Учебное пособие 1708

Scientific Journal “Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-Didactic Researches” Issue № 2 (17), 2017 ISSN 2587-8093

UDC 81'25:004.9

THE COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTIC OF THE AUTOMATED CAT AND

TRADOS SYSTEMS USED IN TRANSLATION ACTIVITY

U.I. Nazarchuk

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State university of Pridnestrovie

Candidate of philological science, associate professor of the Chair of Translation GOU VO State university of Pridnestrovie

Uliaya Ivanovna Nazarchuk e-mail: kasyanova-2005@mail.ru

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Statement of the problem. This article describes the current trends of systems of automation and computerization of translation practice, in particular, the comparative characteristic of the automated CAT and TRADOS systems which are widely used in translating in modern times.

Results. The main advantage of using such programs are considered. The connection between analyzed programs and Translation Memory (TM) is revealed. Translation Memory (TM) represents the database containing already earlier translated texts. The distinction of these systems from the programs of the machine translation (for example, Promt or the Google Translate) is defined. The main idea of the analyzed systems is that they don't try to replace the translator, but only help his activities, unifying the translation of lexicon and helping to work with the texts of the repeating subject. Also different functional capabilities of these systems and perspective of development of the appropriate software allowing to optimize translation process are provided.

Conclusion. Working with TRADOS system the functions which help to increase translation process aren't provided to the translator, for example, an opportunity of using the dictionaries directly in system, the absence of Web Editor and morphological search in glossaries and dictionaries. TRADOS system demands expensive installation, control and updates, system of CAT, in its turn, - "cloudy", it demands nothing to establish, adjust and update; Keywords: automation, machine translation, desktop, cloudy, Translation Memory, CAT, TRADOS, translator.

Introduction. At the present stage of evolution of society any happening processes are inconceivable out of their broad and comprehensive automation. Automation is one of the main directions of scientific and technical progress. All technical means, methods and systems of settlement exempting the person selectively or completely from a direct involvement in processes of receiving, modifying, transmission and application of data or information retrieved are understood as automation.

Thus, automation is enveloped by the concept "information technologies" designating the group of methods of processing, production, state change, directly properties and a type of special material – information.

In recent years in scientific literature "new information technologies" are often used as a set of methods and implementers of information processes in different areas of human activities, i.e. methods of implementation of information activities of the person who is considered as biological information systems [1]. These information technologies, as differentiates them from patriarchal methods and approaches, provide not only existence of information product, but also receptions, special technical purpose tools, productions on an equal basis with usage of this information product. It allows the user both to get acquainted with an information sense – to master and use directly in activities and to quickly receive the actualized information product in a full volume and a format which are necessary for the user.

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© Nazarchuk U.I., 2017

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Methodology. In the present article the object of the research is the automated CAT and TRADOS systems. The subject of the research are the methods of implementation and results of usage these systems in the educational process.

The study of comparative characteristics of automated systems is carried on the basis of the software of the CAT and TRADOS systems.

The generalization and the analysis of scientific data on the research problem (from the pedagogical, theory of translation, psychology, psycholinguistics, didactics, etc. point of view); the modeling process of teaching the translation of scientific and technical, publicistic and artistic texts with the use of IT. The study and synthesis the experience of teaching the scientific and technical, socio-political and notarized translation in State university of Pridnestrovie, the observation and the analysis of teaching activity of the future translators based on IT.

Results. On the basis of usage electronic means information technologies call "new", "current", "high" though firstly in the special sources they were named "computer" [2, p. 50]. The author assumes that this term is completer than others reveals an entity of the considered definition. This approach is the only true and therefore, that in the case of the modern fast pace of scientific evolution and technical progress the modern information technologists used today through certain time will cease to be considered as those as new, up-to-date will arise, but also because new information technologies are a collective statement. With the same extent it belongs also to other technologies including the education where the conceiving machine and methods of its operation also have primary value.

