- •1. Concepts of symptoms and syndromes
- •2. Pulmonology
- •1. Syndrome of compaction of lung tissue (decrease in airiness)
- •2. Syndrome of increased airiness of lung tissue (emphysema)
- •3. Broncho obstructive syndrome
- •4. Lung cavity syndrome
- •5. The syndrome of fluid accumulation in the pleural cavity
- •6. The syndrome of accumulation of air in the pleural cavity
- •7. Bronchiectasis Syndrome
- •8. Syndrome of lung atelectasis
- •9. Syndrome of dry pleurisy (pleuritis)
- •10. Respiratory failure syndrome
- •11. Pulmonary heart failure (pulmonary heart)
- •12. Adult respiratory distress syndrome
- •3. Cardiology
- •1. Syndromes of coronary insufficiency
- •2. Angina pectoris syndrome (stenocardia)
- •4. Myocardial damage syndrome
- •5. Resorption-necrotic syndrome
- •6. Post-infarction syndrome (Dressler's syndrome).
- •7. Аrterial hypertension Syndrome (ah)
- •8. Arterial hypotension syndrome
- •9. Heart failure syndrome
- •V.Kh. Vasilenko (1935).
- •10. Cardiomegaly syndrome
- •Syndrome of fluid accumulation in the pericardium (hydropericardium) The reasons for the accumulation of exudate:
- •12. Rhythm and conduction disturbances syndromes
- •I. Arrhythmias due to a violation of the automatism of the sinus node:
- •Atrial flutter (irregular and regular forms). Symptoms
- •Ventricular flutter and fibrillation. Symptoms
- •IV. Conductivity disorders - blockade:
- •13. Syndromes of valvular heart disease.
- •14. Mitral valve prolapse
- •15. Syndrome of hypertension of the pulmonary circulation
- •16. The syndrome of acute vascular insufficiency
- •4. Gastroenterology
- •4.1. Syndromes for diseases of the esophagus, stomach and gut
- •1. Dysphagia Syndrome
- •Gastroduodenal pain syndrome
- •3. Gastric hypersecretion syndrome
- •4. Gastric hyposecretion syndrome
- •5. Syndrome of gastric evacuation
- •6. Functional dyspepsia syndrome:
- •Bleeding syndrome from the lower gastrointestinal tract
- •9. The syndrome of "acute abdomen"
- •10. Dyspeptic syndrome (indigestion)
- •11. Irritable bowel syndrome:
- •2. Pain abdominal syndrome:
- •13. Asthenoneurotic syndrome:
- •4.2 Syndromes for diseases of the liver and bilitary ways
- •1. Biliary colic syndrome
- •2. Subhepatic jaundice (mechanical)
- •3. Hepatic jaundice (parenchymal)
- •4. Suprahepatic jaundice (hemolytic)
- •6. Cholestatic syndrome
- •8. Hypersplenism syndrome
- •9. Portal hypertension
- •10. Hepatic failure syndrome
- •12. Cytolysis syndrome (cytolytic syndrome)
- •13. Mesenchymal inflammatory syndrome
- •1. Pancreatic pain syndrome
- •1. The insufficiency of exocrine pancreatic function
- •Syndrome of pancreatic incretory function.
- •5. The syndrome of gastric pancreatic dyspepsia:
- •1. Renal colic syndrome
- •2. Urinary Syndrome
- •4. Nephrotic syndrome
- •5. Acute nephritic syndrome (acute glomerulonephritis)
- •Chronic nephritic syndrome (chronic glomerulonephritis)
- •7. Edema syndrome (renal edema)
- •Hypertension Syndrome
- •9. Renal eclampsia syndrome
- •Acute renal failure (arf)
- •11. Chronic renal failure
- •6. Endocrinology
- •1. Syndrome of hypothyroidism:
- •Thyrotoxicosis syndrome (hyperthyroidism):
- •3. The syndrome of insulin deficiency:
- •1. Anemic syndrome
- •2. Sideropenic syndrome (iron deficiency)
- •Iron deficiency anemia
- •Hemolytic anemia
- •6. Hemorrhagic syndrome
- •7. Inflammatory syndrome
- •Neurological syndrome
- •10. Immunodeficiency syndrome
- •Leukemia syndrome (hemoblastosis) 11.1 Acute Leukemia Syndrome
- •11.2 Chronic myeloproliferative syndrome
- •11.3 Chronic lymphoproliferative syndrome
- •2. Disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome
- •Urticaria syndrome
- •2. Quincke's angioedema
- •3. Anaphylactic shock
- •4. Joint syndrome
- •9. The meaning of eponymous terms and syndromes in clinical medicine
13. Asthenoneurotic syndrome:
With a prolonged course of chronic colitis, asthenoneurotic syndrome develops. Patients complain of weakness, fatigue, headache, decreased performance, irritability, excessive sweating, and poor sleep.
