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Scientific Newsletter of Voronezh State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering

THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TRANSLATION

Nefedova L.A., Denisova I.V. Representation of the Gender Aspect in Literary Translation .. 136

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Scientific Newsletter of Voronezh State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering

Z. Ye. Fomina: Inroductory Remarks of Editor-in chief of the Scientific Newsletter

«Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-didactic Researches»

Issue 2 (13) of the linguistic Series of Scientific Newsletter contains the following sections: ”Linguistics”, “Methods and Didactics of Teaching Foreign Languages”, “Intercultural Communication”, “Theory and Practice of Translation”. The thirteenth Series involves 13 papers.

THE LINGUISTICS SECTION reflects the theoretically and practically significant results of the scientists’ research on the problems of W. von Humboldt’s philosophy of language, the researches in paremiology, ethno linguistics, the theory of philosophical and literary discourse and others.

The linguistics section presents the articles by the following authors: The German colleague Bettina Lindorfer, Doctor of Phylolody, Professor of Brandenburg-Berlin Academy of Sciences, Head of the department

for the publication of Wilhelm von Humboldt’s manuscripts, Doctor of Philology, Professor, Doctor of Cultural Studies of Moscow State University of International Relations T.M. Gurevich, Doctor of Philology, Professor Z.Ye. Fomina, Ph.D. of Philology I.Yu. Lavrinenko, Post-graduate Student A.I. Malysheva.

The remarkable facts of this issue of the Bulletin include the publication of the article by the German professor Bettina Lindorfer. For many years professor B. Lindorfer together with the fellow workers of Brandenburg-Berlin Academy of Sciences have been preparing some little-known Wilhelm von Humboldt's manuscripts for publishing, which contributes to their further spread all over the scientific world. Thus, Professor B. Lindorfer and her fellow workers make a great scientific contribution to the field of modern linguistics, to the sphere of the research of Humboldt's works as a whole. In this regard, we are especially pleased to realize that, despite her tight schedule, B. Lindorfer was very kind to provide the relevant and scientifically significant materials for publication in our Russian Bulletin. We are especially grateful to professor Lindorfer for the successful and close scientific cooperation with our journal and with the Russian (Voronezh) colleagues. In this regard, it should be noted, in particular, that during the three months in 2014 (from January 20 to April 20, 2014) I was lucky to work together with the fellow workers of Brandenburg-Berlin Academy of Sciences (for example, a worldly-known specialist in the sphere of the research of Humboldt's works, professor Jurgen Trabant, professor Bettina Lindorfer, and others) on a joint Russian-German project "Wilhelm von Humboldt in Eastern Europe", to deliver a paper on the results of the project at Brandenburg-Berlin Academy of Sciences in September 2015 (Berlin). The publication of the article by B Lindorfer proves that our scientific contacts are successfully continuing at present.

Professor Bettina Lindorfer devotes her article the problem of the phenomena "Light" and "Heat" as the constituents of Wilhelm von Humboldt’s language conception (studying his work "On the difference between the structures of human languages and their influence on the spiritual development of mankind») («Über die Verschiedenheit des menschlichen Sprachbaues: und ihren Einfluss auf die geistige Entwickelung des Menschengeschlechts»).

The publication o the article of Tatyana Michailovna Gurevich, the famous Japanist, an expert of the Japanese Language and Japanese culture, Doctor of Cultural Studies is one more remarkable feature of this issue of the Scientific Newsletter. Considering the fact that our Russian Universities are mainly oriented to the European languages teaching, students and teachers take a great interest (especially in the context of globalization and cultural integration) in studying Eastern languages and cultures. In this relation up-to-date and scientifically important article of respected Tatyana Michailovna deserves special consideration. We

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would like to thank Tatyana Michailovna for her feedback and hope to strengthening and development of our future scientific contacts.

Tatyana Michailovna Gurevich (Professor of the Department of Japanese, Korean, Mongolian and Indonesian Languages of Moscow State University of International Relations of the Ministry of FA of RF) poses an up-to-date problem of organization and structuring of Japanese language classes in line with strategies of international communication.