Using information technologies in teaching foreign languages, it is necessary to mark that these technologies are connected not only to change of a methodical paradigm, but also to technical and technological equipment of teaching activity that is reflected in the wide use of new linguo-didactic means – multimedia computer programs with video records. The advantages of these means is the following: they give the chance to give effect of novelty to traditional classroom occupation, allow the user both to get acquainted visually with contents of information and to quickly receive a new information product in the volume and a format according to a linguo-didactic situation [3, p. 147].

In the market there are tens of different software solutions for support of translation process. They can be divided into two categories. The first of them which arose more than 15 years ago are the desktop decisions requiring labor-consuming and expensive installation, setup and updates. Others — "cloudy" — appeared rather recently, but capture the increasing popularity among the users. It isn't necessary to set anything, nothing to set up and update for them.

Today it is possible to select the three main classes of the "cloudy" information technologies aimed at the solution of translation problems – MT (Machine Translation) or machine translation, CAT and Trados Studio Professional [4].

The following programs (PROMT, Socrat, the Google Translate, Dicter, Pragma, etc.) fulfilling machine translation, include a complex of dictionaries, systems of spelling, thesauruses and a possibility of access to different information on data communication networks. The provided class of information systems can be aimed at a certain type of documents or the object sphere. Except as stated above, the programs of these classes allow insufficiently prepared user to get the rough (traced) translation with the smallest expenses of time and forces. Therefore such type of the translation can be used only as "assistant" in the translation process.

Let's move directly to analyzed programs. CAT means Computer Aided Translation. This program achieves the objectives in response to three basic functions:

•The CAT program segments the text being translated, i.e. breaks it into segments (sentences) and gives out to the translator in the convenient form simplifying and accelerating the translation. In the MetaTexis program each segment is removed in the special frame, and in other frame directly under the source text it is possible to type the translation.

•The translation of each segment remains together with the source text. The set of the source text and the translation of a segment is considered as the single unit and is called a trans-

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lation unit (translation unit, TU). It is possible to return to the segment translated earlier at any time to check the translation. The program is equipped with the special functions helping to move in the text and to find the segments which are necessary to be translated or checked.

•The principal function of the CAT program is saving translation units in the database, a so-called translation base (translation memory, TM). Functions of so-called "indistinct search" allow to find the segments which aren't completely matching the required text in the database. It allows to spare time and to achieve coherence of the translation.

So, at the heart of programs of CAT the following principle of operation is used. These programs can include all technical support necessary for translation of the received text and its editing [5]. Priority of these programs is translation memory. It represents a peculiar database in which the translations and their options remain. Working in this program, after loading of the text the program fragments it into small component segments and provides various variants of translation, depending on the existing database. The expert translator needs to select the most suitable option. Under the condition if words or segments differ from the text segments existing in a basis a little, then they directly can be selected in color. The independent translation of such fragments of the text and the subsequent saving to translation memory will allow further the expert translator to use repeatedly this option for similar speech fragments that is important, in particular, in case of the translation of texts of large volume.

Translation memory serves as the unique dictionary and the address book. This resource allows to save earlier translated phrases, and also gives the opportunity of use of filters for im- port-export of files of different formats. Some programs include also an algorithm of indistinct compliance (fuzzy matching). This resource allows to work with vulgarisms and a slang which the translation of which we get a very rough translation [6]. Fundamental difference of programs of CAT from machine translation is that the expert translator makes the final decision on the most exact and complete variant of translation [7]. The usage of CAT technologies helps to bring percent of efficiency of the translations to 80%.

On the basis of foregoing, we will sum up the results what advantages are provided by application of CAT-means:

•the uniformity of the translation that positively affects its quality is provided;

•you can translate quicker because you don't have to translate identical fragments of the text twice. As a result, the necessary terms for the translation are reduced;

•changes, additions and remarks of the customer it is rather easily possible to bring on all translation base that allows to correct instantly inaccuracies in the translated segments and to avoid the similar mistakes;

•in case the initial document is provided in the format supported by this program, then a translation is made without violation of structure of the document. It is only actually necessary to correct the text fragments for elimination of discrepancy of volumes of the text of the original and the translation.

