Fordítás-vizsga
.pdfLiterary artistic translation (художній літературний) is used to translate prose or poetry and faithfully conveys the content and artistic merits of belles-lettres /bel’letr/ texts or passages of the literary text.
Literary proper translation (власний літературний) is used to translate some texts that may include scientific or technical matter, business correspondence, newspapers and documents. In short, any printed or recorded matter devoid of artistic merits (epithets, metaphors etc.).
Literary translations are always performed with many transformations because of stylistic differences between the SL and the TL. Transformations are necessary to convey the meaning of the original, and to achieve ease and beauty of the original composition.
Literary proper/artistic translation of a larger passage often requires some additional research or linguistic, historical and other enquiries in order to clarify the obscure places (historic events, units of specific national lexicon, neologisms, archaisms etc.). Sometimes even the title of a work may require a philological or historical inquiry.
Ex. «Слово о Полку Ігоревім» - “A word about Ihor’s Regiment” (in a word-for-word translation, which doesn’t correspond to the real meaning)
“The Tale/ lay of the Host of Ihor”, “The Song of Igor’s Campaign”, “Prince Igor’s Raid against the Polovtsi” (which corresponds to the real meaning of the title – повість, пісня про Ігореве військо, дружину)
«Тихий Дон» (М.Шолохов) – “And Quiet Flows the Don” or “The Don Flows home to the
Sea” (a word-for word translation “The Quiet Don” or “The Still Don” would not convey the poetic flavour of the original title)
These variants could have been suggested by the translator only after a deep inquiry into the novel’s content, into its main idea and into the whole system of images of these works.
13. Kinds of translating/interpreting
There are eight types of translation: word-for-word translation, literal translation, faithful translation, semantic translation, adaptive translation, free translation, idiomatic translation, and communicative translation.
Word For Word translation: The SL word order is preserved and the words translated by their most common meanings. Cultural words are translated literally. The main use of this method is either to understand the mechanics of the source language or to construe a difficult text as pretranslation process.
Literal translation: the SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest TL equivalents but the lexical items are again translated out of context. As pre-translation process, it indicates problems to be solved.
Faithful translation: It attempts to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the original within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures. It transfers cultural words and preserves the degree of grammatical and lexical deviation from SL norms. It attempts to be completely faithful to the intentions and the text-realisation of the SL writer.
Semantic translation: It differs from faithful translation only in as far as it must take more account of the aesthetic value of the SL text, compromising on 7meaning where appropriate so that no assonance, word play or repetition jars in the finished version. It does not rely on cultural equivalence and makes very small concessions to the readership. While `faithful' translation is dogmatic, semantic translation is more flexible.
Communicative translation: It attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both language and content are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership.
Idiomatic translation: It reproduces the message of the original but tends to distort nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialisms and idioms.
Free translation: It reproduces the matter without the manner, or the content without the form of the original. Usually it is a paraphrase much longer than the original.
Adaptation: This is the freest form of translation mainly used for plays and poetry: themes/ characters/ plots preserved, SL culture converted to TL culture & text is rewritten. https://www.slideshare.net/dr.shadiabanjar/methods-of-translation-presentation
14. Descriptive and antonymic translation
Antonymic translation is employed for the sake of achieving faithfulness in conveying content or the necessary expressiveness of sense units. It represents a way of rendering when an affirmative in structure language unit (word, word-combination or sentence) is conveyed via a negative in sense or structure but identical in content language unit, or vice versa: a negative in sense or structure sense unit is translated via an affirmative sense unit. Cf.: to have quite a few friends мати багато (немало) друзів; mind your own business не втручайся не в свої справи; take it easy не хвилюйся, не переживай.
The antonymic device is empolyed in the following cases:
1)When in the target language there is no direct equivalent for the sense unit of the source language.
2)When the sense unit of the source language has two negations of its own which create an affirmation: In those clothes she was by no means non-elegant. (S.Maugham) У цьому вбранні вона була досить елеґантна.
3. In order to achieve the necessary expressiveness in narration: I don't think it will hurt you, baby. (E.Hemingway) Думаю, вам воно не зашкодить, люба.
4. In order to avoid the use of the same or identical structures close to each other in a text (stylistic aim and means): Mrs. Strickland was a woman of character. (S.Maugham) Місіс Стрікленд була жінкою не без характеру (тобто, була жінка з характером).
Descriptive Translation Studies DTS (NÉZZ UTÁNA mert csak annyi volt fent neten erről)
1.Situates the text within the target culture system, looking at its significance or acceptability.
2.Compares the ST and the TT for shifts, identifying relationships between 'coupled pairs' of ST and TT segments, and attempting generalizations about the underlying concept of translation.
3Draws implications for decision-making in future translating.
An important additional step is the possibility of repeating phases (1) and (2) for other pairs of similar texts in order to widen the corpus and to build up a descriptive profile of translations according to genre, period, author, etc. In this way, the norms pertaining to each kind of translation is identified with the ultimate aim (as more descriptive studies are performed) of stating laws of behaviour for translation in general.
15. Interpretation: basic skills and training methods
Translator has all time necessary to do and check the translation, but the interpreter is limited in time and cannot check the interpretation
Translator has free access to the dictionaries and reference material, but interpreter has no access to any outside information
Translator has no immediate contact with translation users and often is unaware of their reaction, but interpreter is in immediate and close contact with the audience reacting to interpretation mistakes
Translator is dependent on supporting environment; interpreter is entirely self-dependent. There are 2 main varieties of interpretation - consecutive and simultaneous. They have much in common and possess all mentioned characteristics that distinguish them from translation.
