 54, 320, 321, 2597, 2598, 2599, 2600, 2601

African studies, 60–68

American scholarship, 66–67

cultural and social institutions, 63–65

and geography, 60

participatory research, 2040

and peoples, 61–63

relgious core myths and rituals, 3281–3282

unifying themes, 65–66

Afrocentricity, 54, 2140

Against Our Will: Men, Women, and Rape (Brownmiller), 2587, 2589–2590, 2592

Agarwal, Priya, 180

Age appropriateness, life cycle and, 1623, 1625, 1626

Age Discrimination in Employment

Act, 1397

Age effects, definition of, 80, 81

Age frequency distribution, 659

Age of Reason, 2206

Age patterns

cohabitation, 1750

crude death rate, 610–611

divorce rates, 1742, 1743, 1745–1747

first marriage rates, 620, 1425, 1742, 1743, 1744–1745

life-course variations, 1618

remarriage rates, 1742, 1743, 1748

spousal, 1744

underemployment, 1721, 1724

See also Birth and death rates; Cohort perspectives

Age pyramids, 609–612, 635

as bar graph, 610, 611, 612

cohort perspective, 345, 609

Age stratification theory, 79–80

Agency concept, 221, 1854, 2217, 2220, 2221

Marxist, 2645

and revolutions, 2414

Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, 1157, 2399–2400, 2401

Agency for International

Development, 932

Agenda-control power, 2165–2166

Agersnap, Torben, 2451

Age-set societies, 1623, 1624

Age-standardized crude death rate (ASCDR), 611, 613

Ageton, Suzanne, 1492

Aggravated assault

absolute rates, 497

Uniform Crime Reports

definition, 492

victimization rates, 499

Aggregate data analysis, voting behavior, 3232–3233

Aggregate (ecological) level relationships, vs. individual level effects, 1594–1595

Aggregative fallacies, 1592

statistical analysis of, 1593–1594

Aggression, 68–78

affective vs. instrumental, 68–69

as sexual violence factor, 72, 2576–2583

basic definitions of, 68–69

causes of, 69–75, 2774

collective, 349, 2777

cues, 74

escalation cycle, 74–75

frustration leading to, 73, 349, 2670

and genocide, 1070

inhibiting factors, 2774

intervention, 75–76

macro-level theories of deviance on, 664, 671

media violence effects on, 272, 1762–1763, 2858

meta-analysis of sex differences in, 2531–2532

modeling theory and, 2858

removal of self-regulatory inhibitors to, 74

rewarding outcomes of, 2774

self-esteem and, 72, 2516– 2517, 2777

self-presentation and, 2506

as sexual violence factor, 72, 2591

sibling, 331

social exchange theory on, 2670

social learning theory on, 70–71, 75, 1716

See also Crime, theories of; Crime rates; Juvenile delinquency and crime; Sexual violence and exploitation; Violence

AGIL (Adaptation, Goal attainment, Integration, Latent Pattern Maintenance) system, 1554–1555, 1559–1560, 1978, 2005

Aging. See Aging and the life course; Cohort perspectives; Filial responsibility; Intergenerational relations; Intergenerational resource transfer; Long-term care; Long-term care facilities; Retirement; Widowhood

‘‘Aging and Dying’’ (Marshall and Levy), 583

Aging and Society (Riley et al.), 1618

Aging and the life course, 78–86

age-period-cohort effects, 80–81

alcohol consumption patterns, 94

American family patterns, 120, 129

case studies, 244–245

cohort perspectives, 342–347

as demographic factor, 636

demography of, 1159

depression risk, 652, 653, 656, 1839

effect of childlessness on, 110–111

effects of early life decisions on, 83

effects of early traumas and deprivations on, 82–83

eldercare provisions, 129–130, 1019

family structure trends and, 129, 925–926

female population, 2177

filial responsibility and, 1018

gender issues and, 83

health assessment, 1131

health behavior, 1139

health care, 1139

health promotion and, 1168–1169

heterogeneity research, 81–82

history-personal biography interrelationship, 82

increased numbers of elderly, 2180

intergenerational relations, 1018, 1386, 2037–2038, 2707

Japanese sociology on, 1482

labor-force participation and, 1524

leisure and, 1585–1587

in less developed countries, 931

and life cycle transitions, 1624

life endurancy and, 1631–1632 life span and, 1631

life-course trajectories and, 83–85, 1614–1621

long-term care and care facilities, 1652–1678, 1826

mental illness rate decrease, 1838–1839

moral judgment and, 1903–1904 morbidity and, 1137 never-married population, 125 ‘‘new’’ old people, 345, 3061 person-centered research, 84–85 phenomenological investigation,