•CAT-means allow to reduce the total cost of the translation for the customer. Unlike usual calculations on the translation, the translation by means of CAT-means it is rated by the number of words taking into account the following parameters: - the quantity of the identical (repeating) segments; - the quantity of the segments coinciding with a translation memory in a percentage ratio (from experience of the working students of graduates).

The following main class of the information technologies aimed at the solution of translation problems is possible to call Trados Studio Professional. What is this group of program and what differs it from programs of CAT?

Trados Studio Professional is a uniform environment for translating and editing, control of translation projects, streamlining of corporate terminology and connection of services of machine translation. The expert can find all tools necessary for fulfilling the translation, operation with terminology and project managements, within one platform. The innovative functions increasing efficiency of the translation are the following: intellectual substitution and instruments

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of quality check; enhanced features for interaction with editors; automation of routine tasks and various reports for effective management of projects; ease of learning, ease of using and the set-up work space; support of files of all main formats - from MS Word to specialized formats, for example, Adobe InDesign; powerful tools for the maximum usage of the ready translations; the convenience of experts' working due to the possibility of editing the translations in the environment of MS Word; the support of service desk consisting of skilled professionals; extension of basic opportunities of system by means of applications of the SDL OpenExhcnage portal; opening of API provide a possibility of deep integration and setup; the integration into the program of modules of terminological search and machine translation [8]. Both CAT and TRADOS offer various educational resources: the regular webinars, movie tutorial, blogs, etc.

Priority of these programs as well as in CAT is translation memory. All translated content remains in the database and becomes available to further use that accelerates the operation over new projects. The greatest efficiency is reached in the case of the translation of content with a high level of recurrence. In case, when the translation is given to outsourcing - transmission by the organization, based on the contract, the certain types or functions of production business activity of other company operating in the necessary area, Studio allows to carry out its own translation database, significantly reducing the general costs of the translation, and also provides monitoring over the translated content which is important intellectual property of the company [9]. On the other hand, the usage of SDL Trados Studio by department of the translations or the translation company allows to provide the maximum labor productivity both translators, and project managers.

The instantaneous creation of TM SDL Trados Studio allows to create an original translation database on the basis of earlier translated documents. The powerful technology of combining automatically compares the initial and translated content. To create a new translation database it is enough to load initial and corresponding to it translated files to Studio then the program automatically will execute their combining and will create a translation database for future projects. The setting up of the work space Studio, the modern, intuitively the clear SDL Trados Studio interface is familiar to all users of applications of MS Office. The working space easily changes, allowing to create an ideal environment for the translation. For bigger convenience the window of print preview can be carried out on the separate screen, and to move a window of the editor to the upper part of the screen. Tools, commands, reference resources are logically grouped that allows to find all necessary things quickly. At any time it is possible to return to home location of windows. The powerful mechanism of translation memory adds the high speed translation, SDL Trados Studio includes the set of the innovative functions and tools allowing to accelerate the translation almost twofold. They are the following:

•the intellectual input on the basis of SDL Autosuggest technology increasing productivity by 20% ( AutoSuggest prompts you with text, as you type, with suggested translations. It monitors what you are typing and after you have typed the first few characters of a word, it presents you with a list of suggested words or phrases in context and in your target language and you can automatically complete the word or phrase by selecting it from the list. As you continue to type, the list of suggested words is continuously updated);

•automatic substitution of formatting or the Quick Place function (this joint software of Lotus for collaboration in real time between participants from geographically dispersed regions) [1 **];

•the instruments of quality control revealing possible errors;

•the various filters allowing editors to concentrate on the certain part of the translation;

•support of a display mode of changes in the MS Word files which helps translators and editors to monitor all changes in the document easily.

