Language Practice_Exam_Questions (Answered)

I.

1. Interests of young people in English-speaking countries and Ukraine/Hungary.

Of course, many young people, just like many old people, waste their time. Some youngsters choose to sleep instead of getting up and being active. They get used to being lazy and the slightest effort is too much. Others are more active, but prefer to spend all their time in the mall or in the coffee shop, just watching girls or chatting with their friends. This if fine for a while, but it’s not very productive. Still others of course never leave the house and just sit around chatting on the internet or watching sports on television. It’s a lot easier to just sit at home and criticize your team than to get fit and take part, but that’s what many people prefer to do.

However, there are also many young people who are extremely active and productive. After all, most sport is played by young people, and stadiums are full of people supporting their favorite teams. Secondly, most young people are trying to create a good future for themselves. A lot of young people do extra courses or spend their time reading in order to do better in their studies. But the most important point is that young people are not very different from older people. Sometimes we all spend too long doing one thing, when we should try to have a balanced range of activities. All of us need to relax and have fun, and all of us, young and old, need to try new things and meet with friends and family.

2. Modern living. Modern trends, lifestyles.

Today, a lot of people sit throughout whole days in offices in front of their PCs and forget how important it is to do regular physical exercises. In fact, they have to be involved in everyone’s daily routine. Apart from doing exercises, it is important to mind what you eat during your day. The modern lifestyle of coach potatoes or fanatic office workers, which many people choose, will certainly bring about a lot of negative results. Despite the fact that everyone is aware of the bad consequences their lifestyle can bring, they do not stop leading them and eating junk food.

People in favor of active lifestyle know that healthy food can be really tasty. In fact, the taste of junk food seems terrible to them. That is the right life position, to which all the people have to strive. In addition, junk food can cause a lot of diseases. The high fat content in these food items can result in obesity and will definitely shorten your life.

If you want to live longer, the first thing that you have to do is to get accustomed to healthy food and forget all the addresses of fast food restaurants. The other one is to stop making up excuses for not doing physical exercises. It

doesn’t mean that you have to have long daily work-outs. All you have to do is allocate 20 to 30 minutes a day for some simple, but extremely useful moves of your body.

Thus, all you have to do is make a decision whether to live your life full of diseases and boring daily activities, or to take a position of active person, involved in many different events without the constant need to go to the hospital.

3. Choosing a career.

Every student, during their studies are thinking about what career to choose. So, some people may say that we must choose the career, which is connected with the course we are major in. I think it’s not that true. Of course if we are majors in English philology, we may become a teachers or translators/interpreters, but we can also choose the journalism. Journalists are studying the same English on their Major. Those, who are studying computer studies, may become programmers, software developers or a system administrators. These careers are well-paid. But there’s another dilemma. We should not choose the career, which is well-paid, but the one we will enjoy. If the job is not our cup of tea, we are going to suffer it, and no matter if it is well-paid or not.

4. Problems of young people in English-speaking countries and Ukraine/Hungary.

Young people have so much problems to deal with. In the United States there is a kind of war beetwen white-skinned and black-skinned people. Blackskinned poeple are mostly isolated from white-skinned poeple, they are living in gettos. Because of that, young people trying new junk things, like drugs, alcohol and so on. They are robbing shops or/and even sometimes killing innocent people. But not only in the United States we can notice such problems. In Ukraine, of course there are no gettos, but even there young people could be drug addicts, trying alcohol in very young age, robbing shops, or even private houses. We must not blame these young people, because they are living such life, everything on their parents, who do not care of them, because they are also drug-addicts or alcoholists.

5. The future of English.

English is changing every 10 years, 5 years or even 1 year. The words, phrases which we use nowadays like „selfie”, „YOLO”, „LMFAO”, “LOL” weren’t used 50 years ago. It is difficult to predict how English will be looked like in future, but if there more and more languages will extinct, English will be the one language for everyone. Maybe English will be not the only language, but one of the major languages. Even nowadays we can notice that English is one

of the official languages in governmental institutions. For example, English is the official language in NATO, UNO, EU, IMF. Yes, there are some more official languages beside English, but conferences are mostly taken in English.