4.2 Syndromes for diseases of the liver and bilitary ways
1. Biliary colic syndrome
REASONS: cholelithiasis, biliary dyskinesia.
SYMPTOMS:
Paroxysmal pain in the right hypochondrium - severe, colicky for a few minutes to 2-6 hours, often radiating to the right hypochondrium, to the right shoulder blade, shoulder, lumbar region, neck. It occurs 3-4 hours after a plentiful meal (fried, fatty, spicy foods), physical influences, "shaking rides", etc.
Nausea and vomiting (with duodenal contents mixed with bile), bitterness in the mouth.
The patient is very anxious: rushing about in bed, looking for a comfortable position, not finding him; fever is possible.
Enlarged, painful gall bladder. Skin hypersthesia and pain symptoms of the projection point of the gallbladder, epigastric region, phrenicus - symptom, etc. The abdomen is soft, with peritoneal irritation - tension of the anterior abdominal wall in the right hypochondrium. There may be signs of subhepatic jaundice.
"Bubble" symptoms reveal the interest of the gallbladder in the pathological process. The gallbladder point (Kera point) corresponds to the projection of such on the surface of the abdomen, located at the intersection of the outer edge of the right rectus abdominis muscle with the right costal arch.
Mackenzie symptom - hypersensitivity of the skin in the right hypochondrium;
Zakharyin's symptom; pain when pressed or beaten at the point of the gallbladder;
symptom of Musse-Georgievsky (soreness between the legs of the right m. Sternocleidomastoideus) - a right-sided phrenicus-symptom;
Obraztsova-Murphy symptom - pain at the height of inspiration during palpation of the gallbladder zone - ―the breath is interrupted by pain‖. It is carried out in a prone position and sitting. In this case, a grimace of pain may appear on the patient's face;
Kera symptom - pain in the right hypochondrium in the gallbladder area on inspiration;
Vasilenko’s symptom - the occurrence of pain when applying abrupt strokes with the fingertips on the inspiration below the right costal arch;
Ortner-Grekov symptom - the appearance of pain when the right rib arch is striking with the edge of the palm of the hand (the pain appears due to shaking of the inflamed gall bladder);
Zakharyin-Ged skin hypertension zones - extensive zones of severe soreness and hypersensitivity at the lower angle of the right scapula and in the region of 9-11 intercostal spaces.
2. Subhepatic jaundice (mechanical)
REASONS: obstruction of the hepatic and common bile duct from the inside (stones, tumor, parasites), tumors of the large duodenal nipple, pancreas, gall bladder, cyst and chronic inflammation of the pancreas, lymphogranulomatosis, postoperative narrowing of the common bile duct, atresia of the bile duct.
SYMPTOMS:
The pain in the right hypochondrium is often colicky, itchy, intense jaundice, neurosthenic complaints - general weakness, fatigue, irritability, headache, insomnia, sometimes progressive worsening and intense jaundice with a greenish skin tone.
The liver is painless, enlarged, significantly densified, the gall bladder is sometimes enlarged (cm Courvoisier-Terrier), often pain at the point of its projection. Bradycardia The spleen is not enlarged.
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Urine - dark, with bright yellow foam, bilirubinuria, lack of urobilin.
Feces discolored (acholic) - grayish-white, clay, no stercobilin.
Blood - hyperbilirubinemia, mainly associated (direct) bilirubin. An increase in the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT), an increase in the content of bile acids, copper, cholesterol, and transaminases are usually negative for 4-8 weeks.
X-ray or ultrasound examination - signs of gallstone disease, cancer of the head of the pancreas, cancer of the Vater's nipple.
Symptom of Courvoisier-Terrier - a large and painless gall bladder is palpated, which is due to the complete closure of the common bile duct (usually tumor origin) and the accumulation of bile in the bladder.