The simple management of the projects of SDL Trados Studio allows to operate large multilingual projects with ease. The creation of the project including a large number of files and several target languages is possible for the translators using this program. Due to the con-

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venient structure of the subprojects containing the appointed files, translation databases and terminology databases, translators can concentrate on translation process completely. The check of compliances at the level of the document and paragraphs by means of SDL Perfect Match technology ensures especially effective functioning with often updated projects. What is SDL Perfect Match? SDL Perfect Match is a form of compliance of a context which compares the updated initial files to the corresponding set of the existing bilingual documents, but not to the translation memory. The segment coincidence known as Perfect Matches, are checked surrounding records to be convinced that they coincide. Besides, if your existing bilingual document has been segmented differently with the current document or has united segments, Perfect Match can dynamically unite up to three consecutive segments in your current document to improve results of your compliance. Then the translations are taken from the existing bilingual documents and transferred to the updated initial files. Thus, all your work is coordinated. SDL Trados Studio represents a starting point for the organization of collaboration through SDL Studio GroupShare. GroupShare allows translators to coordinate work, using uniform projects and translation resources (documents, translation databases, terminology databases and reference materials). The project managers can give to members of team certain tasks with the automatic notification by e-mail about the beginning of work and when files are ready for loading. To achieve the maximum efficiency and coherence of the translation all participants can work in real time, using urgent resources: terminology databases and translation databases [10]. At any time the manager can trace the status of accomplishment of the translation that allows to ensure continuous functioning on the project, the CAT programs work in the same way. Terminology management provides quality of the translations, namely, it is the important factor for providing consistent corporate terminology and translation quality. The terminology database is a key linguistic resource. Management and sharing of a terminology database is carried out by means of the SDL MultiTerm system — the integral and completely integrated SDL Trados Studio component. SDL MultiTerm is a back-end solution for terminology management. Maintaining and distribution of the approved terminology guarantees the usage of the correct terms in translation. The acceleration of work due to the machine translation of SDL Trados Studio is closely integrated with modules of machine translation of the SDL BeGlobal system. This MT powerful technology gives opportunities of control and training of the MT own modules for necessary language pairs. the translators carry out post-editing of the segments received by means of MT, directly in Studio that considerably increases the effectiveness of activity [11]. According to estimates of the graduates working with these programs and also different experts, post-editing of the results of the adjusted MT requires much less time, than the translation of the similar text from scratch. The using of App Store and Development Hub for professionals in the field of linguistic SDL OpenExchange technologies is a unique portal of applications for SDL Trados Studio and SDL MultiTerm [12]. Appliances are intended for the solution of specific tasks in the field of the translation, editing and terminology management include tools for processing of files of rare formats, manipulations with translation bases and many other things. SDL OpenExhange is also a starting point for integration of business applications with SDL Trados Studio.

To put the things right concerning compatibility option of the first and second type, we give impartial comparison of the most popular of them below: SmartCAT and Trados.

Comparative analysis of two systems:

Conclusion. According to our research it is possible to draw the following conclusions:

•programs of CAT as opposed to TRADOS are free;

•the TRADOS system has no technical support in Russian, and also there is no Russian interface and this can complicate to work in this program at the initial stage;

•while working in the TRADOS system functions which help to increase translation process aren't provided to the translator, namely: an opportunity to use dictionaries directly in system, Web Editor and also morphological search in glossaries and dictionaries are absent ;

•the TRADOS system requires labor-consuming and expensive installation, setup and updates, the system of CAT, in its turn - "cloudy", it doesn't require anything to set, set up and update;

•using the TRADOS system the translator has no access to a basis of translators that complicates translation, especially, if the translation is made in the narrowly targeted sphere and with narrowly targeted terms;

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• the program of the TRADOS system requires expensive training.

For effective use of these application-oriented computer algorithms for the purpose of the translation is considered to be possible only when the students have special knowledge and skills in the sphere of information technologies. In this context in the western countries (England, Germany, France, etc.) the translation course of CAT and TRADOS is an essential part of the program of the higher education. In Russia and Pridnestrovie the system of CAT only begins to be introduced in some higher education institutions, the TRADOS system is used less often because it is expensive.

