Учебники 80271
.pdf
floating – плавающий weight – вес
double-decker – двухэтажный level – уровень
lane – полоса дороги track – трек, путь, колея to complete – завершить
demand – спрос, потребность
to require – требовать capacity – вместимость to move – двигаться movable – подвижный
overhead power line – воздушная линия электропередач installation – сооружение,
оборудование
3. Прочитайте и переведите текст, обращая внимание на выделенные слова.
TEXT: MORE INFORMATION ABOUT BRIDGES
A bridge is designed for trains, pedestrian or road traffic, a pipeline or waterway for water transport or barge traffic. An aqueduct is a bridge that carries water, resembling a viaduct, which is a bridge that connects points of equal height. A road-rail bridge carries both road and rail traffic. To create a beautiful image, some bridges are built much taller than necessary. This type, is often found in east-Asian style gardens.
Pontoon
Pontoon bridges are improvised crossings often quickly built for military use. The load in a pontoon bridge pushes vertically down onto floating boats, which limits the weight this type of bridge can carry.
A pontoon bridge laid across the Euphrates River in
Iraq.
Double-decker bridge
"Metrobridge" Vorobyovy Gory (Метромост) doubledeck bridge in Moscow carries the Moscow Metro.
Double-decker bridges have two levels, such as the San Francisco – Oakland Bay Bridge, with two road levels. Tsing Ma Bridge and Kap Shui Mun Bridge in Hong Kong have six lanes on their upper
decks, and on their lower decks there are two lanes and a pair of tracks for metro trains. Some double-decker bridges only use one level for street traffic; the Washington Avenue Bridge in Minneapolis reserves its lower level for automobile
19
traffic and its upper level for pedestrian and bicycle traffic. Robert Stephenson's High Level Bridge across the River Tyne , completed in 1849, is an early example of a double-deck bridge. The upper level carries a railway, and the lower level is used for road traffic. The George Washington Bridge between New Jersey and New York has two roadway levels. It was built with only the upper roadway as traffic demands did not require more capacity. Tower Bridge is different example of a double-decker bridge.
More than just a bridge
Some bridges carry special installations such as the tower of bridge in Bratislava which carries a restaurant. Other suspension bridge towers carry transmission antennas. A bridge can carry overhead power lines as does the Storstrom Bridge.
Movable bridges
Some bridges are not fixed crossings, but can move out of the way of boats or other kinds of traffic which, ideally, moves under them, but is sometimes too tall to fit. These are generally electrically powered as in St.Petersburg.
4. Заполните пропуски в предложениях, используя приведенные ниже фразы, выделенные курсивом.
1.A bridge is designed for trains, ... or road traffic.
2.An aqueduct is a bridge that carries ... .
3. ... bridges are improvised crossings often quickly built for military use. 4. ... bridges have two levels.
5.A bridge can carry ... .
6.A ... is a bridge that connects points of equal height.
Water, pontoon, overhead power lines, pedestrians, double-decker, viaduct.
5. Соедините разрозненные части предложений.
1.A pipeline or waterway is constructed for ...
2.An aqueduct is a bridge that carries ...
3.A viaduct is a bridge that connects ...
4.A road-rail bridge carries both ...
5.Pontoon bridges are improvised crossings often quickly built ...
6.Double-decker bridges have ...
7.Tower Bridge is an example of a ...
8.Some bridges carry special ...
9.Some bridges can move out ...
a)... water transport or barge traffic. b)... installations.
c)... of the way of boats or other kinds of traffic. 20
d)... points of equal height. e)... water.
f)... two levels.
g)... road and rail traffic. h)... for military use.
i)... double-decker bridge.
6. Задайте вопросы к следующим предложениям при помощи соответствующих вспомогательных глаголов, обращая внимание на сказуемое исходного предложения.
Образец: Some bridges carry special installations. – What do some brides carry?
1. A bridge is designed for trains, pedestrian or road traffic. 2. An aqueduct resembles a viaduct. 3. Some bridges are built much taller than necessary. 4. Double-decker bridges have two levels. 5. There are two lanes and a pair of tracks for metro trains. 6. Some double-decker bridges only use one level for street traffic. 7. The George Washington Bridge was built with only the upper roadway. 8. Some suspension bridge towers carry transmission antennas. 9. Movable bridges are generally electrically powered.
7. Переведите на английский язык следующие предложения, используя информацию, данную в тексте.