2103 primary/secondary, 1137 quality-of-life research, 2300,

2304–2305 religion and, 2965 remarriage rate, 1779

retirement and, 2401–2410 sexual behavior patterns,

2555–2556

social definitions of, 1315

social security systems and, 2795, 2798–2799, 2802–2803

social structural changes and, 3064–3065

social structures and, 345–346, 3063–3064

socioeconomic status and, 1138 structural lag concept, 3060–3062 suicide rate, 3078

welfare-state convergence theory and, 426–427

widowhood and, 3256–3257

See also Life course

Agnew, Robert, 166, 664

Agnew, Spiro, 2126

Agnosticism, 2383

Agrarian political parties, 2155 Agrarian society, 2810, 2811

transition from, 2176 Agribusiness, 2433 Agricultural innovation, 86–92

adoption-diffusion of, 86–91, 677, 678, 2460

agribusiness and, 1222 capital requirements, 1222

and development of cities, 305–306, 634

in Indonesia, 2976–2977

Marxist theory on, 2460–2461

in Mexico, 1858

and modernization theory, 1885

in newly industrializing countries, 1317

and rural sociology, 86–91, 677, 678, 2429, 2431–2433

Agriculture Department, U.S., 88,

148, 2214, 2235, 2283

AHCPR. See Agency for Health Care Policy and Research

AHEAD. See Asset and Health

Dynamics Among the Oldest Old

Ahlquist, Karen, 1925

AHS. See Association for Humanist Sociology

Aid to Families with Dependent Children, 967, 1284, 1286, 1288, 2799, 2803, 2804, 2961, 3198

AIDS/HIV, 2585–2592

and Asian sex trade, 2607

bisexuality as risk factor, 2559, 2586, 2590

and civil liberties, 316, 318

and condom protection, 957, 2559, 2560, 2586, 2587, 2590, 2592, 2593

and courtship practices, 487, 489

death rates, 222, 224, 2592

depression in patients, 656

epidemiology, 814, 2576

gay men and, 112, 2555, 2559, 2570, 2585–2586, 2587, 2588, 2590, 2591

international situation, 2591– 2593

intravenous (IV) drug use and, 712, 2576, 2577, 2578, 2579, 2580, 2582

legislation of morality and, 1579

prostitution and, 2559, 2560, 2561, 2582, 2607

rape and, 2576, 2585

research history, 2586–2690

risk factors in United States, 2586–2588

risk reduction in United States, 2588–2591

as sexual behavior research impetus, 2550, 2561, 2585–2587

and sexually risky behavior, 2559, 2586

Ajax (Trojan hero), 3079 Ajzen-Fishbein model, 2785 Akan, 54

Akbar (king of India), 3287

Ake, Claude, 641

Akers, Ronald, 667

Alamán, Lucas, 1856

Alan Guttmacher Institute, 2239

Alapuro, Risto, 2452

Alaskan Natives, 95

Alba, Richard, 843 Albania, sociodemographic

profile, 2938

Albanians (ethnic), 2362, 2608 Alberoni, Francesco, 1469, 1470 Albert, Hans, 822, 1077 Albigensian heresy, 2968 Albrecht, Milton, 172–173 Albright, Madeleine, 1064, 1244 Albrow, Martin, 227

Alcohol, 92–99

aggression linked with, 73–74, 984–985

bankruptcy linked with, 205 community assessment

process, 366 consumption decline, 95

and criminalization of deviance, 521, 525, 526

death rates from, 1640

and drunk driving, 93, 164–165, 1640, 1641

and drunk-driving reform movements, 2722, 2725, 2877

ethnicity and, 94–95 Finnish studies, 2451, 2453 gender and, 94, 1640–1641 homelessness and, 1204 incest and, 1274

and legislation of morality, 1576–1577

peer influence and use of, 667 physical effects of, 92–93,

1640, 1642

Prohibition/organized crime relationship, 2019, 2127

as rape excuse, 2577 religion and, 94–95

sexually transmitted diseases and, 2587, 2588, 2589

social characteristics in use of, 93–96

See also Alcoholism; Drug abuse Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental

Health Administration, 1157 Alcohol myopia, 73–74

Alcoholics Anonymous, 96, 715, 853

Alcoholism, 95–97

depression and, 655

disease concept, 96–97, 1816 as divorce factor, 1737 genetic factors, 97

health risks, 93, 94, 1640 and life course, 1839 medical treatment of, 521 medicalization of, 1816 racial, ethnic, and religious

factors, 94–95, 135

as self-destructive behavior, 3077 stigmatization of, 1815

as suicide predictor, 3078– 3079, 3081

Alexander II, Pope, 2967–2968

Alexander, Jeffrey, 1704, 1710

Alexis Carrel Foundation, 1026

Alford, Robert, 2166

ALFs. See Assisted living facilities Alger, Chadwick F., 1948 Algeria, 1865, 1866

anticolonial revolution, 3001 corruption in, 2132

fertility decline, 628 interethnic hate, 2529 sociodemographic profile, 2938 and terrorism, 3137

and wartime rape, 2580 Alienation, 99–106

critical theory and, 540 definitions of, 99–100

Marxist theory of, 100, 697, 1705 measurement of, 100–102 political, 100–104

postmodern cultural theory and, 2173

stable measurement of, 2346, 2350–2352

and work orientation, 3270

Alinksy, Saul, 325

Allah, 3280, 3284

Allardt, Erik, 2450

Allen, Carolyn, 1648

Allgeier, Elizabeth Rice, 2558

Allied Irish Bank, 1042

Allison, Graham, 3244

Allison, Scott T., 3222

Allocation theory. See

Credentials theory

Allport, Floyd, 679

Allport, Gordon, 1400, 2084, 2085,

2087, 3214

All-Russian Public Opinion Research

Center, 2982

All-volunteer force (AVF), 1877– 1881, 1882

Almond, G., 2917

Altercasting, 3097

Alternative dispute resolution, 1550

Alternative lifestyles, 106–114

childfree adults, 109–111, 634, 1506, 1625, 2035

and companionship family concept, 1506

countercultures, 459–462

as demographic research area, 636–636

divorce and remarriage, 112–113, 126, 2387–2393

and family size, 977

gay and lesbian, 111–112, 2545–2547, 2567

See also Cohabitation; Singlehood

Alternative medicines, 654–655

Althauser, Ronald P., 1985–

1986, 1987

Althusser, Louis, 226, 721, 1645,

1753, 1784

Altruism, 114–120

definition of, 114

during disaster, 684

family care, 1657–1658

history of, 114–115

parental, 1508

reciprocal, 115, 1657–1658, 2882, 2883–2884

research on, 116–117, 2774

self-presentation and, 2506

situational variables, 116–117

as socialist ideal, 2847

sociobiological view of, 115, 118, 2882–2884

sociological context of, 117–118

theories of, 115, 2774

and values research methods, 3220, 3221

‘‘Altruism and Prosocial Behavior’’ (Batson), 118

Alwin, Duane F., 2704, 2706

Alzheimer’s disease, 1839

AMA. See American Medical

Association

Ambedkar, B. R., 251

Ambiguity

authoritarian personality’s intolerance of, 334

conformity experiments, 401, 402

and emergence of crowd behavior, 558

replication and, 2396

Ambrosini, Maurizio, 1472

Amerasia (journal), 179

American Academy of Arts and

Sciences, 1039, 2682

Fundamentalism Project, 2372,

2945

American Anti-Slavery Society, 2270

American Association of Retired

Persons, 2148

American Betrayed (Grodzin), 181

American Board of Internal

Medicine, 588

American Cancer Society, 588

American Civil Liberties Union,

315–316, 318

American College of Physicians, 588

American Committee for the Outlawry of War, 2270

American Community Survey, 284–285

American Council of Christian

Churches, 2370

American Council of Learned

Societies, 406

American Demographics Index of Well-

Being, 2687

American Economic Review, The, 2920

American Educational

Association, 3207

American Enterprise Institute, 1601

American Evaluation Association,

864, 866

American Evasion of Philosophy, The

(West), 2220

American Express Company, 2402

American families, 120–133, 142

African American, 121–122, 2333

American Indian, 120–121, 134

blended, 112–113, 126, 2390–2391

childbearing patterns, 125, 2032–2033

cross-national comparisons, 130

division of labor in, 1, 122, 2034

effects of long-term trends on, 127–130

elder members, 120, 129–130

historical gender roles, 122

historical overview, 120–124

immigration effects, 122–123

kinship system, 1502–1503, 1504, 1511, 1514–1515

labor-force participation, 1524, 1525–1526

life-cycle perspective, 1625

marital laws on affines and cousins, 1509

marriage and, 1734, 1735, 1738