The methodological advantages of these practical disciplines are: the principle of modular creation of the program, the principle of the active innovative thinking of students, the directivity of training on formation of independent thinking, the usage of demonstration material, implementation of the modern forms and methods of teaching in higher education institution, and the purpose of such disciplines is formation skills of the translation of text files among students, and also other information items of the websites, abilities of translating the definite grammatical structures and lexical units on the target language that will allow students to be guided in the circle of the competences necessary for professional translation activity.

But there is a wish to pay attention that the considerable part of means and methods of computer technologies, and also knowledge and skills becomes outdated in a year. Thus, the education and qualification of translators in this area approximately with the same speed becomes outdated.

Taking into account the urgency of receiving knowledge, skills by graduates of higher educational institutions in the field of information technologies, it appears to expand general education course of "Computer studies" with a study of specialized computer application programs, including the modern translation programs of texts in higher education institutions of Pridnestrovie.

Bibliographic list

1.Kutuzov А.B. Коmpu'juternije tehnologii v formirovanii professional'noj kompetencii perevodchika, URL: http://tc.utmn.ru/files/kutuzov_it.pdf/ (data obrashhenija -08.09.16).

2.Semenov A.L. Sovremennije informacionnije tehnologii i perevod /A.L. semenov// - 2008. - S. 224.

3.Теrehova E.V. Sovremennije tendencii rezvitija avtomatizirovannogo perevoda / Е.V. Теrehova // Nauchnyj vestnik Voronezh. gos. arh.-stroit. un-ta. Sovremennije lingvisticheskie b metodiko-didakticheskije issledovanija. - 2006.- vyp. № 5. - S. 146-152.

4.Gerasimov А. An Effective and Inexpensive Translation Memory Tool, URL: http://translationjournal.net/journal//17wordfast.htm/ (data obrashhenija -26.10.16).

5.Chto takoje CATprogramma?, URL: http://www.metatexis.net/russian/cat.htm/ (data obrashhenija - 05.05.16).

6.Chto takoje CAT-sredstva?, URL: http://www.englishelp.ru/translator/articles-for- translator/104-what-are-cat-tools.html/ (data obrashhenija -05.05.16).

7.Cocci L. CATtools for beginners, URL: http:/ /translationjournal. net/journal// 50caten .htm/ (data obrashhenija -05.05.16).

8.Sitemi Translation Memory TRADOS, URL: http://www.russian-translators .ru/docs/ TRADOS_ ProductGuide.pdf/ (data obrashhenija -05.05.16).

9.Gerasimov А. Trados - is it a Must? , URL: http:/ /translationjournal. net/journal//22 trados. htm/ (data obrashhenija -05.05.16).

10.Perevodi vchera b segodnja: kak sovremennije tehnologii menyaut rabotu perevodchika, URL:http://www.alba-translating.ru/index.php/articles/technique.html/ (data obrashhenija -10.02.17).

11.Hennessy Е. Navigating in a New Era: Translators in the Age of Image and Speech., URL: http://translationjournal.net/journal//45image.htm/ (data obrashhenija -21.11.16).

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12. Hennessy Е. Translator Training: The Need for New Directions, URL: http://translationjournal.net/journal//55training.htm/ (data obrashhenija -21.11.16).

Analysed sources

1.*Sistemi Translation Memory TRADOS, URL: http://www.russiantranslators.ru/docs/TRADOS_ProductGuide.pdf/ (data obrashhenija - 08.04.17).

2.*Sitemi Translation Memory TRADOS, URL: http:/ /www .traservice. ru/files/ brochures/SDLTradosStudioProfessional_RUS_small.pdf/ (data obrashhenija - 06.03.17).

3.* Sistemi CAT, URL: https://www.englishelp.ru/translator/articles-for-translator/104- what-are-cat-tools.html/ (data obrashhenija - 22.04.17).