In opinion of T.M. Gurevich when structuring classes of Japanese it is necessary to take into consideration primary differences in etymology and, consequently, the differences in perception of the notion “culture” by the native speakers of the European languages and the languages having hieroglyphic writing. The examples illustrating the idea of inseparable connection of vocabulary and grammar with Japanese national mentality and culture are represented in the article. As Tatyana Michailovna points out, Japanese society factually admits the existence of different norms of behavior in and out of the group, while the notions of other culture are interpreted by the Japanese within the norms of cultural meanings of their own country. Underestimation of the significance of the context of the situation and utterance and insufficient awareness about the specific features of Japanese indirect communication leads, in opinion of T.M. Gurevich, to “communicational failures”.

The article of Z.Ye. Fomina (Voronezh State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering, the Department of Foreign Languages) “Man, Space and Culture in the Mirror of Russian Paremies” concerns the analysis of outer (adherent) and inner (inherent) space of man, categorized by Russian paremies with spatial semantics. Ontological connection between specific features of linguistic categorization of man in space continuum and nationally determined code of Russian culture is revealed. The author comes to conclusion that global continuum of anthropological space is determined by 8 subspaces (human being, physiological, somatic, mental-and-voluntative, gerontological, theological and kosmological). Each of these subspaces, as components of space of man is marked by symbolic cultural-and- specific and historical meanings (patterns), relevant to the Russian culture.

The article of PhD of Philology I.Yu. Lavrinenko (Voronezh State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering. the Department of Foreign Languages) is devoted to description of objects of nature as metaphorical means of verbal explication of intellectual concepts in the philosophical picture of the world of F. Bacon. Cognitive basis of metaphorization, determining inner form of intellectual, moral-and-ethical and gnoseological concepts are revealed. The specific feature of linguistic personality of F. Bacon being cognitively demonstrated by the author`s selectivity both in the choice of natural objects of the analyzed phenomena, and in the forms of the physical condition of one and he same object of nature are determined.

The subject of research of post-graduate student A.I. Malysheva (Voronezh State University, Department of Russian literature of XX and XXI centuries, the theory of literature and folklore) is verbal and rhetorical means of Zakhar Prilepin relevant to his fictional and publicistic works. The researcher poses a problem of writer’s mediatization. The basic content of the article concerns with analyses of linguistic identity of Zakhar Prilepin, his media image compared to those of the main characters of his works. Based on the results of the research the main motives of Zakhar Prilepin’s artworks are identified: fatherhood, homeland, and God. The author of the article points out that in comparison to publicistic works fictional literature created by the writer is characterized by higher focus on nuances in the sphere of problem statement and solution.

The results of the up-to-date methods-and-didactics researches are represented in the section “METHODS AND DIDACTICS”. The section is represented by 3 articles: by PhD of Philology, Associate Professor L.V. Lukina, Doctor of Philology, Associate Professor

E.V. Bykova and Assistant S.S. Kogotkova.

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Scientific Newsletter of Voronezh State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering

The work of Associate Professor L.V. Lukina (Voronezh State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering, the Chair of Foreign Languages) is conducted in the scope of theoretical and practical problems of contrastive linguistics. On the basis of the analysis of Russian and English lexemes denoting speech events Lyudmila Vladimirovna represents the main stages of contrastive linguage description, the goail of which is revealing the national peculiarities of linguistic mentality. The author points out that the contrastive method of binary lexemes description allows to reveal quite clearly and authentically both national semantic identity of lexical units, and semantic equivalence in the two languages.

Doctor of Philology, Associate Professor E.V. Bykova (St. Petersburg State University, Department of Public Relations in Business) focuses her attention on the principles of organization of web-speech text. The author reveals the contents of the concept modular text, points out that the organization of voice Web-page is subject to the category of modularity which is related to the concept of usability (usability) - easiness to use - in a virtual environment. In the author`s opinion modular speech organization of Web-text requires the joint work of the author and designer. This article describes the differences in the perception of information by the reader in printed and electronic text.

The scope of research of Assistant S.S. Kogotkova (Peoples’ Friendship University of

Russia, Assistant of Foreign Languages Department, Faculty of Economics) is an up-to-date problem of the functions of tag questions in business interview. The author comes to the conclusion that the tag question is an effective means of realizing interlocutors’ communication strategies. Tag question function as organizes of the process of communication and, consequently, stimulators of communication in the modern English language. Moreover, it is important to consider the influence of gender as a factor which affects communicants’ verbal behavior.

