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2.Characterize the compact from the standpoint of its structure in Russian. What information do the general provisions usually contain?

3.Sum up the general provisions in Russian.

4.Answer the following questions in English:

a)What are the objectives of this Treaty?

b)What definitions are mentioned in this international document?

TREATY ON OPEN SKIES

Article I.

1.This Treaty establishes the regime, to be known as the Open Skies regime, for the conduct of observation flights by States Parties over the territories of other States Parties, and sets forth the rights and obligations of the States Parties relating thereto.

2.Each of the Annexes and their related Appendices constitutes an integral part of this Treaty.

Article II. DEFINITIONS

For the purposes of this Treaty:

1.The term “observed Party” means the State Party or group of States Parties over whose territory an observation flight is conducted or is intended to be conducted, from the time it has received notification thereof from an observing Party until completion of the procedures relating to that flight, or personnel acting on behalf of that State Party or group of States Parties.

2.The term “observing Party” means the State Party or group of States Parties that intends to conduct or conducts an observation flight over the territory of another State Party or group of States Parties, from the time that it has provided notification of its intention to conduct an observation flight until completion of the procedures relating to that flight, or personnel acting on behalf of that State Party or group of States Parties.

3.The term “group of States Parties” means two or more States Parties that have agreed to form a group for the purposes of this Treaty.

4.The term “observation aircraft” means an unarmed, fixed wing aircraft designated to make observation flights, registered by the relevant authorities of a State Party and equipped with agreed sensors. The term “unarmed” means that the observation aircraft used for the purposes of this Treaty is not equipped to carry and employ weapons.

5.The term “observation flight” means the flight of the observation aircraft conducted by an observing Party over the territory of an observed Party, as provided in the flight plan, from the point of entry or Open Skies airfield to the point of exit or Open Skies airfield.

6.The term “transit flight” means a flight of an observation aircraft or transport aircraft conducted by or on behalf of an observing Party over the territory of a third State Party en route to or from the territory of the observed Party.

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7.The term “transport aircraft” means an aircraft other than an observation aircraft that, on behalf of the observing Party, conducts flights to or from the territory of the observed Party exclusively for the purposes of this Treaty.

8.The term “territory” means the land, including islands, and internal and territorial waters, over which a State Party exercises sovereignty.

TEXT № 21. Practical tasks

1.Read this extract from an official document.

2.Characterize the compact from the standpoint of its structure in Russian. What information does the Preamble usually contain?

3.Sum up the provisions of the Preamble in Russian.

4.Answer the following questions in English:

a)What are the objectives of this Agreement?

b)What international document is referred to in the Marrakesh Agreement?

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Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization

The Parties to this Agreement,

Recognizing that their relations in the field of trade and economic endeavour should be conducted with a view to raising standards of living, ensuring full employment and a large and steadily growing volume of real income and effective demand, and expanding the production of and trade in goods and services, while allowing for the optimal use of the world’s resources in accordance with the objective of sustainable development, seeking both to protect and preserve the environment and to enhance the means for doing so in a manner consistent with their respective needs and concerns at different levels of economic development,

Recognizing further that there is need for positive efforts designed to ensure that developing countries, and especially the least developed among them, secure a share in the growth in international trade commensurate with the needs of their economic development,

Being desirous of contributing to these objectives by entering into reciprocal and mutually advantageous arrangements directed to the substantial reduction of tariffs and other barriers to trade and to the elimination of discriminatory treatment in international trade relations,

Resolved, therefore, to develop an integrated, more viable and durable multilateral trading system encompassing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, the results of past trade liberalization efforts, and all of the results of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations,

Determined to preserve the basic principles and to further the objectives underlying this multilateral trading system,

Agree as follows:

TEXT № 22. Practical tasks

1.Read this extract from an official document.

2.Characterize the compact from the standpoint of its structure in Russian. What information does the Preamble usually contain?

3.Sum up the provisions of the Preamble in Russian.