Dictionaries used

1.** Vikipedija, URL: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ (data obrashhenija - 10.03.17)

2.** Sovremenii tolkovii slovari russkigo jazika Efremovoi T.F., URL: http://dic. academic .ru/searchall.php/ (data obrashhenija - 15.01.17).

3.** Bolshoi elektronnii slovari, URL: http://www.vedu.ru/bigencdic/ (data obrashhenija - 01.04.17).

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SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION

Z.Ye. Fomina

Review

on the book by the German Professor Frank Kostrzewa "Koreanisch im Spiegel des Deutschen - Kontrastivlinguistische Analysen" ("The Korean Language in the Mirror of the German Language - Contrastive-and-Linguistic Researches")

Before we begin to describe the content of the review, we would like to highlight several important biographical characteristics of Professor Frank Kostrzewa.

So since 2007, the German linguist, Frank Kostrzewa, is a professor of linguistics and didactics of language at Karlsruhe Pedagogical Institute. He studied linguistics and didactics at Bielefeld University. From 1990 to 1992 he was a research fellow in the field of "German as a Foreign Language" at Bielefeld University, where in 1992 he defended his thesis on the theme "German as a Foreign Language". From 1993 to 1997 he worked under the contract as a teacher of the German language at Kimyun and Gyonbuk State Universities of Tegu National University in Korea. After returning from Korea he worked as a teacher of English and pedagogy at a grammar school in Wilnsdorf. Later, Kostrzewa worked as a teacher in the line of DAAD in Hungary. From 2001 to 2003 he was a research fellow at the Language Center in Rostock. Later, he worked in the same position at Cologne University. In 2007 he received an invitation to the position of a professor in the field of "linguistics and didactics of the language" at the Pedagogical Institute of Karlsruhe. In the same year, Fr. Kostzewa`s scientific achievements were recognized as corresponding to the doctoral level. From 2009 to 2010 Fr. Kostrzewa was the director of the Institute of the German Language and Literature. From 2010 to 2013 he worked as a deputy director of the German language and literature at the University of Karlsruhe. From 2014 to 2017 he is a member of the DAAD commission for the selection of German language teachers for work in the regions of Asia, Australia, New Zealand, Oceania (group 42).

The sphere of his scientific interests is represented by: contrastive linguistics, comparative linguistics, typology of languages, word formation, lexicology and lexicography, phraseology, semantics, pragmatics, language history, psycholinguistics, applied linguistics, German as a foreign language, and intercultural communication.

The most current publications in German are: 1) F. Costrzewa. Contrastive-and Linguistic Analysis of the Korean Language: Korean-German. Munich, 2014); 2) F. Kostrzewa. Foreign languages. Their Structure and Peculiarities. Munich, 2014); 3) F. Kostrzewa. German as a Foreign Language - Social Conditions, Structural Linguistic Comparisons and Teaching Analysis. Munich, 2009, and many others.

To what has been said, it is important to add that for several years professor Kostrzewa is a member of the editorial board of the Scientific Newsletter "Modern Linguistic and Methodological and Didactic Researches." During the years of his successful cooperation with our newsletter, he has published 6 articles on the German-and- Korean problems. Here they are:

1) Frank Kostrzewa. Steps Towards Developing a Curriculum for Teaching German as a Foreign Language in Korea (part 2 (Scientific Newsletter (33) 2017)); 2) Frank Kostrzewa. Educational Programs on the Discipline

“German as a Foreign Language” in Korea in the Context of the Modern Education (part 1 (Scientific Newsletter 4

(32) 2016); 3) Frank Kostrzewa. Relative Subordinate Clause in Linguistic Contrast (Scientific Newsletter 3 (27) 2015); 4) Frank Kostrzewa. Linguistic Typologies (Scientific Newsletter 1 (25) 2015)); 5) Frank Kostrzewa. The Sentence in Korean (Scientific Newsletter 4 (24) 2014)); 6) Frank Kostrzewa. Lehn-und fremdwörter im kontext ihrer etymologie. (Borrowed and Foreign Words in the Context of their Etymology) (Scientific Newsletter 3(23) 2014).