The Section “INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATION” contains three articles: by

PhD of Philology, Associate Professor I.V. Guyduk, Post-graduate L.V. Korobko, PhD of Philology, Associate Professor S.Yu. Kapkova in co-authorship with Assistant Yu.V. Churilova.

The work of I.V. Guyduk (Voronezh State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Foreign Languages Department) is conducted in the scope of study of folklore and oriented on the studying meteorological omens with names of saints of the English folklore calendar (EFC). Folk omens, as the case texts, perform the function of the expression of the cul- tural-and-ideological constant. Taking into account the cognitive-and-pragmatic nature of an omen and the dual unity of its real part (the condition) and predictive part (the forecast), the author reveales two ways of implementing the condition and the forecast: through correlation of phenoindicators and phenomena in the first conditional part of an omen with phenoindicators, phenomena and events of its second predictive part or indirectly through a metaphorical image.

The field of study of the post-graduate L.V. Korobko (Russian Air Force Military Educational and Scientific Center “Air Force Academy named after Professor N.E. Zhukovsky and Y.A. Gagarin”) is studying fictitious names of musicians and musical groups in the novel of Anthony Burgess «A Clockwork Orange». The author considers fictitious names from the point of their etymology and transcultural correlation. On the basis of the theory of Gottlob Frege about the anthology of fictitious names, L.V. Korobko analyses structural- and-morphological content of fictitious anthroponyms, their semantic contents, singles out and describes the cognitive models of fictitious names, determines their types and specific features. The researcher comes to the conclusion that out of 11 types of fictitious names the fictitious names having political, mythological and religious components dominate. On the one hand, the number of fictitious names of musicians demonstrates a wide continuum of the European and Western cultures, with which the names correlate, and determine creative and artistic potential of A. Burgess as linguistic personality, on the other.

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The research of Associate Professor S.Yu. Kapkova (Voronezh State Pedagogical University, the chair of English language) and Yu.V. Churilova (Voronezh State Pedagogical University, the chair of English language, lecturer) is focused on an analysis of stylistic features of fairy lexicon and stylistic peculiarities of its functioning especially in children`s English folk tales. Particular attention is paid to the form of the verbal interaction of the characters where a characteristic feature is the use of a compression, common to spoken English, which is also widely represented in English folk tales. In their research the authors described seven major stylistic tendencies of use of fabulous lexicon with the help of methods and techniques of descriptive and functional analysis.

The section “THEORY OF TRANSLATION” contains the articles of Ph.D., Professor

L.A. Nefedova in collaboration with Associate Professor I.V. Denisova and PhD of Philology, Associate Professor N.S. Sharafutdinova.

The object of investigation of Professor L.A. Nefedova (Chelyabinsk State University, the Dean of the Faculty of Linguistics and Translation) and Associate Professor I.V. Denisova (Chelyabinsk State University Associate Professor, the department of business foreign language) concerns problem of the linguistic representation of gender while translating literary texts. The text for the research is V.Woolf’s novel “Orlando”. The main attention is paid to the comparative analysis of the gender-marked units at the morphological, lexical, syntactical language levels and at the level of the text. The authors make generalization about the influence of the gender factor on the creation of the literary image and mechanisms of its verbalization. In literary texts, as I.V. Denisova and L.A. Nefedova underline, the gender peculiarities can be included in the semantic structure of the literary image as its integral part and influence on the character of its perception and the text as a whole.

The subject matter of the research of N.S. Sharafutdinova (Ulyanovsk State Technical University (UlSTU), Ph.D., Associate Professor, Head of the Foreign Languages Department of UlSTU) is the investigation of the hyper-hyponymic relations in the terminological systems on the basis of German and Russian aviation terms. The criteria of singling out of hyper-hyponymic relations are described; the nature of relations both between hyperonym and hyponym terms as well as hyponym terminological units is analyzed. The similar type of the relation “instance – of” for the purpose of its presence in the sectoral terminological system is considered. The possibilities of the emergence of synonymous and antonymous lines of the terms united by hyper-hyponymic relations are studied. The distinctive features of hyper-hyponymic relations allowing to differentiate them from other types of semantic relations as “part-whole” are singled out.

The section “SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION” contains the reports of Ph.D. of Philology, Associate Professor L.V. Lukina (Voronezh GASU) on XXII-th international conference of the national association of English language teachers in Russia (Nopayaz): "The Evolving Roles of the Modern Language Teacher" – "The changing role of the teacher of foreign languages in the modern world" (from 21 to 23 April 2016 in the city of Smolensk, Smolensk Humanitarian University).

