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2. Повторите правила употребления вопросительных и неопределенных местоимений в английском языке. Приведите примеры, используя выученную лексику.

Вопросительные местоимения Эти местоимения употребляются в вопросительных предложениях.

What (что, какой, какая, какое, какие)

What is it? Что это такое? What book is it? Какая это книга?

Who (кто)

Who is this man? Кто этот человек?

Whose (чей)

Whose pencil is it? Чей это карандаш?

Which (который)

Which of these books is yours? Которая из этих книг твоя?

When (когда)

When does the lesson begin? Когда начинается урок?

Why (почему, зачем)

Why did you come here? Почему вы пришли сюда?

How (как)

How are you? Как поживаете?

How many (much) (сколько)

Вопросительное местоимение what относится к cловам, обозначающим вещи, предметы, явления. Вопросительное местоимение who относится к cловам, обозначающим людей. Однако, обратите внимание:

Who is he? Кто он? (как его зовут) Не is Mr Johnson. What is he? Кто он? (по профессии) Не is a broker.

Неопределенные местоимения some, any, отрицательное местоимение по и их производные

Употребление some и any, а также их производных определяется типом предложения. В утвердительном предложении употребляются, как правило, местоимение some и его производные:

Give me something to read, please. Дайте мне что-нибудь почитать, пожалуйста. I met him somewhere before. Я встречал его где-то раньше.

Ввопросительных и отрицательных предложениях обычно используются местоимение any и его производные:

Have you seen him anywhere? Вы видели его где-нибудь?

Is there anything I can do for you? Могу ли я что-нибудь для вас сделать?

Вотрицательных предложениях используется либо местоимение any и его производные:

I cannot find this book anywhere. Я не могу нигде найти эту книгу.

–либо отрицательное местоимение no:

There is nobody in that room. В той комнате никого нет.

There isn't anybody in that room. В той комнате никого нет.

Различия между местоимениями any и some – в степени неопределенности, поэтому иногда местоимение any можно встретить и в утвердительных предложениях:

You can find this book anywhere. Эту книгу вы можете найти где угодно.

3. Прочитайте и переведите текст:

MARKETING

Marketing is the performance of business activities connected with the flow of goods and services from producers to consumers. Marketing includes the following operations: transporting, storing, pricing, and selling goods. The most important thing in marketing is finding out who the customers are and what they want. Marketing is the process of having the right product at the right time in the right place, the process that brings mutual benefit to customers and vendors.

The term transporting means carrying goods from the place of their production to the place of their selling.

Storing is necessary because the consumer desires to buy goods without waiting. Pricing involves the art of determining what price is the best.

Selling involves helping consumers to discover their needs. Marketers should inform potential buyers of where they might buy the goods and how much the goods cost.

Marketing research is also very important. The following are the steps in marketing research: defining the problem, collecting data, compiling data and analyzing the results, advertising.

Marketing operations are very expensive and one should consider the value added through marketing. Marketing becomes too costly only when cost exceeds the value it adds.

4. Поставьте глаголы в скобках в нужной форме:

1.(Market) is the performance of business activities (connect) with the flow of goods and services.

2.(Market) includes (transport, store, price, and sell) goods.

3.The most important thing in (market) is (find) the customers.

4.It is the process of (have) the right product at the right time in the right place.

5.(Transport) means (carry) goods from the place of their production to the place of their (sell).

6.(Store) is necessary because the consumer desires to buy goods without (wait).

7.(Price) involves the art of (determine) what price is the best.

8.(Sell) involves (help) consumers to discover their needs.

9.You cannot act successfully without (define) the problem, (collect) and (compile) data.

10. The other steps of your research are (analyze) the results and (advertise).

5. Составьте вопросы из предложенных слов:

1.(operations, what expensive, are)?

2.(is, what, marketing)?

3.(marketing, does, what, include)?

4.(want, do, the customers, what)?

5.(benefit, and vendor, mutual, what, to customers, bring)?

6.(is, the price, determined, how)?

7.(without waiting, who, to buy, desires, goods)?

8.(potential, who, buyers, inform, should)?

9.(are, research, the steps, what, in marketing)?

10.(goods, be bought, where, can)?

6. Укажите исчисляемые и неисчисляемые существительные, выберите нужное слово из предложенных в скобках:

1.There are very (much, many) people in the restaurant.