Note that the works of the German scientist are of great comments among foreign and Russian germanists, koreanists and linguists of all the directions.

The book of the German professor Frank Kostrzewa on the theme "Koreanisch im Spiegel des Deutschen - Kontrastivlinguistische Analysen" (The Korean language in the Mirror of the German Language - Contrastive-and-Linguistic Studies) presents a completely revised and significantly supplemented version of Professor Frank Kostrzewa`s linguistic works devoted to comparative studies of the German and Korean languages. The publication of this remarkable book is of high relevance and significance, especially for German studies and koreanistics. From my personal experience, namely from the experience of my participation in the Congress of Germanists, which was organized by the Asian Society of Germanists in 2006 and held at

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Seoul National University (in the Republic of Korea), as well as from the experience of my scientific cooperation with Korean colleagues, I know that German studies in South Korea occupy a leading position, and research works of this type are of high demand.

We would like to begin the analysis of the book being reviewed with the following quotation by Michael Syler:

"You will learn a worthy scientist from his most favorite book, by the way of its writting" ("Den guten Mann erkennst du an seinem liebsten Buche und an der Art, wie er's schreibt”").

The way of the writing of Frank Kostrzewa`s book is focused on the knowledge and reflections, it awakens a thought in everyone who reads it.

The content of the work under review is conveniently reflected in a clear, logically and purposefully constructed structure representing the basic linguistic concept of the author. On its 211 pages this scientific work presents the 13 research fields that correspond to the consideration of the basic language phenomena in the spheres of morphology, syntax, lexicology, phraseology, paremiology, onomatopoetics of the German and Korean languages and are considered by the author in the contrastive-and-linguistic aspect.

Let us single out the 13 basic units of the book: 1) The expression of Causality in the German and Korean Languages. 2) Verbal Word Combinations in the German and Korean Languages. 3) Conjunctions in the German and Korean Languages. 4) Prepositions and Postprepositional Particles in the German-and-Korean Language Comparison. 5) Adverbs and Dialects in the German and Korean languages. Difficulties in Mastering Adverbs and Dialects in the German and Korean Languages by Korean Students. 6) Quotative (as a kind of the category of evidentiality) - German Indirect Speech in German and Korean. 7) Onomatopoetics based on the Korean Language. 8) Proverbs in the German-and-Korean Language Comparison. 9) Borrowings and Foreign Words in the Context of their Etymology. 10) Sentence in the Korean language. 11) The category of "Aspect" in Contrasting Comparison. 12) Deixis Forms and Functions in Linguistic Contrast. 13) A relative Subordinate Clause in Linguistic Contrast.

Each of the 13 units obligatorily ends with clear and meaningful conclusions, as well as with the list of references.

Already the very structure of the book points to the fact that its author covers, in his contrasting study, the most important spheres of language (phonetic, lexical, semantic, grammatical (morphological, syntactical), which are of paramount importance for the analysis and description of any language. Frank Kostrzewa focuses on the peculiarities and specific character of the German and Korean languages, manifesting themselves in the above-mentioned levels of their contrastive description.

Professor Frank Kostrzewa has set himself the goal of developing the strategies for teaching and learning languages, based, in particular, on the similarities and differences between the German and Korean languages. He proceeds from the assumption that the most important thing in the contrasting analysis of languages is "determining the different realization of linguistic functions." The analysis of the work fully demonstrates the successful achievement of this goal.

Conclusions on each of the above-noted 13 units are of great interest and are of both theoretical and practical significance. We will note only some important generalizations of Frank Kostrzewa. Thus, the German researcher has found that when mastering the German system of conjunctions, it is very difficult for Korean students to distinguish the conjunctions of cause and purpose, which they often identify.

As for the analysis of onomatopoetics in the Korean language, then, according to Kostrzewa`s observations, the largest group in the Korean language is formed by onomatopoeic words reproducing the sounds of animals (cf.: (Katze) miauen: ( ): (nyaong) [cat →

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