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quickly passed on through the financial system, influencing interest rates for the whole economy.

When the Bank changes its dealing rate, the commercial banks promptly change their own base rates from which deposit and lending rates are calculated.

4. Завершите предложения:

l. The Bank influences on short term......

2.When more money flows the other way, the market can be in......

3.The Bank can choose the interest rate at which it will.......

4.The Bank uses the.......

5.The discount houses have.......

6.The Bank may provide cash either by......

5. Найдите в тексте ответы на вопросы:

1.What arises from the Bank's role in the domestic money markets?

2.What is the Bank able to forecast?

3.What happens when more money flows from the banks to the government?

4.When can the market be in cash surplus?

5.What does the pattern of government and bank operations usually result in?

6.What is the final provider of liquidity to the system?

6.Перескажите кратко содержание текста.

7.Выберите нужную форму глагола из предложенных в скобках:

l. When I (brought / was bringing) in the papers he (spoke / was speaking) on the phone. 2. When I (entered / was entering) they (discussed / were discussing) something.

3.He (felt / was feeling) that somebody (watched / was watching ) him.

4.I (met / was meeting) him while I (made / was making) a tour of France.

5.I (paid / was paying) my check when I (heard / was hearing) someone call my name.

6.I (turned / was turning) round and (saw / was seeing) Jenny.

7.Pardon, (I didn't hear / wasn't hearing) what you (said / were saying)!

8.I (finished / was finishing) shopping and (went / was going) home.

9.I (asked / was asking) her if she (knew / was knowing) any good Spanish restaurant there.

10.When I (came / was coming) back home I (took / was taking) an aspirin and (went / was going) to bed.

11.When Ruth (looked out / was looking out) of the window she (saw / was seeing) that it (still snowed / was still snowing).

Рекомендуемая литература по теме (из списка): 1ОЛ (с.285-321), 1ДЛ (с.122135), 3 ДЛ (с.112-129), 4 ДЛ (46-63), 5-9 ДЛ.

1.для выражения действия, завершившегося до какого-либо момента или другого действия в прошлом: Не had read the book by 10 o'clock yesterday. – Он прочел книгу до десяти часов (к десяти часам) вечера. When we came to the airport the plane had already landed. – Когда мы приехали в аэропорт, самолет уже приземлился.

2.для обозначения действия, которое завершилось до другого действия,

длящегося в прошлом: Не had read the book and was watching TV when I came. –

Когда я пришел, он уже прочитал книгу и смотрел телевизор.

Формы глагола в Future Perfect

Future Perfect употребляется для выражения действия, которое будет происходить до определенного момента или другого действия в будущем и завершится или прекратится до него.

3. Прочитайте и переведите текст:

INVESTMENT

If you do not spend all your income – your monthly salary or weekly wages with any other earnings such as fees, interest or dividends – you will have some money left over to save. What can you do with this money? You can simply put it in a box under the bed, but it is more sensible to make your money earn more money for you. To do this, you can put it into a deposit account at the Post Office. In this way, it will earn interest for you.

Rates of interest fluctuate (go up and down) but your money is secure – except of course against inflation, which reduces the value and purchasing power of money in the economy as a whole.

Another thing you can do is to invest in a building society where the interest rate may be a little better than in a bank. A building society is a firm, which lends money to people who want to buy property. If you want to buy your own house, for instance, you take out a mortgage with the society and repay the loan at, say, 10% per annum over 30 years.

In addition, you can invest directly in a commercial company by buying shares in it. Once or twice a year you will receive a statement from the company and if the company has done well, a cheque. This money is your dividend and it increases if the company's profits rise and decreases if they fall. The center of stock broking (buying and selling stock and shares) is the Stock Exchange in the City of London.

Besides of financial investment, which represents a means of saving, there is capital investment, when you purchase capital goods, such as plant and machinery in a factory in order to produce goods for future consumption.

4. Вставьте необходимые слова:

1.You can make your money... more money for you.