2.There isn’t (many, much) beer in the bottle.

3.Is there (much, many) coffee in the cup?

4.Give me (a few, a little) travellers' cheques.

5.There are (many, much) visitors in Moscow now.

6.(A few, a little) passengers are going to the Departure Control

7.He had (a little, a few) luggage with him.

8.Will you give me (a few, a little) wine, please?

9.There are very (few, little) restaurants in this street.

10.How (much, many) time have you got? I'll call you back in (a few, a little) minutes.

7. Изложите кратко содержание тем:

1)Marketing.

2)Marketing operations.

3)Marketing research.

Рекомендуемая литература по теме (из списка): 1.ОЛ (с.84-102), 1.ДЛ (с.33-41), 3. ДЛ (с.27-42), 4. ДЛ (10-45), 7-9 ДЛ.

МОДУЛЬ 4

1. Выучите слова и словосочетания по теме:

2. Повторите правила образования степеней сравнения прилагательных и наречий в английском языке. Приведите примеры, используя выученную лексику.

Прилагательные обозначают признаки предметов и отвечают на вопрос какой?: а wide road – широкая дорога, а tall tree – высокое дерево, аn interesting book – интересная книга. Наречия отвечают на вопрос как?:

He speaks English well. – Он говорит по-английски хорошо. Прилагательные и наречия имеют три формы степеней сравнения:

положительную (positive degree), сравнительную (comparative degree), превосходную (superlative degree)

Формы сравнительной и превосходной степеней образуются двумя способами:

1.Односложные прилагательные образуют форму сравнительной степени при помощи суффикса -er, а форму превосходной степени – с определенным артиклем the при помощи суффикса -est: strong – stronger – the strongest, cold – colder – the coldest. Подобным образом образуют степени сравнения и некоторые двусложные прилагательные: easy – easier – the easiest, clever – cleverer – the cleverest.

2.Многосложные прилагательные образуют сравнительную степень при помощи слова more, а превосходную степень – при помощи the most: famous – more (less) famous – the most (least) famous, interesting - more interesting – the most interesting.

Исключения при образовании степеней сравнения прилагательных и наречий:

3. Прочитайте и переведите текст:

THE SOLE PROPRIETOR

Different types of business organization may be classified under five headings: the sole proprietor, the partnership, the joint stock company, the co-operative society, and the public corporation.

The sole proprietor is the simplest and the oldest form of business enterprise and often referred to as the one-person business. A single person provides the capital, takes the decisions, and assumes the risks. He or she is solely responsible for the success or failure of the business and has the sole rights to such profits that may be made, or bears the sole responsibility for such losses that may accrue.

The strength of this type of firm lies in the direct personal interest of the proprietor in the efficiency of his enterprise. Ownership and control are vested in one person who enjoys all the fruits of success and has a great incentive to run the firm efficiently? This type of organization is expected to be extremely flexible and capable of quick and easy adjustment to changes in market conditions.

The great disadvantage of the sole proprietor lies in the fact that the owner is personally liable for the debts incurred by his firm and his liability is unlimited. All his personal possessions are at risk and may be seized to meet creditor's demands. Another, disadvantage of this type of firm is the strict limitation of its ability to acquire capital of expansion. Finance is restricted to the amounts which the entrepreneur is able to provide from his own resources and whatever sums he can borrow on his own security.

We find the one-person business prevalent in farming, forestry, retailing, building, and repair work.

4.Найдите в тексте прилагательные и наречия и образуйте с ними три степени сравнения.

5.Выберите из глаголов, данных в скобках, правильный вариант:

1.The sole proprietor (is, are) the simplest and the oldest form of business.

2.She (is, are) solely responsible for the success of the business.

3.Ownership and control (is, are) vested in one person.

4.This type of organization (is, are) expected to be extremely flexible.

5.The owners (is, are) liable for the debts of the firm.

6.His liability (is, are) unlimited.

7.All his personal possessions (is, are) at risk.

8.Another disadvantage (is, are) the limitation of its ability to acquire capital of expansion.

9.Finance (is, are) restricted to the definite amounts.

10.The entrepreneurs (is, are) able to provide finance from their own resources.

11. The one-person business (is, are) prevalent in farming and forestry.

6. Замените выделенные слова соответствующими местоимениями:

1. The sole proprietor is often referred to as the oneperson business. 2. She is solely responsible for the failure of the business.

