- •Времена и формы английского глагола The English Verb Forms and Tenses
- •Времена и формы английского глагола The English Verb Forms and Tenses
- •Введение
- •General characteristics
- •Verb Classification
- •Helping Verbs
- •Main Verbs
- •Transitive and intransitive verbs
- •Linking verbs
- •Dynamic and stative verbs
- •Regular and irregular verbs
- •Forms of Main Verbs
- •Forms of Helping Verbs
- •The Categories of a Verb.
- •Basic Tenses
- •1) Present Simple Tense
- •2) Past Simple Tense
- •3) Future Simple Tense
- •Present Continuous Tense
- •Past Continuous Tense
- •Future Continuous Tense
- •Present Perfect Tense
- •Past Perfect Tense
- •9)Future Perfect Tense
- •Present Perfect Continuous Tense
- •1. An action that has just stopped or recently stopped
- •2. An action continuing up to now
- •Past Perfect Continuous Tense
- •Future Perfect Continuous Tense
- •1. The Structure of the Passive Voice
- •2. Conjugation for the Passive Voice
- •1. Structure of Conditional Sentences
- •2. First Conditional: Real Possibility
- •3. Second Conditional: Unreal Possibility or Dream
- •4. Third Conditional: No Possibility
- •5. Zero Conditional: Certainty
- •1. Structure of the Subjunctive
- •2. Use of the Subjunctive
- •1. Gerunds as Subject, Object or Complement
- •2. Gerunds after Prepositions
- •3. Gerunds after Certain Verbs
- •4. Gerunds in Passive Sense
- •Complex Object
- •2. Complex Subject
- •Заключение
- •Библиографический список рекомендуемой литературы
- •Оглавление
- •Времена и формы английского глагола The English Verb Forms and Tenses
- •3 94006 Воронеж, ул. 20-летия Октября, 84
2. Complex Subject
Complex Subject is a syntactic construction typical of modern English. It’s called complex because it consists of The Nominative with the Infinitive Construction.
Complex Subject (all the forms of the infinitive) is used:
In the ACTIVE VOICE:
- After the verbs: seem, appear, happen, chance, prove, turn out: He seems to know everything. She chanced to be in the park. He appeared to be a good man. The book has proved to be useful. - With the phrases: to be certain, to be likely, to be sure, to be unlikely: He is unlikely to appear in the street tonight.
He is sure to have seen this movie.
In the PASSIVE VOICE:
- After the verbs of MENTAL or PHYSICAL PERCEPTION: see, hear, think, consider, know, expect, believe, suppose:
They were heard to laugh (laughing) heartily
She was seen to leave (leaving) the house
- After the verbs of ORDER, PERMISION, REQUEST, COMPULSION: let, make, order, ask, force, allow, compel, request, persuade:
She was requested to wait for a few minutes.
-After the verbs of SAYING, REPORTING: say, report, allege, pronounce:
She is said to resemble me.
She is reported (to be) missing.
-After the verbs of WISH, EXPECTATION: suppose, expect:
He was supposed to be dead.
She was expected to come on Friday.
NB. A perfect infinitive shows that the action wasn't carried out: He was supposed to have come on Monday (but he didn't).
The Particle "to" is not used:
1.After MODALS (except: ought to, have to, be to, *need, dare): had better, would rather … than, would sooner, can't help but, have nothing to do but, won't have, can't but, do nothing but (save).
2. After the verbs of PHYSICAL PERCEPTION: see, hear, watch, observe, feel, notice.
NB. If see, hear, feel are used in the meaning of mental perception "to" is used:
I hear him to leave. I felt my hand to be freezing. 3. After let, make, have: I won't have you talk to me like that. 4.In RHETORICAL and COLLOQUIAL QUESTIONS:
Why stay here? Why not go home? How leave her there? NB. 1. After know = “be aware of” in Present & Past Simple + to:
I know it to be true. After know = “experience, witness” - without “to”:
I've never known him smile. 2. After help (admits of variations): Help me (to) do it. 3. In the passive voice the infinitive is always used with “to”:
They were seen to leave.
Complex subject is usually translated into Russian by a subordinate object clause.
Заключение
Данная методическая разработка, содержащая обзор основного материала к лекционному курсу на иностранном языке по теоретической грамматике английского языка, призвана помочь студентам 1-го курса специальности «Переводчик в сфере профессиональной коммуникации» в подготовке к семинарским занятиям по изучаемой дисциплине.
Представленный в разработке грамматический материал систематизирован и четко структурирован, что облегчает его освоение учащимися и способствует оптимальному восприятию теоретической дисциплины.
Данная методическая разработка рекомендуется как для аудиторной, так и для самостоятельной работы студентов.