2.Rates of interest... your money is secure.

3.You can invest in a.......

4.This firm lends money to people who want to buy...

5.You repay... at, say, 10% per annum

6.Your dividend... if the company's... rise.

5. Найдите ответы на вопросы в тексте:

1.What can you do with your money?

2.How will your money earn interest for you?

3.What fluctuates when you keep you money in bank?

4.What is a building society?

5.What is financial investment?

6.What means capital investment?

6.Перескажите кратко содержание текста.

7.Выберите нужную форму глагола из предложенных в скобках:

1.They__________ the company two years ago.

a)started b) have started

2.He__________ the Managing Director of the company since 1990.

a)was b) has been

3.We________ the project yet.

a)didn't finish b) haven't finished

4.Our company_______ a big profit last year.

a)made b) have made

5.My car_________. I won't be able to drive to the countryside at the weekend.

a)broke down b) has broken down

6.He___________ a new car two weeks ago.

a)bought b) has bought

7.I_________ them since December.

a)didn't see b) haven't seen

8.Last year we________ to manufacture new items of office equipment.

a)began b) has begun

9.He and his wife, Helena,_________ for over 30 years.

a)were married b) have been married

Рекомендуемая литература по теме (из списка): 1ОЛ (с.322-357), 1ДЛ (с.135149), 3 ДЛ (с.130-148), 4 ДЛ (64-73), 5-9 ДЛ.

МОДУЛЬ 11

1. Выучите слова и словосочетания по теме:

2. Повторите времена английского глагола. Приведите примеры, используя выученную лексику.

В английском сложноподчиненном предложении с придаточным дополнительным (вопрос «что?», «кто?», «чего?» и т.д.) соблюдаются правила согласования времен в главном и придаточном предложениях. Эти правила сводятся к следующему:

1.Если глагол-сказуемое главного предложения стоит в настоящем или будущем времени, то глагол-сказуемое придаточного дополнительного предложения может стоять в любой временной форме, требуемой смыслом, например:

Не says you are right. Он говорит, что ты прав. Не will tell why he was not at school yesterday. Он скажет, почему он не был в школе вчера.

2.Если глагол-сказуемое главного предложения стоит в прошедшем времени (обычно Past Indefinite), то и глагол дополнительного придаточного предложения должен стоять в одном из прошедших времен: He said he went to institute every day. Он сказал, что ходит в институт каждый день. Не told me he was preparing for his exam. Он сказал мне, что готовится к экзамену. I didn't know he had left for Moscow. Я не знал, что он уехал в Москву. Не told me that he would meet me at the college.

Он сказал мне, что встретит меня в колледже.

Прямая речь может быть либо передана так, как она была произнесена, либо описана с помощью сложноподчиненного предложения (косвенная речь):

Прямая речь вводится словами ... say/says/said, за которыми ставится запятая, и берется в кавычки. В косвенной речи запятая, как правило, не ставится и союз that часто не употребляется.

Условные предложения делятся на предложения реального условия и предложения нереального условия. Употребление глагольных форм в этих

предложениях зависит от степени реальности и времени действия, выраженного глаголом.

В придаточных предложениях реального условия и времени, действие которых отнесено к будущему с союзами: if (если), when (когда), after (после), before (перед тем, как), as soon as (как только), unless (если не), until (до тех пор, пока не) будущее время заменяется формой настоящего времени, но на русский язык переводится будущим. Например: If you help me, I shall do this work in time. Если ты поможешь мне, я выполню эту работу вовремя. As soon as I am free, I shall come to you. Как только я освобожусь, я навещу тебя. We shall not begin until you come. Мы не начнем, пока ты не придешь.

3. Прочитайте и переведите текст:

MARKETING MIX

Marketing is preparing the product for sale and promoting it; it involves four steps called the marketing mix: Packaging, Pricing, Placement, and Promotion. They are sometimes referred to as the four Ps. A marketer decides how a product will be presented (packaging), the price that it will be sold for (pricing), what distribution channels the product will be sold through (placement), and how the product will be marketed (promotion).