But they have some differences in the working environment:
In simultaneous interpretation the interpreter is much more limited in time
In simultaneous interpretation the length of the text translated as one batch is much shorter than in consecutive (although simultaneous interpretation seems continuous the flow of interpreter’s speech may be divided into individual fragments)
Unlike consecutive interpretation where the interpreter may correct mistakes and slips of the tongue, simultaneous interpreter has no time for correction.
The consecutive interpreter adheres to predominantly denotative approach in interpretation whereas the basic approach of simultaneous interpretation is transformational. Long stretches of speech to be translated do not allow the consecutive interpreter to keep close to the source text, whereas the simultaneous interpreter is forced by time limitation to translate by small fragments of the source text transforming them according to the target language grammar.
Both during consecutive and simultaneous interpretation interpreters use text compression and text development as basic translation devices.
Text compression aimed at saving interpretation time and removing source text redundancy is one of the main instruments of simultaneous interpretation which allows the interpreter to keep in pace with the source text not sacrificing the content.
Text development is typical both for English-Ukrainian and Ukrainian-English interpretation. It is more usable in consecutive than in simultaneous interpretation, though simultaneous interpreters use it too.
Text development is performed in the course of interpretation in the restoration of the full composition of a source sentence starting from its syntactic and semantic core accompanied by restructuring of the source sentence in compliance with syntactic and semantic standards of the target language.
16. Machine and computer-aided translation
The relation between MT and CAT
People have long dreamed of fast, accurate, and affordable translations. With the advancement of computer technology in the modern age, we hope that this dream would be 100% fulfilled by MT.
However, even to this day, the quality of machine translation leaves much to be desired. The translation of many texts (such as this one) still relies heavily on the work of an expert human translator, and this is where CAT comes into play.
In the late1970s, computer engineers began developing CAT tools to help improve the speed and accuracy of human translators. In other words, CAT is for translators. So if you are not a professional translator, you would find CAT is totally useless for you because it does not automatically generate the translation you want.
With this in mind, now we can tell the differences between MT and CAT. Takeaways
MT: If you are talking about instant translation without human touch and does not cost you a dime, you are talking about machine translation.
CAT: If you are talking about the software that help boosts the human translator’s efficiency, you are talking about computer-assisted translation. CAT is not for ordinary users.
17. MT, CAT and TM?-az utolsó nem tudom mi akar lenni...
Machine translation (MT)
Source texts are completed translated by machines (computer algorithms), with no humans involved throughout the process. Since humans are not part of the translation process, the accuracy of the translated text is often subpar and require human post-editing.
The advantages of MT include cost and speed. Computers can process a large amount of text almost instantly. If you are an end user of machines translation, you can go to any of the MT website, i.g., Google Translate to get your translation for free.
But always remember that the accuracy of the MT is still limited today and it is not a good idea to use the translation you get from it in formal occasions, such as pitching or lecturing. Computer-assisted translation (CAT)
Source texts are translated by humans, who are aided by functions that can improve the speed and accuracy of the translation in the process. The most well-known function for improving the efficiency of the translation process is the translation memory (TM, databases of texts in multiple languages) and terminology databases (to help translators save and reuse terminology efficiently).
Many CAT tools have MT built in for translators. Usually, translators do not rely on MT but sometimes they do use it as a reference. In what circumstances would translators adopt a translation offered by MT?
In most cases, they use MT when the meaning and the structure of the source text is relatively simple and clear. In this case, they would apply the translation generated by the machine and make some changes to it.
Translation memory
A translation memory (TM) is a database that stores "segments", which can be sentences, paragraphs or sentence-like units (headings, titles or elements in a list) that have previously been translated, in order to aid human translators. The translation memory stores the source text and its corresponding translation in language pairs called “translation units”. Individual words are handled by terminology bases and are not within the domain of TM.
Software programs that use translation memories are sometimes known as translation memory managers (TMM) or translation memory systems (TM systems, not to be confused with a Translation management system (TMS), which is another type of software focused on managing process of translation).
18. Translation of official documents
The official document style forms macromedia of verbal communication in the round of purely official human relationships. This area covers the government activity, international relations, law, trade, economy, military life, advertising, it’s in the life of the individual.
In some respects the translation of official documents is the opposite of literary translation, which provides for the freedom of actions and the choice of an interpreter.
The texts of official documents are very standardized: this concerns both the structure of the whole text (macrostructure), and separate paragraphs and sentences (microstructures).
The preamble is an introductory part. A specific description of any rules, regulations, rules, for which a document is created, is contained in the main or the operative part.
Under the «frame» we mean an organized structure of a language with the changing elements.
The changing elements inside the text frame are called slots.
Thus, the main aim of an interpreter is to find such equivalents of the source language, being the frames of the original text, which could be used in translation as standard replacements filling at the same time the slots with the frames in accordance with the content of the document The official style is represented by the following variants:
1)the language of official documents;
2)the language of legal documents;
3)the language of diplomacy;
4)the language of military documents. The typical lexical style
The prime objective of the communication of this style is to define the conditions, connecting both sides in coordination and to reach the agreement between these two counteractants.
The typical lexical means of official style’s forming include:
•Functional-colored words;
•Terms and specialized phrases;
•Set expressions and clichés of texts;
•The use of words in their logical vocabulary meaning;
•The collective nouns;
•The certain structural parts and compositions;
•The certain structural parts and compositions;
•The verbal nouns;
•The forms of a verb in the third person;
•Officialese;
•The official adverbs;
•The addresses, the initial and final expressions of respect and etc.
The language of any official document is formalized. This lets to avoid the ambiguity and different interpretations.
When translating you should keep the difficult and pretentious language, the so-called high style, the characteristic feature of which is the abundance of repetitions.
The using of set expressions – clichés, allows observing the compatibility of words, accepted in the given language.
Hasznos oldalak:
https://studfile.net/