This issue includes scientific works of both domestic scientists working in scientific academic institutions and various universities of the country, particularly in Moscow (MGIMO University of the RF Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Department of Japanese, Korean, Mongolian and Indonesian languages, Russian Peoples' Friendship University, Department of foreign languages of Faculty of Economics), St. Petersburg (St. Petersburg State University, Department of public relations in the business), Ulyanovsk (Ulyanovsk State technical University (UlSTU), Department of Ulyanovsk State technical University of foreign languages), Chelyabinsk (Chelyabinsk State University, Faculty of linguistics and translation, foreign language department of the business), Voronezh (Voronezh State University, Voronezh State Pedagogical University, Russian Air Force Military Educational and

Scientific Center “Air Force Academy named after Professor N.E. Zhukovsky and Y.A. Ga-

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Scientific Newsletter of Voronezh State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering

garin”) and foreign researchers (Germany, Berlin, Brandenburg and Berlin Academy of

Sciences).

The scientific researches represented in the articles of this issue are conducted on the materials of English, German, Russian, Japanese languages. Scientific subject matter of the honorable authors demonstrates topical tendencies of the modern linguistics, methods and didactics of foreign language teaching, international communication, theory and practice of translation.

This issue of Scientific Newsletter 2 (13) contains the results of scientific researches, carried out with the support of the Russian and foreign scientific funds. The research of Professor Liliya Amiryanovna Nefedova and Associate Professor Irina Vladimirovna Denisova is carried out within the grant project of RFH 15-04-00455-a "Analog-cognitive processes in lingvocreative activity of the person.

We believe that the thirteenth Series of Scientific Newsletter will be interesting and useful for a huge range of philologists, foreign language teachers, experts in literature and culture, philosophers, post-graduates and students, as well as for all our respected native and foreign readers.

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LINGUISTICS

UDC 80

Berlin-and-Brandenburg Academy of Science, The Head of the Department,

Edition project: the linguistic works of Wilhelm von Humboldt

Doctor of Philology, Professor, Bettina Lindofer, Berlin, Germany е -mail:lindorfer@bbaw.de

Bettina Lindorfer

LIGHT AND WARMTH. WILHELM VON HUMBOLDT’S CONCEPTION OF

LANGUAGE IN HIS WORKS ON AMERICAN LANGUAGES1

Following Humboldt, “light and warmth” are the basis of all progress in “mental development in general”. They appear as soon as the “undivided powers of man” are involved. The pair of words “light and warmth” stands on the one hand for analysis and enlightenment; on the other hand it accentuates the role of sensibility and feeling. My contribution applies this double-sided approach to

Humboldt’s “oldest and most important” (H. Steinthal) manuscript on linguistic theory, namely the fragment “Grundzüge des allgemeine Sprachtypus” (“Fundamentals of the Linguistic Prototype”). In this text, language is analysed, that is to say decomposed into its components sound, vocabulary and grammar; but at the same time it is claimed that a surplus exists which defies complete explanation and has to be felt and ‘sensed’. In this tension, the failure of Humboldt’s linguistic project becomes apparent.

Key words: Wilhelm von Humboldt, light, warmth, language, Indian languages, thinking, sound, vocabulary, grammar, Introduction to Kavi.

LICHT UND WÄRME. WILHELM VON HUMBOLDTS SPRACHKONZEPTION IM AMERIKAWERK

„Licht und Wärme“ sind Humboldt zufolge die Basis jeden Fortschritts „allgemeiner geistiger Bildung“. Sie werden freigesetzt, sobald „die ungetheilten Kräfte des Menschen“ ins Spiel kommen. Das Wortpaar „Licht und Wärme“ steht dabei einerseits für Analyse und Aufklärung, andererseits betont es die Rolle von Sinnlichkeit und Gefühl. Mein Beitrag wendet diesen doppelten Zugriff auf das „älteste und wichtigste“ (Steinthal) sprachtheoretische Manuskript an, nämlich Humboldts Fragment gebliebene „Grundzüge des allgemeinen Sprachtypus“. Denn auch in ihm wird Sprache analysiert, d.h. in die Bestandteile Laut, Wortschatz und Grammatik zerlegt, und zugleich wird ein nicht weiter erklärbares Surplus behauptet, das gefühlt und ‚erahndet’ werden müsse. In dieser Spannung zeichnet sich das Scheitern von Humboldts Sprach-Projekt ab.

