2History of Fiction Translation in Ukraine

Cicerone was father of literary translation. He supported adequate translation, but not literal one.

History of Ukrainian translation is 1000 ago, in X century. First translations were secular text. After declare of Kiev Rus the development of translation slowed down and revived 1662, foundation of Kiev Mohila Academy. Had enormous impact on education and science. Famous translators: Brankovskiy (Heorhiy Branko), Petro Veluchkovskiy, Andriy Hohol-Yanovskyi, Victor Zolotnutzky, Ivan Maximovich from Polish to old Slavonic.

The Ukrainian translation tradition has existed since the ancient times. Monks of Kievan Rus monasteries, who copied Old Slavic translations of the Bible, introduced some phonetic and morphologic features of the Ukrainian language in their copies. Also, Ukrainian elements penetrated in Old Slavic translations of secular literature: historical chronicles, geographical descriptions, and fiction. "The Bee", a collection of aphorisms and parables compiled in Byzantium and translated into Old Slavic in the 12th century, was copied in Ukraine many times during several centuries and gradually absorbed the Ukrainian vernacular vocabulary and phraseology.

In the Middle Ages, the history of Ukrainian fiction translation goes its own way. Translation of poems was in significant progress.

Translation of secular literature had freer and creative approach. The monks knew Latin very well and from the 14th century people wanted to know the translation from Latin.

Fiction translations (had the sense of rewriting) were more like paraphrased texts (переспіви) at that time. A good example is the poetic adaptation (as a poem) by Kulish of one of the Decameron’s short stories.

Literature was translated through the Polish language into Ukrainian.

Peter 1 forbid Ukrainian literature

Harlequin literature - бурлеск. It is connected with popular and colloquial speech, curses, proverbs.

In 16th example - List to Turkey Sultan

In the 17th-18th centuries, tales of chivalry ("Bova the King's Son"), literary works about moral values ("The Story about the Seven Sages"), and novellas from Boccaccio's "The Decameron" proliferated in Ukraine in translations from Latin, Italian and Polish. They underwent essential remakes in the Ukrainian cultural environment.

In 18th revival of translation, Ukrainianka, Fedkovich, Franko.

Many translations into Ukrainian made in the first decades of the 19th century were characterized by the influence of I. Kotliarevsky's "Eneida". They included loose poetic translations of Horace's odes ("Harasko songs", "Гараськові пісні") by P. Hulak-Artemovsky, translation of Pushkin's "Poltava" by Ye. Hrebinka, and other translations that brimmed over with the vernacular language and vulgarisms.With his "David psalms", T. Shevchenko gave examples of high-standard translation of solemn and passionate biblical texts. At that time, "The Tale of Igor's Campaign" was translated from Old Slavic into Ukrainian. I. Franko (1856-1916) was the first in the Ukrainian literature to demonstrate the unparalleled translation professionalism. He was a master of all stylistic registers of the Ukrainian language and approached translations using the scientific analysis and artistic flair. Franko was the first to translate Eastern authors One should mention the following prominent masters of literary translation, who worked at the end of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century: Lesia Ukrainka (translated Heine's lyrics, extracts from Homer and Dante, and Hauptmann's "The Weavers"), A. Krymsky (translated works of Hafez, Saadi and other Eastern poets). In the Soviet period, the art of Ukrainian literary translation reached its fullest flower under the hands of M. Rylsky, whose translations conveyed subtle shades of meaning of the original in combination with the distinguishing features of its art form. M. Rylsky translated Mickiewicz's "Mister Thaddeus", Voltaire's "The Maiden of Orleans", Pushkin's "Eugene Onegin", and many lyric works of European poets.

Ukrainka and Franko outlined the conceptual approach of convain the purity of the language and the author's poetic concept. But at the same time they implemented into Ukrainian translation new poetic images, rhysmes(?) to produce the same authentic impact in the Ukrainian people as the original text does.

In the national theatre in Lviv was created and it needed translated repertoire . Such Magazins as Slovo and Niva added a lot to this repertoire

It was slight decline in development in the 19 century

After war 60s: Lukash, Zerov,

Ten, Todos-Osmachka, Slitluchniy, Kobiv, Tereshenko, Kochur, Sodomora, Lisnyak, Palamarchuk, Pavlichko Dmytro and Solomia Rulskiy,

M.Lukash (1919-1988), a polyglot and an equally brilliant prose and poetry translator from eleven languages began to be published after World War II. He contributed greatly to the enrichment of Ukrainian literature with exemplary versions of many masterpieces of world literature such as FaustofGôthe, Decameronof Boccaccio, Mad­ame Bovary of Flaubert, The Fate of Manby Imre Madac, Don Quixote of Cervantes (in co-authorship with A.Perepadya) and several other important works by West European classics. M.Lukash was also a prolific translator of mainly French poets(Verlaine, Rimbaud,Valéry, Apollinaire, etc.) as well of Spanish(Lorca, Cervantes, Lopede Vega, Calderon), German(Gôthe, Schiller, etc.), English (R.Burns), Polish (Mickiewicz), Hungarian (E.Adi, I.Madach) and several others. His translations are distinguished by a rich and versatile Ukrainian lexi­con, accurate idiomatic equivalents, high expressiveness and ease corresponding to those of the originals.

Lukash wanted to create a vocabulary of Ukrainian curses. He was first who used domestication in Ukrainian translation. Idiomaticity, figurativeness of speech. Popular speech vocabulary, colloquial words, Paronims, curses, oaths, set expressions fixed in colloquial speech.

Kochur. Syntactic pattern, grammatical and lexical transformation.

Kochur and Lukash consistently demonstrated the principle of unimpeded use of all the riches within the Ukrainian lexicon in their translated versions of for­eign belles-lettres.

The 18th century was distinguished by the translation tradition associated with the Aeneid of Virgil.

Also thanks to Kotlyarevsky, the first Ukrainian fable (байка) appeared when he firstly translated French fabulist Jean de La Fontaine.

At that time German ballads inspired Zhukovsky and they were written in the folk language.

As Kotlyarevsky began the tradition of rewriting, it significantly influenced the translation into the Ukrainian language and Zerov described it as “Kotlyarevshchina”.

Gulak-Artemovsky translated Rousseau, Goethe, Horace and his translations are considered rather free variations, rather than translations as such. They are too far from the original.

The only ballad Artemovsky translated well was “Fisherman” by Goethe. It was already moving away from the rewrites based on its motives. Another example is the psalms.

T. Shevchenko gave examples of high-standard translation of passionate biblical texts. At that time, "The Tale of Igor's Campaign" was translated from Old Slavic into Ukrainian.

In conclusion: the translator’s translation was too far from the author’s idea. The less the translator translated, the closer this text was to the translation.

Modern translations: Korunets, Androhovych, Zavyshko, Zhadan, Lybko -Deresh, Matios, Poderevjanskiy, Rozdobud'ko, Mysyk, Vynnychuk, Shevchuk, Malkovych, Popovych, Synuk, Morozov, Striha, Romana Franko, Marko Pavlyshin, Skandriy, Kylyna, Askold Medvechuk, Paolo Galvani, Lorenzo Pompelo, Anna-Galyna Horbach, Anetta Kalynskya, Bogdan Zadura, Cherednichenko, Karaban, Koptilov, Radchuk, Roman Becha.

(Итог: переводчик отходил от автора. Чем меньше переводчика тем ближе этот текст к переводу.)