3.The strength of this type of firm lies in the personal interest of the proprietor.

4.A single person provides the capital.

5.He bears the sole responsibility for such losses as may accrue.

6. The firm is capable of quick and easy adjustment to changes in market conditions.

7.Finance is restricted to the amounts which the entrepreneur is able to provide.

8.Another disadvantage of this type of firm is the limitation of its capital.

9. The owner is personally liable for the debts incurred by his firm. 10. All his possessions are seized to meet the creditor's demands.

7.Поставьте слова в утвердительных предложениях в нужно порядке:

1.The one-person, the sole, business, is, proprietor.

2.The risks, person, assumes, a single.

3.Expected, this, flexible, to be, type, is, of organization.

4.All, one, the fruits, enjoys, of success, person.

5.In, vested, control, person, is, one.

6.Person, capital, provides, a single, the.

7.Profits, he, rights, has, the sole, such, to.

8.The oldest, of business, is, form, proprietor, the sole.

9.Unlimited; his, is, liability.

10. Possessions, at risk, personal, his, are, all.

11.Resources, provides, finance, he, from, own, his.

8.Выберите нужную форму наречия:

1.Would you like some more cake? – Yes, just_________, please.

a)a few b) a bit

2.We've got ___________work to do by the end of the week.

a)many b) a great deal of

3.There weren't___________ people in the street when the accident happened.

a)many b) a lot of

4.The sitting of the Committee was postponed because________people arrived. The number was not enough for the quorum.

a)a few b) few

5.Can I have an apple from this basket? – Yes, of course. Take ________you like.

a)some b) any

6.Would you like_________ beer, sir?

a)some b) any

7.We've got nothing in the fridge. I must go and get_____ food.

a)some b) any

8.I wondered how _________Alice had told him.

a)much b) many

9.In conclusion I'd like to say ________words about our

a)few b) a few

Рекомендуемая литература по теме (из списка): 1.ОЛ (с.104-137), 1.ДЛ (с.4255), 3. ДЛ (с.43-54), 4. ДЛ (10-45), 7-9 ДЛ.

МОДУЛЬ 5

1. Выучите слова и словосочетания по теме:

2. Повторите числительные. Приведите примеры часто встречающихся в английском языке предлогов.

Числительные (Numerals) hundred, thousand, million не имеют окончания -s, когда перед ними стоит другое числительное. Когда числительные обозначают неопределенное количество, они употребляются во множественном числе с окончанием -s, за которым следует предлог of. Сравните:

Номера страниц, домов, квартир, транспорта, деловой документации обозначаются существительными без артикля и количественными: bus 72, page 15, house 40, flat 13, order 2154.

Даты читаются следующим образом:

1900 – nineteen hundred, in (the year) nineteen hundred,

2000 – two thousand, in (the year) two thousand.

April 12, 2015:

on the twelfth of April, two thousand ten или on April the twelfth, twenty ten.

Как читаются дробные числительные?

Предлоги, обозначающие место above (над)

There is a lamp above the table. – Над столом висит лампа. at (у, в, возле, рядом)

I am sitting at the table. – Я сижу у стола. I study at school. – Я учусь в школе. The pupils are at the lesson. – Ученики на уроке.

behind (за, позади, сзади)

There is a sport ground behind our school. – 3a нашей школой спортплощадка. between (между)

Between the tables. – Между столами. in (в)

Не is in the office. – Он в офисе. The books are in the bag. – Книги в портфеле. on (на)

The book is on the desk. – Книга на столе. under (под)

The book is under the table. – Книга под столом. in front of (впереди, перед)

There is a telephone in front of him. – Перед ним стоит телефон. near (вблизи, около, рядом с, возле, за)

She is sitting near the table. – Она сидит за столом.

Предлоги, обозначающие движение to (к)

Come to me. – Подойдите ко мне. from (от, из, со)

Take this book from the table. – Убери книгу со стола. I come from Russia. — Я из России.

through (через, сквозь)

Не came in through the door. – Он вошел внутрь через дверь.

3. Прочитайте и переведите текст:

THE PARTNERSHIP

Partnerships are voluntary combinations from 2 to 20 persons formed for the purpose of carrying on business with a view of profit. This type of organization represents a logical development from one-person business since the obvious method by which such a firm may acquire further capital is to form a partnership. The motive, however, may not be financial and partnerships are often formed in order to bring new ability and enterprise into the business.