Selling begins where marketing leaves off. The marketer reveals the features and benefits of the product to the buying market, hopefully leading to sales and profits.

Packaging for a product means putting the product in the right physical package, in the case of a tangible item, and in a suitable presentation in the case of a service or person. Packaging helps to promote products.

Pricing is another important element of success. A product or service must be competitive in price and attractive to potential consumers. Businesses spend a lot of time testing the market to find out what price they should charge for their product or service.

Placement refers to the channels of distribution through which you sell your product. Companies may distribute the goods themselves, or they may hire special agents

Promotion involves whatever steps you take to get your product in front of the consumer, and to give that consumer the desire to buy it. The consumer is familiar with promotions such as advertising, because ads are aimed at arousing the consumer's interest

4. Вставьте необходимые слова:

6. Companies may hire special....

5. Составьте предложения:

6. Найдите в тексте ответы на вопросы:

1 Who is responsible for marketing?

2.What are the four steps of the marketing mix?

3.What does the marketer reveal?

4.What is pricing?

5.What refers to the channels of distribution?

6.Who is familiar with promotions such as advertising?

7.Выберите нужную форму глагола из предложенных в скобках:

1.I (phone / will phone) you when I (come / will come) back.

2.When the Sales Manager (arrives / will arrive) tell him 1 (am / will be) back at 5 o'clock.

3.If I ( pass / will pass) my exams, I (enter / will enter) the University.

4.If there (is / will be) a good program on TV, I (watch / will watch) it.

5.I (tell / will tell) him the news when I (see / will see) him.

6.If it (rains / will rain), I (stay / will stay) at home.

7.I (try / will try) to speak to the Managing Director before he (leaves / will leave) for New York.

8.I (buy / will buy) a car when I (save / will save) enough money.

9.If you (insist / will insist), I (accept / will accept) the invitation.

10.What (do / will) you do if you (miss / will miss) the train?

11.I (pay / will pay) for the coffee if you (don't / won't) mind.

12.In case you (arrive / will arrive) earlier, wait for me at the station.

13.As soon as we (get / will get) money for the project we (start / will start) constructing the building.

14.If we (get / will get) cold, we (make / will make) a fire somewhere on the way.

15.You (recover / will recover) soon, if you (follow / will follow) the doctor's advice.

16.We (go / will go) there straight away as soon we (get / will get) a message from them.

17.I (have / will have) lunch as soon as I (finish / will finish) typing the report.

18.If he (calls / will call), tell him I (am / will be) at home after 8 o'clock.

Рекомендуемая литература по теме (из списка): 1ОЛ (с.358-394), 1ДЛ (с.150155), 3 ДЛ (с.149-157), 4 ДЛ (74-83), 5-9 ДЛ.

МОДУЛЬ 12

1. Выучите слова и словосочетания по теме:

2. Повторите времена английского глагола. Приведите примеры, используя выученную лексику.

Формы страдательного залога (Passive Voice) английских глаголов образуются с помощью вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующем времени, лице и числе и причастия II (Participle II) смыслового глагола:

Present Indefinite: The letter is written. Past Indefinite: The letter was written. Future Indefinite: The letter will be written.

Present Continuous: The letter is being written. Past Continuous: The letter was being written.

Future Continuous: The letter will be being written.

Present Perfect: The letter has been written.

Past Perfect: The letter had been written. Future Perfect: The letter will have been written.

Глагол-сказуемое в страдательном залоге показывает, что подлежащее предложения является объектом действия со стороны другого лица или предмета. Сравните:

I bought a book. Я купил книгу. – The book was bought (by me). Книга была куплена

(мной).

Глаголы в страдательном залоге на русский язык переводятся:

1.Глаголом быть + краткая форма причастия страдательного залога:

The letter was sent yesterday. Письмо было послано вчера.