Schlüsselwörter: Wilhelm von Humboldt, Licht, Wärme, Sprache, Indianersprachen, Denken, Laut, Wortschatz, Grammatik, Kawi-Einleitung

„Licht und Wärme“: Was zunächst wie eine pleonastische Redefloskel à la begrüßen

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© Lindorfer B., 2016

1 The work about America: the texts in which Humboldt works on the problem of "American languages" (= problem "The language of Indians") [by analogy with "Kawi language on the island of Java."].

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Scientific Newsletter of Voronezh State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering

& willkommen heißen, immer & ewig oder Donner & Gloria aussieht, erweist sich bei näherer Betrachtung als ein Leitmotiv bei Wilhelm von Humboldt. Diese Formel bringt nämlich seine Überzeugung zum Ausdruck, dass es nicht nur der Aufklärung, sondern auch der „Aufwärmung“ bedarf, um geistigen Fortschritt der Menschheit („das Fortschreiten in allgemeiner geistiger Bildung“) zu bewirken. Für Humboldts Sprachwissenschaft impliziert dieses Leitmotiv eine besondere Art der Themenbehandlung, die er in seinen frühen Schriften entwickelt und die er bis zu seinem Alterswerk nicht mehr ändern wird (vgl. Trabant 1986: 202). So postuliert er 1820 in seiner ersten Rede vor der Königlich-Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften:

bei jeder Erkenntniß, welche die ungetheilten Kräfte des Menschen fordert, tritt der rednerische [Gebrauch der Sprache] ein. Von dieser Art der Erkenntniß aber fließt gerade auf alle übrigen erst Licht und Wärme über; nur auf ihr beruht das Fortschreiten in allgemeiner geistiger Bildung (...) („Ueber das vergleichende Sprachstudium“; GS IV: 30, § 21)

Wenn Humboldt hier die „ungetheilten Kräfte des Menschen“ einfordert, ohne die kein wirklicher Fortschritt der Erkenntnis möglich sei, ist er davon überzeugt, dass dies nur dann der Fall ist, wenn Sprache nicht instrumentell („geschäftsmäßig“), sondern „rednerisch“ gebraucht wird. Ihm zufolge ereignet sich nämlich nur in diesem „freien Umgang“ mit Sprache, bei dem sie genug Raum hat, selbst „die Darstellung der Objecte“ mitzubestimmen, jene „wohlthätige Rückwirkung“ auf den Menschen, die Humboldt auf die Formel „Licht und Wärme“ bringt.

Im Folgenden soll zunächst auf die Texte Humboldts zurückgeblickt werden, in denen er die Forderung nach „Licht und Wärme“ programmatisch entfaltet (I.), um dann im zentralen Teil (II.) zu zeigen, inwiefern Humboldt dieses Programm in seinen Untersuchungen zu Indianersprachen umsetzt, genauer: in der (verworfenen) ersten Einleitung zu diesen Untersuchungen, die heute den etwas rätselhaften Titel „Grundzüge des allgemeinen Sprachtypus. Einleitung zu ausführlichen Untersuchungen über die Amerikanischen Sprachen“ trägt. Schließlich (III.) werde ich nach Gründen suchen, warum er diesen Text und mit ihm das ganze Projekt abgebrochen und aufgegeben hat. Hier werde ich zeigen, dass zwar der Text als Text verworfen wird, nicht aber seine Grundthesen, die vielmehr noch in Humboldts

Vermächtnis, der Einleitung ins Kawi-Werk mit dem Titel „Ueber die Verschiedenheit des menschlichen Sprachbaues und ihren Einfluß auf die geistige Entwicklung des Menschengeschlechts“ durchscheinen2.