Middletown study findings, 364

and military sociology, 1882

monolithic model, 106

parental coalitions, 331

parental rewards and costs, 2034–2035

parental subsidies, 2035

single-parent. See Single-parent households

structural modifications, 113

two-child norm, 2182

values, 106

widowhood, 126

See also Alternative lifestyles; Divorce; Family and household structure; Filial

responsibility; Intergenerational relations; Intergenerational resource transfers; Kinship and family types

American Federation of Labor, 1530

American Federation of Labor-

Congress of Industrial

Organization, 1532, 2148–2149

American Federation of State,

County, and Municipal

Employees, 372

American Fertility Association, 2588

American Hospital Association, 588

American Indian Movement,

137, 1298

American Indian Policy Review

Commission (1976), 136

American Indian studies, 133–140

alcohol abuse rates, 95, 135

anthropological, 2888, 2890

demographic, 133–134

and dependency theory, 134–135

discrimination, 57, 58, 135

divorce rates, 126

family structures, 120–121, 134

interracial marriage demographics, 1776

life expectancy, 1169

pan-Indian movement, 136–137

political and legal status, 135–136

potlatch reciprocity, 2883–2884

religious experience and symbols, 3277–3278, 3279, 3281, 3282

reservation conditions, 135

social and economic status, 134–135

tribal genocidal massacres, 1070

tribal sovereignty doctrine, 136

underemployment, 1721

urbanization, 136–137

See also Indigenous peoples

American Journal of Sociology, 176,

325, 583, 735, 1528, 1606

Middle Eastern studies articles, 1864, 1870

on research funding sources, 2398, 2399

sociology of literature articles, 1646

American Legion, 3230

American Lives (Clausen), 1616, 1620

American Medical Association,

1148, 2261

lobbying activity, 1826

Patient Self-Determination Act,

586–587, 588

American Medical International,

1821

American National Elections

Studies, 2476

American Occupational Structure, The

(Blau and Duncan), 260–261, 2713, 3035–3036

American Pain Society, 588

American Prospect, The (Winter), 368

American Psychiatric Association,

111, 1832–1833

American Psychological Association,

1360, 1876

conference on death (1956), 581

validity standards, 3207, 3210, 3211

American Revolution, 473–474,

2138, 2865, 3000, 3229

American society, 140–148

abortion policy and procedures, 2180, 2238, 2239–2240

African American studies, 53–59

age-specific fertility rates, 2180

age-stratification system, 1623

aging population, 3061

agricultural innovation, 87–90

AIDS/HIV risk factors, 2586–2588

AIDS/HIV risk reduction, 2588–2591

alcohol control laws, 1577

alcohol-consumption decline, 95

alienation theory, 99, 101–104

American Indian studies, 133–140

anomie and, 166

anthropological studies, 2888, 2890, 2893

assimilation and, 143, 178

bankruptcy sources, 206–207

birth and death rates, 2180

birth rate decline, 2032

blue laws, 1560

as capitalistic, 99, 143–144

case studies, 243–248

censorship and regulation of expression in, 268, 270–279

census, 282–287, 493

characteristics of, 140–141

childhood sexual abuse data, 289

childless marriages in, 2035

church-state separation, 146, 2356, 2357, 2358

city systems, 306–307

class and race in, 319, 321–323

class-based voting, 604

and clinical sociology history, 323–326

and Cold War-era triad, 332

common law system, 465– 472, 476, 477

communitarianism, 361

community studies and reform, 364–366

comparative health-care systems, 374, 375, 376, 377, 379

complex organizations, 143–144

corporate organizations, 442–444

corruption in, 2124–2128

countercultures, 459–462, 2366

courtship in, 484–485

crime data sources, 492–498

crime surveys, 498–500

criminological theory, 503–505

cultural anthropology, 2892

daily time use, 3160

as democracy, 603, 606

and demographic training, 636–637

denominational affiliations, 2376–2377

direct and indirect discrimination, 143, 689–692

disaster research, 682, 686, 687

divorce history, 700–703

divorce patterns, 125–126, 127–128

divorce rates. See subhead marriage divorce rates below

drug abuse rate and treatment, 710–718

education and status attainment, 1987–1988, 2713–2714, 2783–2784, 2929–2934, 3043, 3045

educational institutions, 145, 762–770

and endogamy, 634

‘‘equal pay for equal work’’ right, 372

and ethnic minority socialization, 2862

and ethnic status incongruence, 3051

fertility decline study, 626

fertility transitions, 1007, 2178, 2180

foreign-controlled pharmaceutical companies, 1827

‘‘frontier mentality,’’ 1933

fundamentalism in, 2361, 2368–2373

and globalization, 140

government publications, 1613

and governmental division of power, 1954

health care industry, 1818–1829

hegemonic stability theory and, 3242

high infant mortality rate, 130, 140

higher education focus, 1180

homicide rate, 68

immigrants and population changes, 636

immigration waves, 122–123

income distribution, 130, 140, 142, 1278–1290, 2705– 2706, 3048

indirect and direct discrimination in, 689–692

individualism characterizing, 142

industrialization and, 141, 143

infant and child mortality, 633

and intergenerational mobility, 2712, 2713–2714

Iranian sociologists’ presence in, 1868–1869, 1870, 1873

Islamic presence in, 2380–2381, 2950–2951

Jewish affiliations, 2377

Jewish population’s success in, 2332, 2333

juvenile violence, 1484–1485, 1487–1489

labor movements, 143, 1528, 1529–1531, 1532–1534

labor-force participation trends, 1524, 3262

and language issues, 2908–2909

lawyers in, 468–471, 477–478

legal system, 473–474, 476, 478–480

legislation of morality, 1575– 1577, 1579–1580

liberalism/conservatism, 1596– 1599

life expectancy, 114, 196, 199, 1628–1631, 2180

life expectancy ranking, 1631

life histories and narratives, 1633, 1634, 1635

life tables, 612, 614, 615, 1630

life-cycle patterns, 1626

longitudinal research, 1684

long-term care and care facilities, 1653, 1655, 1656, 1659, 1661, 1664–1671

long-term care funding, 1658–1659, 1663

major institutions, 142–146

marginal employment, 1719–1725

marriage and divorce rates, 112, 125–126, 140, 700–706, 1738, 1741–1749

See also subhead remarriage below

marriage rates by regions and states, 1749–1750

Marxist sociology and, 1754

mass media research, 1761–1766

and mass society theory, 1773–1774

medical sociology funding sources, 1814

Mexican relations, 1856–1857, 1858, 1859, 1860, 1936, 1937

Middle Eastern migrants to, 1865–1866, 2380–2381, 2950–2951

military establishment, 144

military sociology, 1875–1882

and Moral Majority campaign, 462, 1580, 2371, 2717, 2719, 2723

national surveys, 578

and nationalist self-determination policy, 1945

new religious movements, 2366

occupation and status attainment, 2785–2786, 3045–3046, 3265

occupational prestige scores (1964–1989), 1999

organizational demographics, 395, 396

organizational restructuring, 2011–2012

organized crime in, 2018–2021

overlapping identities in, 1939–1940

participatory research, 2040

peace mediation by, 2048

penal policies, 2054–2057

pluralism vs. political elite debate, 2624–2625

police force development, 2111–2113

political correctness in, 2139–2142

political organizations in, 2148–2149

political party system in, 2154, 2164

and popular culture, 2168–2169, 2170–2172

population, 2180

pornography in, 2184–2188

as postindustrial, 2197, 2199

poverty in, 2213–2215, 2715

power elite consolidation in, 2624

pragmatism development in, 2217

probation and parole in, 2252–2259

as pronatalist, 2034

protest movements, 2264–2271

publishing industry, 1648

quality of life, 2300–2301

racial categories, 2332

and rape, 2576–2577, 2579–2580

religious organizations in, 145–146, 2376–2381, 2485

religious political influence in, 2361–2362

remarriage in, 112–113, 2387–2393

retirement practices, 2402–2407

romantic love complex in, 1698–1699

rural sociology and, 2426–2429, 2430–2432

and science-based technologies, 2461

secondary data analysis and data archives, 2473–2481

secularization and, 2484

segregation and desegregation in, 2491–2499

sexual behavior in, 2537–2548, 2549–2561

sexual harassment issue in, 1880–1881

smoking deaths, 1639–1640

social problems, 2760–2764

Social Science Data Archives, 575,

576, 579–580

Social Security system, 2795– 2799, 2800, 2802, 2803–2805

social stratification, 142–143, 2815–2816

social surveys, 577–578

socialization agents, 2858, 2862

sociomoral politicization in, 2361–2362

sport sociology in, 2987

and status incongruence, 3054

suburbanization and, 311, 3070–3076

suicide rates, 3078

time use research, 3164

and tourism, 3167, 3169

and transnational corporations, 3174–3175, 3176

unemployment in, 3263

Uniform Commercial Code,

474, 476

urban land use in, 311

and urban system, 3194–3196

and urban underclass, 513, 3198–3200

utopian designs and, 2849, 3203–3204

voluntary associations, 3227–3231

voting behavior research, 3233–3238

welfare system beliefs, 2705–2706

and white-collar crime, 3245– 3254

widowed persons in, 3256–3257

and woman suffrage, 703

See also American family; specific aspects of society

American Sociological Association and other sociological associations, 148–157

aligned associations, 153

American Sociological Society,

1422, 1424

applied sociology programs, 155–156

and Code of Ethics, 836–840

computer access survey, 406

Culture Section, 562, 1646

diversity commitment, 156

electronic access to journals, 1606

founding of, 1422–1423

goals of, 148

health-policy analysis, 1159

interdisciplinary ties, 153

key governance changes, 151–152

and literary sociology, 1646

Mathematical Sociology

Section, 1791

Medical Sociology Section, 1158,

1813, 1814

membership trends, 148–149

Methodology Section, 3034

and Middle Eastern

sociology, 1869

Peace and War Section, 1876

political pressures and activism, 153–155, 156

publications and programs, 149–150, 1646

See also American Sociological

Review

Rational Choice Section, 2375

regional and state associations, 152, 153, 154

Section on Microcomputing, 407

sectors of, 1426, 2913

social survey questionnaires, 578

and Society for the Study of Social Problems formation, 2759

sociology of art program, 172

and Soviet sociology, 2980

Teaching Services Program, 150

Web sites, 413, 1606

Yinger address on counterculture to, 460

See also International associations in sociology; International Sociological Association

American Sociological Review, 153,

156, 1528, 1606

‘‘Concepts of Culture and Social Systems,’’ 565

paper on coalition formation theories, 330

paper on suicide, 3080

papers on formal models, 2028

papers on Middle East, 1864, 1870

papers on social incongruence, 3049

papers on sociology of literature, 1646

on research funding sources, 2398, 2399

American Sociological Society. See

American Sociological

Association

American Sociologist (journal), 2042

American Soldier, The (Stouffer),

1876, 1881

American Statistician, The

(journal), 407, 409

American Statistics Index, 1613

American Student Union, 3069

American Voter, The (Campbell et al.), 3235

Americans for Better Care of the Dying, 588

Americans with Disability Act, 1133

America’s Children: Key National Indicators of Well-Being

(journal), 2685

Amin, Idi, 2133

Amin, Samir, 641, 1706

Aminzade, Ron, 1707

Amish, 89, 460, 461

Ammerman, Nancy, 2378

Amnesty International, 2723

AMOS (computer software), 1914

Amphetamines, 713

Amplification theory of criminalization, 525

Amsterdam Treaty (1997), 1935

Amsterdamska, Olga, 2459

Anal sex, 2567, 2581

Analysis, levels of. See Levels of analysis

‘‘Analysis of Propaganda: A Clinical Summary’’ (Lee), 325

Analysis of variance and covariance,

157–164

adjusting for covariates, 161–162

applicability, 163–164

attribution theory and, 192–193

basic concepts and procedures, 158–160

for bivariate relationship, 661

categorical and limited dependent variables, 3037– 3038

covariance structure models, 3037

decomposing sums of squares, 159–160

definition of variance, 158, 659–660

experimental design and analysis, 157–158

factor analysis and, 905–921, 3036

general linear model, 162–163

interrupted time series, 1691–1692

less than normally distributed variables, 1796–1800

log-linear model, 3116

longitudinal research and, 1685–1686, 1689, 1691–1692

in mass media research, 1764

measures of association and, 1804–1812, 1966

multivariate models, 2028

nonparametric statistics and, 1962–1963

regression with dummy variables, 162–163

retrospective data collection and, 1685–1686

sample selection bias and, 2437–2444

scientific explanation and, 2467–2468

specification of variables and, 1803

statistical graphics and, 3015, 3018

structural equation modeling (SEM) and, 1922

summary measures, 160–161 tabular, 3107–3126

and typologies, 3181–3182 validity generalization and,

3210–3211

See also Covariance; Variables

Analysis of Variance, The

(Scheffé), 3035 Analytic induction, 2297 Analytic metatheory, 1852,

1853–1854 Analytical properties of

collectives, 1591 Analytical psychology, 1714

Ancestor reverence, 1514–1515 Anchoring phenomenon, 594

Ancient Law (Maine), 1545–1546 Andaman islanders, 3079 Andersen, Ronald, 1152, 1814 Anderson, Benedict, 2978 Anderson, Bo, 2673, 2702 Anderson, C. A., 73

Anderson, Elijah, 244

Anderson, Gerard F., 374, 376

Anderson, Irina, 193

Anderson, K. B., 73

Anderson, Malcolm, 1932, 1934,

1936

Anderson, Nels, 1203

Anderson, T. W., 3035

Andrews, Bernice, 196

Andrews, Frank M., 2300, 2303,

2683–2684

Androgyny, 999–1000, 1002

Aneshensel, C., 3057

Anfossi, Anna, 1470

Anger

social norms for, 2528

See also Aggression

Anglican Church, 701

Angrosino, Michael, 1636

Angyll, Andreas, 2084

Ani, Marimba, 54

Animal Farm (Orwell), 2139

Animal rights movement, 2722, 3230

Animism, 65

Anisogamy, 2884–2886

Annals of Epidemiology

(Roueché), 814

‘‘Année School’’ (Durkheim group), 1032

Année Sociologique, L’ (journal), 1024,

1025, 2917–2918

‘‘Anniversary effect’’ (death and dying), 584

Annual Review of Sociology (journal),

1606, 2762

Annual Time Series Statistics for the United States, 2477

Annual Vital Health Statistics Report

(HEW Department), 497

Annulment, 701, 947

Anomaly, definition of, 2025

Anomie, 164–168

alienation and, 100

broadened meaning of, 165

criminological theory of, 532, 633

critical theory and, 544

death and dying and, 581

division of labor and, 698

as Durkheim concept, 164–165, 533, 581, 698, 1493, 1772

institutional theory and, 503

juvenile delinquency theory and, 166, 1491, 1493–1494

mass society concept and, 1772

rising expectations and, 1491

social psychological conceptions of, 166–167, 1024

strain theory and, 166

suicide and, 165, 3079

ANOVA. See Analysis of variance and covariance

Ansari-Bradley type tests, 1960

Anscombe’s quartet, 3011

Anthony, Susan B., 989

Anthropological Literature, 1611

Anthropology

and age-set societies, 1624

applied, 2892

boundary maintenance concept, 1931

and courtship study, 483

and cross-cultural analysis, 547–548, 550, 2893

cultural approaches, 563, 564, 567

cultural diffusion theories, 675–676

culture and personality studies, 2080–2081

definition of, 2888

‘‘emic-etic’’ frame, 550, 564, 2091–2092, 2889

and ethnography, 852, 853

and feminist theory, 990

and functionalism, 1030

on generative religious movements, 2367

history of field, 2888–2892

and Latin American studies, 1537

legal systems comparisons, 1549–1550

linguistics approach, 2894–2895

methods, 2892–2893

and Mexican studies, 1858– 1859, 1861

money theories, 1890–1891

Polish sociology and, 2117–2120

rape explanations, 2579–2580

sexual behavior in children research, 2551

and social exchange theory, 2670

social network studies, 2727, 2729

socialization concept, 2855

sociocultural. See Sociocultural anthropology

values concept, 3212

See also Ethnography; Ethnology; Ethnomethodology

Antibiotics, 677

Antidepressants, 654, 717

Anti-drug programs. See Drug abuse, prevention and treatment

Antigua, 2600, 3079

Antioch College, ‘‘Foundations of Clinical Sociology’’ course, 325

Anti-Semitism, 540