6. Types of the English language.

The Eng. language. exists in the form of its varieties. It is the national language of England proper, the USA, Australia, New Zealand and some part of Canada. Standard English — the official language of Great Britain taught at schools and universities, used by the press, the radio and the television and spoken by educated people may be defined as that form of English which is current and literary, substantially uniform and recognized as acceptable wherever English is spoken or understood. Modern linguistics distinguishes territorial variants of a national language and local dialects. Variants of a language are regional varieties of a standard literary language characterized by some minor peculiarities in the sound system, vocabulary and grammar and by their own literary norms. Dialects are varieties of a language used as a means of oral communication in small localities, they are set off from other varieties by some distinctive features of pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary. The most marked difference between dialects and regional variants in the field of phonetics lies in the fact that dialects possess phonemic distinctions, while regional variants are characterized by phonetic distinctions. In matters of vocabulary and grammar the difference is in the greater number and greater diversity of local peculiarities in the dialects as compared with the regional variants. In the British Isles there exist many speech varieties confined to particular areas. These local dialects traceable to Old English dialects may be classified into six distinct divisions: 1) Lowland (Scottish or Scotch, North of the river Tweed),1 2) Northern (between the rivers Tweed and Humber), 3) Western, 4) Midland and 5) Eastern (between the river Humber and the Thames), 6) Southern (South of the Thames). Their sphere of application is confined to the oral speech of the rural population in a locality and only the Scottish dialect can be said to have a literature of its own with Robert Burns as its greatest representative.

Since BE, AE and AuE have essentially the same grammar system, phonetic system and vocabulary, they cannot be regarded as different languages. Nor can they be referred to local dialects; because they serve all spheres of verbal communication in society, within their territorial area they have dialectal differences of their own; besides they differ far less than local dialects.

Another consideration is that AE has its own literary norm and AuE is developing one. Thus we must speak of three variants of the English national language having different accepted literary standards, one spoken in the British Isles, another spoken in the USA, the third in Australia. Canadian English is

influenced both by British and American English but it also has some specific features of its own. Specifically, Canadian words are called Canadianisms. there are Australian English, Canadian English, Indian English. Each of these has developed a literature of its own, and is characterized by peculiarities in phonetics, spelling, grammar and vocabulary.

The main lexical differences between the variants are caused by the lack of equivalent lexical units in one of them, divergences in the semantic structures of polysemantic words and peculiarities of usage of some words on different territories. Local variations in the USA are relatively small. What is called by tradition American dialects is closer in nature to regional variants of the national literary language.

7. Students’ accommodation.

Every university student during their studies have to live somewhere. It can be a student hostel, a rented house or even living in their own house if it’s not so far away from the university. But, even nowadays students often choose the students hostel, because if you don’t live in a hostel during your university studies, you are not really student. Yes, the living in the hostel, for first year student is a big surviving. There you have to cook for yourself, wash your dirty clothes and of course get up early without your parents’ help. On the one hand it’s very hard to get used to such things, especially for the first-year students, on the other hand, it is the best way to become self-sufficing. But not every student can live in the hostel. There are a lot of reasons: due to parents, who doesn’t let for their kid, a student, who don’t want to change their dear home and don’t want to leave their family. But, the most worldwide reason is the price. Not every students’ parents can let for their kids living in the hostel, because of high price. But I think that $20/month is not so expensive. However, living in the hostel for student is one of the parts of their studies and he/she will be thankful that he/she had such contingency.

8. Job, skills and qualities.

Candidates with strong personal skills are in high demand for a wide variety of jobs. We’ve all worked with someone who is excellent at engaging with colleagues and is always dependable. This individual has honed their personal skills. They communicate effectively with others, self-express, and selfmanage.

Our personal skills shape not only our professional trajectory, but your private life as well. Overall, employers look for job candidates with strong personal skills because they positively contribute to the office culture, and are reliable in a variety of ways.

Types of skills are the following: Critical thinking;

America and Europe in saying which floor you are on. In the US the floor you enter from the outside is the first floor and then you go up to the second etc. In many parts of Europe it’s called the ground floor and then you go up to the first floor. Other type of housing is a townhouse. The townhouse is a string of houses, attached together but with individual entrances to each home. Houses can have gardens. In the US a garden is a place to grow plants and vegetables. The grassy area around the house is called a yard. Most houses in the US have a front yard and a back yard. If the house has two floors, we call it two-storey house. The space under the roof of the house is the attic. The underground part of the house is called the basement. Some Americans have cottages and cabins. They spend weekends and holidays there. Other types of US houses are bungalows and ranch houses. Bungalow is a single floor family home. Ranch house is a single floor family home with a low roof and attached garage.

The UK

Housing culture in the UK is similar to the US, but there are some differences. The British also respect privacy and independence. A typical English house has a front and back garden. It has two floors. On the ground floor there is a hall, toilet, kitchen, dinig room and living room. The staircase takes you from the hall to the first floor with bedrooms and bathrooms. The floor is very often covered with a carpet.

There are three main types of houses in Britain. The cheapest ones are terraced houses. These houses are joined together in long rows. The most popular type of house in Britain is probably semi-detached house. Each one is a part of a pair of houses joined together. They usually have well-kept front and back garden with a lot of space for a car. Large areas of these houses can be found in suburbs. Much more expensive than a semi-detached is a detached house. It is standing by itself usually with a garden all around it. In recent years old cottages have become very popular and not only as second homes. Block of flats and tower blocks , so usual in our country, can be seen in Britain as well, but not in such numbers.

14. Gestures and feelings.

A gesture is a specific bodily movement that reinforces a verbal message or conveys a particular thought or emotion. Although gestures may be made with the head, shoulders, or even the legs and feet, most are made with the hands and arms. Your hands can be marvelous tools of communication when you speak. But many inexperienced speakers are unsure what to do with their hands. Some try to get them out of the way by putting them in their pockets or behind their backs. Others unconsciously relieve nervous tension by performing awkward, distracting movements. A few speakers over-gesture out of nervousness, waving their arms and hands wildly.

A speaker’s gestures can suggest very precise meaning to an audience. The

Indians of North America devised a sign language that enabled people with entirely different spoken languages to converse. Sign language has also made it possible for deaf people to communicate without speaking. The use of gestures in communication varies from one culture to the next. In some cultures, such as those of Southern Europe and the Middle East, people use their hands freely and expressively when they speak. In other cultures, people use gestures less frequently and in a more subdued way. The specific gesture we make and the meanings we attach to them are products of our cultural training.

Just as cultures differ, so do the perceived meanings of gestures. For example, nodding one’s head up and down signifies agreement or assent in Western cultures – but in some parts of India this gesture means the exact opposite. A common gesture used in the United States – that of making a circle with the thumb and forefinger to indicate approval – is considered an insult and an obscenity in many areas of the world.

To be effective, a speaker’s gestures must be purposeful – even if they’re performed unconsciously. They must be visible to the audience. They must mean the same thing to the audience that they mean to the speaker. And they must reflect what’s being said, as well as the total personality behind the message.

In contrast to the times, when people like to open up, and share their feelings with others, there are times when people prefer to hide their feelings and keep others from knowing how they really feel, for rather moral or personal reasons, such as: not wanting to hurt others, being uncomfortable with expressing themselves, and not wanting other people feeling sorry for them, when viewing or being aware of their emotional state. One of the biggest reasons is that people are often afraid of the consequences. They don't want to be vulnerable, and prefer not sharing their intimate details about one self with others. Almost everyone experience feelings of being hurt, humiliated, threatened, angry, sad or used, at some point of their lives. When people prefer not to express themselves, they put on a fake smile, and hide their true feeling, when sense that they are being viewed.

15. Crossing bareers. Means, ways of communication.

The word communication has been derived from the Latin word communis which means common, besides commonality, communication involves the concept of transfer, meaning and information transfer. Thus, communication means sharing ideas in common to one or many.

It means a verbal or written message, an change of information, a system of communicating, and a process by which meanings are exchanged between

individuals/groups of individuals through a common system of symbols. It also means technique for expressing ideas effectively and quickly.

Managers use several different types of communication in their work. The choice of the method of communication would depend upon such factors as the physical presence of the receiver of the message, the nature of the message as to whether it is urgent or confidential and the costs involved in the transmission of the message.

Various means of communication fall into four categories: (1) oral, (2) written,

(3) nonverbal, and (4) information technology. These means are not mutually exclusive and very often some of these methods are combined to increase the emphasis or clarity of information.

II.

1. For ang against stocking. It is impossible to live without modern ways of communication nowadays.

Technology is the branch of scientific knowledge that is applied to many different aspects of our everyday lives to make things easier for us. It was created to provide help for people in finishing their daily tasks, but also for our entertainment and enjoyment as well. Technology helps to provide easy access to all sorts of various questions and inquiries, especially in our current world. Life without technology would be a real struggle for everyone, given the fact that it is found everywhere.

Phones have become universally part and parcel of people’s lives since they are convenient. I think, in this modern era, we may not imagine our life without technology and I believe that people might not be living without using mobile phone even a day. For example, “Leaving home without your phone is akin to leaving without your shoes on”. In this current world, people are very fond of having the mobile phone. Mobile phone provides us so many facilities such as texting message.

2. You rented a holiday, but there were a number of problems. Make complaint to the travel agency.

Dear Sir/Madam

With all my due respect, I am writing this letter to make complain about your service. First of all you specifically mentioned that breakfast will be included in the package for all the days but we only got breakfast on the first day. Upon asking your member responded us in a very unprofessional way which I felt was humiliating. The rooms were on twin sharing but 2 nights we 4 persons were accommodated in a single room. There was no shower in the hotel as