1. „Licht und Wärme“ als Programm (1787-95)

Dass der Ausdruck „Licht und Wärme“ keine bloß rhetorische Figur, sondern programmatisch zu verstehen ist, zeigt zum einen der Kontext des einleitend gegebenen Zitats; denn dieses stammt wie gesagt aus Humboldts erstem wissenschaftlichen Vortrag, den er an der Berliner Akademie gehalten hat. Den programmatischen Impetus der Formel untermauern zum anderen seine frühen Texte: Im ersten überhaupt gedruckt vorliegenden Text von Humboldt mit dem Titel „Sokrates und Platon über die Gottheit, über die Vorsehung und Unsterblichkeit“ ist sie noch implizit, aber sie scheint bereits durch den gegebenen Wortlaut

2 Die Textmigrationen aus dem Manuskript Grundzüge des allgemeinen Sprachtypus in die späteren Texte Humboldts wird unsere Ausgabe im Rahmen der historisch-kritischen Edition seiner sprachwissenschaftlichen Schriften im Detail aufzeigen (Humboldt 2017 im Druck).

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hindurch. Dieser Text aus dem Jahr 1787 – er leitet die Übersetzung einer Platon-Passage ein – kritisiert nämlich eine bloß verstandesmäßig argumentierende Philosophie als „ein Feuer, das leuchtet, ohne zu erwärmen“ (GS I: 2). Sechs Jahre später werden im Fragment „Theorie der Bildung des Menschen“ (1793) „Licht und Wärme“ explizit als die beiden Säulen genannt, auf denen das kreative Potential des Individuums ruhe: Es komme darauf an, schreibt Humboldt dann, dass der Mensch „von allem, was er ausser sich vornimmt, immer das erhellende Licht und die wohlthätige Wärme in sein Innres zurückstrale[n]“ lasse (GS I:

284, Hervorh. B.L.), damit er sich nicht in seinen äußeren Aktivitäten völlig verausgabe. Diese doppelte Zielrichtung von Licht und Wärme verknüpft Humboldt zwei Jahre

später in zwei Texten mit der Differenz der Geschlechter. Sowohl das Fragment „Plan einer vergleichenden Anthropologie“ als auch der im ersten Jahrgang von Schillers Horen erschienene Aufsatz „Ueber den Geschlechtsunterschied“ scheinen dabei das Klischee vom

Gegensatz zwischen einem innigen, auf Bewahrung ausgerichteten, einfachen, aber warmen Weiblichen und einem zielstrebigen, erzeugenden, heftigen, begrifflich orientierten Männlichen zu reproduzieren. Die Gegenüberstellung kulminiert in diesem Aufsatz, einem der wenigen von Humboldt selbst publizierten Texte, in der Äußerung: „Alles Männliche (...) ist mehr aufklärend, alles Weibliche mehr rührend. Das eine gewährt mehr Licht, das andere mehr Wärme“. (GS I: 327) Auf der Basis dieser beiden Texte von 1795 ließe sich die folgende Gegenüberstellung entwerfen:

Eine klare geschlechtliche Zuordnung der Kräfte besteht allerdings nur auf der Oberfläche. Denn nicht nur charakterisiert Humboldt mit der Opposition von „Männlichem“ und „Weiblichem“, von „Zeugendem“ und „Empfangendem“, von „Selbstthätigkeit“ und „leidende[r] Empfänglichkeit“ (GS I: 319) Kräfte – und keineswegs eine wie auch immer geartete Opposition zwischen Männern und Frauen. Aber noch deutlicher unterlaufen wird die geschlechtliche Zuordnung insofern, als in all diesen Texten jedem Individuum beide Kräfte zugewiesen werden. Der entscheidende Impuls für die kreative Entwicklung rührt nämlich aus der Wechselwirkung beider Kräfte, wie bereits in dem angeführten Textfragment „Theorie der Bildung des Menschen“ ausgeführt wird:

Was also der Mensch [der seine Ideen umsetzen will] nothwendig braucht, ist bloss ein

Gegenstand, der die Wechselwirkung seiner Empfänglichkeit mit seiner Selbstthätigkeit möglich mache (GS I: 285).

Wirkliche Kreativität basiert für Humboldt somit auf der Wechselwirkung dieser Kräfte: auf Empfänglichkeit und Selbsttätigkeit, auf „Wirkung“ und „Rückwirkung“ etc. (Trabant 1986: 22). Demnach ermöglicht erst die Kombination von „Licht und Wärme“ nachhaltige Produktivität. Erst dann kann Neues entstehen – sowohl im gesellschaftlichen Zusammenleben (ein Beispiel hierfür wäre für Humboldt etwa die Französische Revolution) als auch in Kunst und Literatur bzw. in der Ausbildung schöpferischer Individuen (etwa geniali-

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