1.Мост проектируется для пешеходов и транспорта.
2.Виадук – это мост, соединяющий точки одинаковой высоты.
3.Некоторые мосты строятся гораздо выше¸ чем это необходимо.
4.Понтонные мосты – это зачастую импровизированные переправы для военных целей.
5.Мосты с двойными опалубками имеют два уровня.
6.Верхний уровень может использоваться для рельсового транспорта, нижний - для автомобильного движения.
7.Некоторые мосты используются и для других конструкций, например, для размещения башен, телевизионных антенн, высоковольтных линий.
8.Некоторые мосты легко поднимаются на пути следования судов.
LESSON 7. BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
1. Назовите русские слова, имеющие те же корни, что и следующие английские:
Construction, technique, type, material, condition, machinery, superstructure, alternatively, system, section, pneumatic, cylinder, compressed, design, centrifugal, thermal, specification, category, component.
21
2. Запомните следующие слова для лучшего понимания текста:
suitable – подходящее to depend on –зависеть
site –строительная площадка crane –подъемный кран
launching girders – стартовые балки staging – подмостки
precast –сборный to erect –возводить equal –равный
post-tensioned –после натяжения scaffold –строительные леса
to save –сохранить
to improve –улучшить to extend –расширить
auxiliary –вспомогательные truck –грузовая машина huge –огромный
bottom edge – нижний край to pump –накачать
to force out –вытеснить
foundation –основание, фундамент dead load –постоянная нагрузка live load –переменная нагрузка longitudinal –продольный
pressure – давление buoyancy - плавучесть shrinkage - усадка creep – ползучесть
rib shortening - сокращение ребер current - текущий
permanent –постоянный
transient –переходный, переменный vehicle –средство передвижения
3. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на инфинитив в разных функциях:
1. The superstructure may be built on staging supported on the ground. 2. The girders may be precast for the full span length. 3. Movable scaffold systems are increasingly used to save time and improve safety. 4. The loads to be considered in the design of substructures and bridge foundations include loads and forces transmitted from the superstructure. 5. The loads and forces to be considered in the design of bridges are dead load, live load, wind load , and other forces.
4. Прочитайте текст и отметьте основные особенности короткопролетных мостов и мостов с длинным пролетом.
TEXT: BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
The suitable techniques of bridge construction vary from site to site, and depend on the spans and length of the bridge, type of the bridge, materials used and site conditions. Also, construction machinery such as cranes are coming into wider use.
Short Span Bridges
For bridges involving spans up to 40 m , the superstructure may be built on staging supported on the ground. Alternatively, the girders may be precast for the full span length and erected using launching girders or cranes, if the bridge has many equal spans.
22
Long Span Concrete Bridges
Long span concrete bridges are usually of post-tensioned concrete and constructed either as beam types or as free-cantilever structures. Currently, freecantilever and movable scaffold systems are increasingly used to save time and improve safety.
These forms extend one span length and are supported by steel girders which rest on a pier at one end and can be moved from span to span on a second set of auxiliary steel girders. In the free-cantilever system, the superstructure is erected by means of cantilever truck in sections generally of 3.5 m.
Another technique is the use of the pneumatic caisson. A caisson is a huge cylinder with a bottom edge that can cut into the water bed. When compressed air is pumped into it, the water is forced out.
The loads to be considered in the design of substructures and bridge foundations include loads and forces transmitted from the superstructure, and those acting directly on the substructure and foundation.
The loads and forces to be considered in the design of bridges are dead load, live load, wind load, and other forces such as longitudinal forces, centrifugal force, thermal force, earth pressure, buoyancy, shrinkage and long term creep, rib shortening, erection stresses, ice and current pressure, collision force and earthquake stresses. The common specifications divide loads into two distinct categories: permanent and transient. Permanent loads or dead loads include the weight of all bridge components, the unit weights of materials commonly used in bridge work. Transient loads or live loads include the load of the vehicles and people.
