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She thought him to be a qualified specialist. – Она думала, что он квалифицированный специалист.

6. Выражающих принуждение, приказ, разрешение или просьбу (to order – приказывать, to allow – разрешать, to forbid – запрещать и другие).

He ordered him to stop this conversation. – Он приказал ему прекратить этот разговор.

Для английского языка характерно использование сложного дополнения с причастием прошедшего времени (Participle II). В такой конструкции обозначено, что не сам субъект выполняет действие, а кто-то другой: to have one’s hair cut (подстричься), to have one’s eyes tested (проверить зрение), to have one’s watch repaired (отдать часы в ремонт) и т.д.

2.1. Переведите предложения на русский язык, принимая во внимание конструкцию Complex Object:

1.I want Ms Watson to help me. I expect her to come soon.

2.I expect the goods to be delivered in a month.

3.I saw her enter the office at 3 pm.

4.I heard him mention her name during the meeting.

5.I wish the work to be done by Friday.

6.I saw the luggage put into the car.

7.I suppose him to be suitable for the position of the manager.

8.I consider him to be a clever man.

9.I know them to be right.

10.The director found the terms of the delivery to be unsatisfactory.

11.I expect George to be promoted soon.

12.Mrs Black heard the flight announced.

13.I had my luggage weighted.

14.He had his luggage registered half an hour ago.

15.I watched him packing the luggage.

16.I saw him waiting for the taxi.

17.She wants Mrs Stevenson to look through the report before the presentation.

18.He advised me to try to find a new job.

19.Mr Dickenson made me apologize for my unprofessional behavior.

2.2.Выберите одну из предложенных в скобках форм глагола:

1.I saw her ... into the building (to come / coming / come).

2.I believed you ... three mobile phones (to have / having / have).

3.He made me ... the window (to close / closing / close).

4.I saw them ... in the park (to play / playing / play).

5.She believes Mark ... a good guy (to be / being / be).

6.I saw you ... in the park. Everybody liked it! (to dance / dancing / dance)

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7.Mr. Smith saw her friends ... the classroom (to leave / leaving / leave).

8.His mum wants him ... his homework (to do / doing / do).

9.Shh! I hear someone ... (to cry / crying / cry).

10.He can’t make me ... this! (to do / doing / do)

11.I like him ... this task so well (to do / doing / do).

12.I heard my mum ... me (to call / calling / call).

13.Mr. Brown would like his son ... a surgeon (to become / becoming / become).

14.I want ... more languages (to learn / learning / learn)

15.Don’t let him ... you (to fool / fooling / fool).

16.I expect the weather ... good today (to be / being / be).

17.I felt someone ... me on the shoulder (to touch / touching / touch).

18.I heard her ... a famous English song (to sing / singing / sung).

19.I know her ... a good student (to be / being / be).

20.Rainy weather makes me ... bad (to feel / feeling / feel).

3. Прочитайте и переведите текст:

LANGUAGE STYLES / ПОНЯТИЕ О СТИЛЯХ

Readable style is important in any area. However, every subject has its own vocabulary. It is the same with style: if you want to improve yours, you have to control your vocabulary. Every group demands that its new members master a voice and vocabulary testifying that they have accepted the values of the group. The aspiring economist or engineer must learn not only to think like a professional, but also to sound like one.

We use special language to help us manage how our readers follow and understand us. Some kinds:

•Rhetorical actions: explain, show, argue, claim, deny, suggest, contrast, add, expand, summarize;

•Parts of our discourse: first, second, third; to begin, finally;

•Logical connections: therefore, however, consequently, if so;

•Hedges to our beliefs: It seems that, perhaps, I (we) believe;

•Guides for our readers: Consider now; Recall; Imagine . . .

When academic writers use the first person, they typically use I or we in introductions, where they announce their intentions: We claim that. . ., We shall show

. . . , We begin by . . .

If they use this mode of writing at the beginning, they are likely to use it again at the end, when they summarize: We have suggested . . . , I have shown that. . . , We have not claimed...

On the other hand, academic and scholarly writers rarely use the first person to describe particular actions that they performed in their research. For example:

1. The model has been subjected to statistical analysis.

2. An inability to export sufficient crude oil for hard currency needs is proposed here as the cause of the collapse of the Soviet economy.

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3. The assembly of extensive data is being considered, but no evaluation has yet been made about the potential of its reliability.

Most universities and colleges encourage standard, uncomplicated prose for writing papers.

•Writing that is too formal is not effective.

•Informal writing with inappropriate language is not acceptable.

•Standard English is defined as writing that achieves an academic accuracy without resorting to stiff, unnatural styles.

Stylistic weaknesses to avoid are:

•Wordiness;

•Redundancy;

•Gender-bias;

•Clichés;

•Loose construction;

•Euphemisms.

A careful use of transitional phrases is encouraged to keep writing smooth and coherent. Writers must develop a sense of audience.

Standard English arose from impulses toward control. However, sometimes we come across the style that, instead of revealing ideas, hides them. When we find that kind of writing in government regulations and directives, we call it bureaucratese; when we find it in contracts and judicial pronouncements, legalese; in scholarly articles and books, academese.

Whenever you write technical prose, your audience is likely to include some readers who will not understand all your terminology, so for them you must define your terms. Unlike matters of style, we must write correct English. «Correctness» does not require good taste, only a good memory. Many of us see clearly, and feel deeply, and think carefully, but cannot write well to share those visions, feelings, and thoughts. Nevertheless, in fact, when we write clearly, we are better able to think, feel, and see.

4. Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык:

1.Каждый предмет имеет свою терминологию.

2.Инженеры должны владеть своим профессиональным языком.

3.научные статьи обычно пишутся от первого лица.

4.Для описания объектов исследования редко используется первое лицо.

5.Такой стиль вместо того, чтобы раскрывать идеи, запутывает читателя.

6.Мы должны пояснять терминологию.

7.В любом случае, необходимо писать грамотно и понятно.

8.Большинство людей умеют глубоко мыслить и чувствовать.

9.Когда мы ясно пишем, мы начинаем логичнее мыслить.

5. Oзнакомьтесь с предложенной информацией и выучите диалоги.

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Выражение I’m afraid обозначает I'm sorry to tell you (something) – это только вежливый способ отклонить чью-то просьбу. Точно так же: Would you like to leave your number? – всего лишь вежливый способ попросить телефон, хотя и необязательно его при этом давать. Немного сильнее будет: Why don't you give me your number? или May I please have your number? – что звучит вежливо, но настойчиво.

Иногда альтернативой повторному звонку или сообщению становится просто ожидание на линии – holding. Человек, которому вы звоните, на рабочем месте, но он занят. Есть вероятность, что он сможет ответить через какое-то время. Оператор может попросить вас не вешать трубки. Например:

В приведенном выше диалоге позвонивший не называет ни имени, ни места работы, ни причины звонка. Он говорит только, что звонок личный. Иногда этого оказывается достаточно. Не обижайтесь, когда секретарь спрашивает: What is this call regarding?, но и будьте готовы, что вас обо всем расспросят.

Не забывайте, что, заканчивая разговор, всегда неплохо поблагодарить собеседника. Здесь уместно простое выражение Thank you for calling.

5.1. Найдите в диалогах следующие реплики на английском языке:

1.Пожалуйста, проговорите ваше имя по буквам.

2.Хорошо, я подожду пару минут.

3.Не могли бы вы оставить номер вашего телефона.

4.Это личный звонок.

5.К сожалению, линия занята.

6.Я бы хотел оставить сообщение.

7.Могу я поговорить с Томом Брауном из отдела маркетинга?

Рекомендуемая литература по теме (из списка): 1.ОЛ (с.7-42), 1.ДЛ (с.3-37), 2. ДЛ (с.2-27), 3. ДЛ (с.4-37), 5. ДЛ (45-68), 7 ДЛ. (3-17), 9-11

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РАЗДЕЛ 2

1. Выучите слова и словосочетания по теме:

2. Повторите образование инфинитивной конструкции Complex Subject в английском языке и варианты перевода этой конструкции на русский язык. Выполните упражнения по теме.

Конструкция сложное подлежащее (Complex Subject) представляет собой сочетание существительного в общем падеже или личного местоимения в именительном падеже, выполняющего в предложении функцию подлежащего, с инфинитивом. Эта конструкция строится по следующей схеме:

Предложения с конструкцией Complex Subject в английском языке обычно переводятся на русский язык с помощью таких оборотов, как «говорят, сообщают, думают, видели, слышали, оказалось, случилось» и т.п.