Partners usually specialize in one or more aspects of business, one may be responsible for buying, one for selling, one for production, and so on. A person who joins a partnership, supplying capital and sharing in the profits, but taking no part in the management is known as a sleeping partner.

The advantages of this type of firm are similar to those of one-person business. It is a flexible organization, which allows a greater degree of specialization than the one-person business. Since it has greater access to capital, it can achieve greater size than the sole proprietor.

The great disadvantage is the fact that the liability of the partners is unlimited and they are fully liable for the acts of the other partners. There are, however, some limited partnerships. In such firms some partners may have their liability limited to some specified sum, but at least one of the partners must have unlimited liability.

The survival of a partnership depends upon the continued harmonious relationship between a number of people in situations which often give much cause for disagreement. Where trading risks are very great, the partnership is not a very stable type of organization.

4. Завершите предложения:

1. Partnerships are ….

2. They are formed for ….

3. This type of organization represents ….

4. Partners usually specialize in ….

5. He is responsible for …

6. This person is known as a ….

7. This organization allows a greater ….

8. It has little access ….

10. The survival of a partnership depends upon ….

5. Согласитесь с утверждением или опровергните высказывание:

1.Partnerships carry on business with a view of production.

2.A firm acquires less capital by forming a partnership.

3.Partnerships bring new ability and enterprise into the business.

4.Partners usually specialize in all aspects of business.

5.Partnership achieves greater size than the sole proprietor.

6.The liability of the partners is limited.

7.At least one of the partners has unlimited liability.

8.The survival of a partnership depends upon economic conditions.

9.Sometimes trading risks are low.

10.The partnership is a very stable type of organization.

11.This person takes no part in the management.

6. Найдите в тексте ответы на вопросы:

1. What is the partnership?

2. What is the purpose of the partnership?

3. What is the method to acquire further capital? 4. What are the motives to form the partnership? 5. What are partnerships often formed for?

6. Who is responsible for buying, for selling, and for production in the partnership? 7. What is a sleeping partner?

8. What is the difference between the partnership and the sole proprietor? 9. What is the great disadvantage of the partnership?

10.What is the liability of the partners?

11.What are the situations, which often give much cause for a disagreement?

12.Where is the partnership unstable?

Рекомендуемая литература по теме (из списка): 1ОЛ (с.138-172), 1ДЛ (с.56-72), 3 ДЛ (с.55-65), 4 ДЛ (10-45), 7-9 ДЛ.

МОДУЛЬ 6

1. Выучите слова и словосочетания по теме:

2. Повторите порядок слов в английском предложении. Приведите примеры простых безличных предложений, используя выученную лексику.

В английском предложении каждый член предложения, как правило, имеет свое определенное место. В простом распространенном повествовательном предложении на первом месте стоит

1) подлежащее, 2) сказуемое, 3) второстепенные члены предложения

(дополнение и обстоятельства образа действия, места, времени).

Например: 1) I, 2) gave, 3) mу brother, 3) a book, 4) yesterday.

Английские предложения отличаются от русских тем, что в них всегда есть подлежащее и сказуемое. Поэтому в безличных предложениях в качестве формального подлежащего используется местоимение it. Очень часто безличные предложения описывают явление природы, состояние погоды, обозначают время, расстояние:

It is cold today. Сегодня холодно. It rains. Идет дождь. It's nice to meet you. Приятно познакомиться. It is nine o'clock now. Сейчас девять часов.

Вопросительная и отрицательная формы безличных предложений образуются по тем же правилам, что и вопросительные и отрицательные формы предложений с именным составным сказуемым. Частица not ставится после первого вспомогательного глагола. Например: Is it cold? – Холодно? Wasn't it interesting? – Разве это не было интересно? Isn't it funny? – Разве это не смешно?

Оборот there is / there are служит для выражения наличия (отсутствия) какоголибо предмета в определенном месте или в определенное время. Выбор формы глагола to be зависит от числа существительного, следующего сразу за ним:

There is a chair and two armchairs in the room. – В комнате стул и два кресла. There are two armchairs and a chair in the room. – В комнате два кресла и стул.

Вопросительные предложения с оборотом there is / there are строятся следующим образом: