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1 Turkey Corporate -Tax credits and incentives. URL: http://taxsummaries.pwc.com/ID/ Turkey-Corporate-Tax-credits-and-incentives.

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43

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1 Turkey: Continuing Restrictions on Freedom of Assembly 2004 April 27. URL: https:// www.hrw.org/news/2004/04/27 /turkey-continuing-restrictions-freedom-assembly.

44

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Ycyry6JIAAO CHTYau,1110 H TO, qTo ,ll;eJio He 6bmo rrpeu,e,ll;eHToM: KoHCTHTYQHOHHbIH cy,ll; Y:>Ke 3aKpbrnaJI pa3JIHqHbie rroJIHTHqecK11e rrapTHH, B TOM q11cJie 11 06BHHeHHbie B rrpOHCJiaMCKHX B3rJIR,ll;aX IlapTHH 6JiarO,ll;eHCTBHJI H ,ll;06pO,ll;eTeJII1 B 1998 H 2001 rr. COOTBeTCTBeHHO. B 3TOT pa3 IlCP y,ll;aJIOCb 1136e:>KaTb JIHKBH,ll;all,HH TOJibKO JIHlllb rrepeBeCOM B O,ll;HH rOJIOC, O,ll;HaKO napTI1IO Bee :>Ke JII1IIIHJll1 cj:>HHaHCHpOBaHHJI co CTOpOHbl rocy,ll;apcrna3. HecMOTPR Ha 3TO, JIH,ll;epbl ncp CTpeMHJIHCb rrpo,Z1;eMOHCTp11poBaTb CBOIO YBepeHHOCTb, II03TOMY HOBOCTb 0 COMHHTeJibHOM, HaXO,ll;Rlll,HMCJI Ha rpaHI1, HO BCe

1 3,11opraH ocy,11WI pernem1e 3aMopo3HTh rreperosopbI o BCT)'IllleHJm Typn;1111 B EC. URL: https://ria.ru/world/20061129/56185993.html.

2 KottcT11ryn;110HHhIH cy,11 Typn;1111 paccMOTpHT HCK o 3aKpbITl!H rrpas1m~ei1 rrapTHH. URL: http://izvestia.ru/news/421822.

3 Typn;1111 ocTaeTrn 11cJiaMcKoi1. URL: https:/ /www.gazeta.ru/politics/2008/07/30 _a_2797315.shtml.

45

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KoHCTHTYQHOHHble H3MeHeHHH:

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IIocJie co6bITHH c rrorrhITKOtt OTCTpaHeHHR IICP OT rroJIHTH'!eCKHx,zi;eJI rrepBoe H3MeHeHHe KOcttyJiocb Herrocpe,zi;cTBeHHO JaKpbITHR rrapTHH. ECJIH paHhIIIe ,ll;JIR Ha'laJia,zi;ena 6bmO ,ll;OCTaTO'!HOHHHQHaTHBbl rrpOKfPOpa (KaK 3TO H rrpmrnoumo B 2008 r.), TO Terrepb Tpe6oBaJICR YKa3 rrpe3H,D;eHTa H rrocTaHOBJieHHe COBeTa MHHHCTpOB. 06pa:w;eHHe )Ke B cy,zi; Terrepb ,ll;OJI)KHO ocyrneCTBJIRTbCR JIH6o HaIIpRMYJO MHHHCTpOM IOCTHQHH, JIH6o rrpe,zi;cTaBHTeJieM rrapJiaMeHTCKOH rrapnn1. KpoMe Toro, perneHHe o 3aKpbITHH rrapTHH B Harne BpeMR MO)KeT 6bITb 06)KaJIOBaHO. Ha ,zi;ene 3TH H3MeHeHHR C,ll;eJiaJIH rrpaKTH'!eCKHHeB03MO)f{HbIM 3arrpeT ,zi;eRTeJibHOCTH rrpaBR:w;eH: rrapTHH, KOTOpaR rro-rrpe)f{HeMy coxpaHAAa 60JibllrHHCTBO B rrapJiaMeHTe.

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1 Typ~11J1 oCTaeTrn 11cJiaMcKoi1. URL: https:/ /www.gazeta.ru/politics/2008/07/30 _a_2797315.shtml.

2 Typ~l1JI. napJiaMeHTCKl1e Bw6opbl 2007. URL: https://www.electoralgeography.com/ new/ru/countries/t/turkey/turkey-legislative-election-2007.html.

46

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1 Turkey's first five referendums: A look back. URL: http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/ turkeys-first-five-referendums-a-look-back.aspx?page!D = 438&n =the-five-referendums-in-the- history-of-turkey-2010-07-28.

2 Typl\HH rro.n;.n;ep)!(an:a KOHCTHTYl\HOHHYJO pe¢opMy. 2010. 12 cettrn6pH. URL: http:/I www.bbc.com/russian/international/2010/09I100912_turkey_referendum_vote.

3 Republic of Turkey ministry of development URL: http://www.mod.gov.tr/Pages/ Overview.aspx.

47

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1 Husniye Akilli, H. Serkan Akilli. Decentralization and recentralization of local governments in Turkey. URL: http://ac.els-cdn.com/S1877042814034193/1-s2.0-S1877042814034193- main.pdf.?_tid=f2a3a900-9708-lle7-8e76-00000aabOf6c&acdnat=l505145214_0786a4c37 703ceb2bde2ad8d88857df9.

2 .4PYJICUJ!OBCKUU c. E. 0 BHyrpeHHl:IX np11q11Hax TIOJIHTHqecKOH HeCTa611JibHOCTl1 BType11KOH Pecny6JI11Ke // 2016. N2 2 (47). BecTHHK MfI1MO YH11Bepc11TeTa. C. 15-21. URL: http://www.vestnik.mgimo.ru/sites/default/files/pdf./002_druzhilovskiisb.pdf.

48

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l ,l(pyJKwzoecKuu C. E. 0 mryrpeHHHX rrpwmHax rroJIIITH'leCKOH HecTa6HJihHOCTH BTypeQKOH Pecrry6JIHKe // 2016. N° 2 (47). BecTHHK Mfl1MO YHHBeprnTeTa. C. 15-21. URL: http://www.vestnik.mgimo.ru/sites/default/files/pdf./002_druzhilovskiisb.pdf.

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1Wendy Zeldin. Turkey: Recent Developments in National and Public Security Law. URL: https ://www.loc.gov/law/help/national-security-law/turkey-recent-developments-2015.pdf.

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