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СЛУЧАИ УПОТРЕБЛЕНИЯ КОНСТРУКЦИИ «СЛОЖНОЕ ПОДЛЕЖАЩЕЕ»

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2.1. Подчеркните конструкцию Complex Subject в следующих предложениях:

1.He is expected to come soon.

2.He is said to be in France.

3.The oil prices are reported to have risen dramatically.

4.He is considered to be a good accountant.

5.He is unlikely to come soon.

6.He is likely to be promoted.

7.She is known to be good at making presentations.

8.Mr Gordon is sure to be back to the office soon.

9.The advertising campaign of the new product is thought to be successful.

10.The flight turns out to have been delayed.

11.Mr Smith seems to be unsatisfied with the results of our work.

12.Traveller’s checks are considered to be useful when you are travelling.

13.The dollar is supposed to have risen recently.

14.Mr Levitt is said to have called twice.

15.You are likely to have dialed the wrong number.

16.Mrs Sanders is said to have confirmed the reservation at the hotel.

2.2.Переведите предложения на русский язык, принимая во внимание конструкцию Complex Subject:

1.She is known to live in France.

2.The film festival was reported to take place in July this year.

3.He was thought to study here.

4.The student is expected to become a famous writer.

5.The tickets were supposed to be sold in the afternoon.

6.The car was seen to disappear.

7.She was seen to enter.

8.She is likely to succeed.

9.The bag is not likely to have been stolen.

10.The second part of the movie appeared to be less interesting. 11.He seems to be sleeping.

12.He seems to be mistaken.

13.The problem is supposed to be discussed at the meeting. 14.The hotel is said to be located in the center of the city. 15.Mrs Hudson is said to be an experienced secretary.

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2.3. Перефразируйте предложения, используя предложенное слово (данное в скобках) и учитывая тему Complex Subject :

1.Somebody has told me that Ann is at home. (said)

Ann …. at home.

2.It is thought that life on our planet was brought by aliens. (thought)

The life on our planet … by aliens.

3.Many people believe that Shakespeare wrote more poems that we know of. (believed)

Shakespeare … more poems than we know of.

4.Some people believed that somebody had helped Alison during the test. (believed)

Alison … during the test.

5.People suppose that disasters are an inevitable part of our lives. (supposed)

Disasters … an inevitable part of our lives.

6.Some people suppose that this abandoned house was a museum in the past. (supposed)

This abandoned house … a museum in the past.

7.They thought that Andrew committed that crime.

(thought)

Andrew … that crime.

8.Everyone believes that Chelsea is the most expensive team. (believed)

Chelsea … the most expensive team.

9.Everyone believed that Chelsea is the most expensive team. (believed)

Chelsea … the most expensive team.

10.Everyone believed that Chelsea was the most expensive team. (believed)

Chelsea … the most expensive team.

3. Прочитайте и переведите текст:

НАУЧНЫЙ ДОКЛАД (ОТЧЕТ) / REPORTS

The purpose of a scientific report is to convey essential information in an organized, useful format. Moreover, despite technological advances, the ability to accumulate data, organize facts, and compose a readable text remains a highly marketable skill.

A well-prepared report will provide complete, accurate information. This information is often meant to influence decisions, to be used in determining changes,

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improvements, or solutions to problems. Therefore, the report must also be clear, concise and readable.

Reports can be analytical (analyzing the information available) and informational (providing necessary information), formal (following an established form or convention), and factual (containing information obtained through investigation). Reports are made for the benefit of others – supplying the readers or the audience with the information they need in a form they can understand. Each report must serve at least one of the following purposes:

1. to inform

•circulate new ideas;

•inform others of work done or progress made;

•provide update on the progress of the project.

2. to instruct

•tell others how to put new ideas into practice;

•explain how a new system will operate; 3. to influence

•sell your ideas and persuade the reader or the audience to make a decision;

•recommend a course of action;

•reveal the benefits of the start up of a new project;

4. to interpret

•assess a situation;

•draw up conclusions;

•analyze the performance of the company; 5. to interest

•use the presentation to appeal to a wide audience;

•summarize the findings.

The typical structure of a written report is as follows:

Preliminary Sections

Preface or Foreword Acknowledgements Table of contents Summary

Main part of the report

Introduction Body of the report Conclusions Recommendations

Supplementing material

Appendices

Bibliography Glossary Indices.

It is desirable to include into a report different illustrations such as tables, charts, graphs, photographs, and line drawings.

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