5. Дайте английские эквиваленты слов и словосочетаний, приведенных ниже (б), и заполните пропуски в предложениях(а):
a) 1. ... ... of bridge construction vary from site to site. 2. The girders may be ... for the full span length and erected using launching girders or cranes. 3. Long span
concrete bridges are usually of ... .... |
4. Movable scaffold systems ... ... |
and improve |
|
safety. 5. In the ... system , the superstructure is erected in sections generally of 3.5 |
|||
m. 6. The caisson is a huge cylinder with a ... ... |
that can cut into the water bed. 7. |
||
The loads and forces to be considered in the design of bridges are ... |
..., live load, |
||
wind load , and other forces. 8. The common specifications divide loads into
permanent and ... . |
9. Permanent loads include the weight |
of all bridge components |
|
and the ... ... |
of materials. 10. Transient loads include the ... |
... ... ... and people. |
|
б) свободно-консольная; переменный; нагрузка от транспортных средств; соответствующие технологии; пост-напряженный бетон; удельный вес; сборный; нижний край; экономят время; постоянная нагрузка;
6. Задайте собеседнику вопросы (заменив русские слова на их английские эквиваленты) и выслушайте его ответы:
1. (От чего) do the suitable techniques of bridge construction depend on? 2. (На чем) may the superstructure be built on? 3. (Как) may the girders be erected? 4. (Для 23
чего) are free-cantilever and movable scaffold systems increasingly used for? 5. In the free-cantilever system, the superstructure is erected by means of cantilever truck in sections generally of 3.5 m, (не так ли)? 6. (Что) is a caisson? 7. (Какие ) loads and forces are considered in the design of bridges? 8. (На какие) categories do the common specifications divide loads into? 9. (Что) do permanent loads include ? 10. (Какие) loads include the load of the vehicles and people?
LESSON 8. THE MOST INTERESTING BRIDGES OF THE WORLD
1.Найдите в тексте слова, однокоренные с русскими, и переведите их.
Например: structure – структура, hydraulics – гидравлика.
2.Используйте следующие слова для лучшего понимания текста:
to roll out – раскатывать(ся) to curl – закручивать(ся)
to tilt – наклонять(ся) winking – мигающий to emerge - появляться wave - волна
gorge - ущелье
to split – расколоть(ся)
to blend in – сочетаться, сливаться cherub - херувим
workshop - мастерская to survive - выжить grove - роща
3. Выясните у собеседника насколько он знаком с информацией, содержащейся в тексте, используя косвенные вопросы и слова в скобках.
Например: This bridge across the Singapore river is unique because it looks like the structure of DNA. – Do you know (why) the bridge across the Singapore river is unique?
1. The bridge uses hydraulics (what). 2. Millennium Bridge is nicknamed the “Winking Eye Bridge” because it looks like an eye winking every time it tilts (why).
3.Akashi-Kaikyō Bridge has a total length of 3,911 m (that). 4. Rialto Bridge was built in 1181 (when). 5. Henderson Waves Bridge was designed to look like waves (how). 6. The Siduhe bridge is officially the worlds highest bridge (that). 7. The New York Times described Millau Viaduct as “a triumph of engineering” (how). 8. Football Bridge imitates the huge figure of goalkeeper Oliver Kahn (what). 9. Bridge Monkey is "suspended" on three large balloons (that). 10. Moses Bridge is called the Moses Bridge because it splits the water in two (that). 11. Over 450,000 tons of steel was used for the Danyang-Kunshan Grand Bridge (how many tons).
4.Прочитайте текст и скажите, какой мост Вы считаете наиболее удачным в техническом решении? А какая из конструкций произвела на Вас наибольшее впечатление с эстетической точки зрения?
24
TEXT: THE MOST INTERESTING BRIDGES OF THE WORLD
Here we present the most interesting and breathtaking bridges of the world.
Helix Bridge, Singapore
This bridge across the Singapore river is unique because it looks like the structure of DNA.
Rolling Bridge, England
T Something that makes this bridge so special is how every Friday, the octagonal
shape rolls out to reveal itself as a bridge. Later on during the day, it will curl itself back up into its original form, hiding itself away again until the next Friday. The bridge uses hydraulics to achieve this.
The Gateshead Millennium Bridge, England
It The Gateshead Millennium Bridge is unique in that it is one of the few bridges in the world that tilts! When it is tilted one way, it turns into a normal pedestrian bridge that the public can cross over. When it is tilted the other way though it let boats and ships pass beneath. The bridge has won many architectural awards for its design and is nicknamed the “Winking Eye Bridge” because it
looks like an eye winking every time it tilts.