2.Глаголом с частицей -ся (-сь):

This problem was discussed last week. Эта проблема обсуждалась на прошлой неделе.

3. Неопределенно-личным оборотом, т.е. глаголом в действительном залоге 3 лица множественного числа, типа «говорят», «сказали»:

English is spoken in many countries. На английском языке говорят во многих странах.

4. Глаголом в действительном залоге (при наличии исполнителя действия):

Pupils are taught at school by the teachers. Учеников учат в школе учителя.

3. Прочитайте и переведите текст:

WEB AS A SALES TOOL

There is discussion today about how beneficial the Web is as a sales tool. Many companies, even those with a tremendous presence on the Web, are not making a lot of money. They are positioning themselves for the future, with hopes that buying on-line will become an everyday event. The question that must be answered is whether the World Wide Web will remain a place of information, or evolve into a profitable marketplace for businesses.

Nowadays the number of personal computers (PC) has multiplied to the point that potential vendors of products and services see tens of millions of customers to whom they can market their products. As customers become more relaxed and secure about buying on-line, market potential will rise.

The most successful vendors are those that mainly transact business by phone, selling a product that does not have to be present physically. If you know the title or author of the book you want to buy, it is easier ordering it by computer than going to the bookstore. Besides, you may get a discount from a Web vendor.

A major problem vendors have is mat banner ads are not seen unless they are selected (clicked on) by the consumer. The fact that surfers can bypass an advertisement means that mere is no assurance it will be read.

Another problem is that people fear giving personal information on-line, such as credit card numbers or a personal address.

Thus, a company can spend a good deal of money, with no assurance of the size of its market. If this aspect of Web advertising changes and new approaches are implemented, then commercialization may overtake the Web.

4. Подберите английские эквиваленты:

1.сеть как коммерческий механизм;

2.лидирующие позиции в сети;

3.привычное явление;

4.место для успешного ведения бизнеса;

5.с большим доверием относиться к покупке товаров по Интернету;

6.вести дела по телефону;

7.получить скидку;

8.пользователи могут не обратить внимания на рекламу;

9.номера кредитных карточек;

10.коммерция целиком поглотит Интернет.

5. Согласитесь с утверждением или опровергните высказывание:

1.There is no discussion today about how beneficial the Web is.

2.Many companies are not making a lot of money.

3.The World Wide Web will remain a place of information.

4.The number of personal computers has doubled.

5.Market potential will never rise.

6.You may get a discount from a Web vendor.

7.Banner ads are not seen unless the consumer selects them.

8.People do not fear giving personal information on-line.

9.Surfers never bypass an advertisement.

10.Commercialization may overtake the Web.

6. Выпишите из текста несколько предложений на темы:

1.Buying on-line.

2.The problems of Web commerce.

7. Выберите нужную форму глагола из предложенных в скобках:

1)The first Volkswagen cars_________ in Germany just before the World War II.

a)made b) were made

2)The painting by Rembrandt___________ from the museum yesterday.

a)stole b) was stolen

3)The first sputnik__________ by the Soviet Union in 1956.

a)launched b) was launched

4)I__________ them a fax yesterday.

a)sent b) was sent

5)A new car design__________ at the plant.

a)developed b) was developed

6)Somebody __________ the door from inside.

a)closed b) was closed

7)Marilyn Monroe's dress _________at the auction at the price of $ 20 000.

a)sold b) was sold

8)She_________ a well-paid job. I think she'll take it.

a)offered b) was offered

9)Our parent company________ in Sweden.

a)located b) is located

10)We__________ a lot of money on advertising campaign.

a)spent b) were spent

11.Our factory________ last year.

a)reconstructed b) was reconstructed

Рекомендуемая литература по теме (из списка): 1ОЛ (с.397-423), 1ДЛ (с.150155), 3 ДЛ (с.149-157), 4 ДЛ (74-83), 5-9 ДЛ.