25
Akashi-Kaikyō Bridge, Japan
One of Japan’s greatest pieces of engineering, this bridge holds the record to be the longest suspension bridge in the world with a total length of 3,911 m. It would take four Brooklyn Bridges to span the same distance! The length of the cables used in the bridge totals 300,000 km.
That’s enough to circle the earth 7.5 times!
Rialto Bridge, Italy
This bridge is rich in history. It crosses over the Grand Canals of Venice. The bridge was built in 1181 as the only crossing to get to the other side of the Grand Canal. It was in 1551 when authorities asked for the bridge to be upgraded. Some of the best architects in history, including Michelangelo,
offered plans to redesign the bridge but the honor eventually went to Antonio da Ponte. Rialto Bridge was still the only bridge to span the Grand Canal and the only link between the two sides of Venice until modern days..
The Falkirk Wheel, Scotland
This is the worlds first and only boat lift! The structure can actually rotate 180 degrees and is equipped with two locks which have 168 m long tunnels that emerge at the ends of the 2 wheels. Boats at the bottom sail into these tunnels, the structure then rotates, lifting the boats up to the top of the canal.
Henderson Waves Bridge, Singapore
The bridge was designed to look like waves. It connects 2 of Singapore’s parks and has a stunning view of Singapore’s natural side. At night it is lit up to add more beauty to its already artistic design. Henderson Waves is made of steel and timber.
26
Siduhe Bridge, China
The Siduhe bridge is officially the worlds highest bridge. It is located an incredible 1,627 ft above ground to achieve this record. It is higher than the Statue of Liberty, the Eiffel tower, the Pyramids of Giza and the Big Ben. Building this bridge was a challenge because of it’s location. It wasn’t possible to use cranes, boats or even get
helicopters up there so the engineers came up with the interesting idea of using rockets instead. Over 1000 meters of cables were attached to the end of a rocket and shot all the way across the gorge to help set up foundations.
Millau Viaduct, France
This bridge is in the Guinness Book of World Records for being the tallest bridge in the world. It stands at an incredible 1,125ft tall to become an engineering masterpiece. The New
York Times described it as “a triumph of engineering” and the BBC called it “one of the engineering wonders of the 21st Century”. It
gives drivers some of the most stunning views in all of France, even rising above the clouds on some days!
Danyang-Kunshan Grand Bridge, China
While the Siduhe Bridge is the highest bridge in the world and the Millau Viaduct is the tallest bridge in the world, this bridge is the longest bridge in the world. It is 102 miles in length and recognized by the Guinness Book of World Records. Over 450,000 tons of steel was used for the structure.
Moses Bridge, Netherlands
It is called the Moses Bridge because it splits the water in two…literally. The innovative design was built in a 17th century fortress. The fortress itself was being restored and a bridge was to be built across. It allows people to cross virtually undetected from water level. This artistic design creates a great
illusion that your walking through water as the bridge blends in with the landscape. It is entirely made of wood and is waterproofed so there is no worries about getting your feet wet!
27
Pont Alexandre III, France
It was built in the Art Nouveau style and is decorated with statues of nymphs, cherubs, winged horses, angels, ships and vintage lamps along its sides to create one of most decorated bridges in the world. It is named after Alexander the 3rd, Emperor of Russia, to honor the Franco-Russian alliance. Alexander’s son,
Nicholas the 2nd, laid the first stone during the start of
the construction.
Golden Gate Bridge, USA
Probably one of the most famous bridges in the world, the Golden Gate Bridge has become an icon not only to San Francisco but to the whole of the United States. When the bridge was completed in 1937, it broke 2 records becoming the world’s longest and tallest suspension bridge. It received international recognition, had magnificent views of the Pacific Ocean.
Ponte Vecchio, Italy
Ponte Vecchio is a medieval bridge, found in the city of Florence crossing over the Arno river and is so ancient that it dates back to the Roman times. Destroyed by a flood in 1333, it was rebuilt in 1345 by Taddeo Gaddi. In 1565 it was upgraded, adding an upper corridor above it. This bridge is famous for the fact that houses are
positioned along its span. Initially, however, they were workshops where shopkeepers practiced their trades. The Ponte Vecchio was the only bridge in Florence that survived WWII.
Yuribey Bridge, Russia
Yuribey Bridge in northern Siberia is a lone wanderer amid the boundless tundra. Constructed in 2009, the bridge is an integral part of the Gazprom railway line. Today it is the longest bridge inside the Arctic Circle.
28