4.Answer the following questions in English:

a)What are the objectives of this Agreement?

b)What are, in your opinion, the Parties to this international document?

Trans Pacific Partnership Agreement

The Parties to this Agreement, resolving to:

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Establish a comprehensive regional agreement that promotes economic integration to liberalise trade and investment, bring economic growth and social benefits, create new opportunities for workers and businesses, contribute to raising living standards, benefit consumers, reduce poverty and promote sustainable growth;

Strengthen the bonds of friendship and cooperation between them and their peoples;

Recognise the differences in their levels of development and diversity of economies;

Strengthen the competitiveness of their businesses in global markets and enhance the competitiveness of their economies by promoting opportunities for businesses, including promoting the development and strengthening of regional supply chains;

Support the growth and development of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises by enhancing their ability to participate in and benefit from the opportunities created by this Agreement;

Establish a predictable legal and commercial framework for trade and investment through mutually advantageous rules;

Facilitate regional trade by promoting efficient and transparent customs procedures that reduce costs and ensure predictability for their importers and exporters;

Recognise their inherent right to regulate and resolve to preserve the flexibility of the Parties to set legislative and regulatory priorities, safeguard public welfare, and protect legitimate public welfare objectives, such as public health, safety, the environment, the conservation of living or non-living exhaustible natural resources, the integrity and stability of the financial system and public morals;

Promote high levels of environmental protection, including through effective enforcement of environmental laws, and further the aims of sustainable development, including through mutually supportive trade and environmental policies and practices;

Protect and enforce labour rights, improve working conditions and living standards, strengthen cooperation and the Parties’ capacity on labour issues;

Promote transparency, good governance and the rule of law, and eliminate bribery and corruption in trade and investment;

Recognise the importance of cultural identity and diversity among and within the Parties, and that trade and investment can expand opportunities to enrich cultural identity and diversity at home and abroad;

Have agreed as follows:

TEXT № 23. Practical tasks

1.Read this extract from an official document.

2.Characterize the compact from the standpoint of its structure in Russian. What information do the general provisions usually contain?

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3.Sum up the general provisions in Russian.

4.Answer the following questions in English:

a)What are the objectives of this Declaration?

b)What forms may intolerance take?

Declaration of Principles on Tolerance

Article 1 - Meaning of tolerance

1.1 Tolerance is respect, acceptance and appreciation of the rich diversity of our world's cultures, our forms of expression and ways of being human. It is fostered by knowledge, openness, communication, and freedom of thought, conscience and belief. Tolerance is harmony in difference. It is not only a moral duty, it is also a political and legal requirement. Tolerance, the virtue that makes peace possible, contributes to the replacement of the culture of war by a culture of peace.

1.2Tolerance is not concession, condescension or indulgence. Tolerance is, above all, an active attitude prompted by recognition of the universal human rights and fundamental freedoms of others. In no circumstance can it be used to justify

infringements of these fundamental values. Tolerance is to be exercised by individuals, groups and States.

1.3 Tolerance is the responsibility that upholds human rights, pluralism (including cultural pluralism), democracy and the rule of law. It involves the rejection of dogmatism and absolutism and affirms the standards set out in international human rights instruments.

1.4 Consistent with respect for human rights, the practice of tolerance does not mean toleration of social injustice or the abandonment or weakening of one's convictions. It means that one is free to adhere to one's own convictions and accepts that others adhere to theirs. It means accepting the fact that human beings, naturally diverse in their appearance, situation, speech, behaviour and values, have the right to live in peace and to be as they are. It also means that one's views are not to be imposed on others.

Article 2 - State level

2.1 Tolerance at the State level requires just and impartial legislation, law enforcement and judicial and administrative process. It also requires that economic and social opportunities be made available to each person without any discrimination. Exclusion and marginalization can lead to frustration, hostility and fanaticism.

2.2 In order to achieve a more tolerant society, States should ratify existing international human rights conventions, and draft new legislation where necessary to ensure equality of treatment and of opportunity for all groups and individuals in society.

2.3 It is essential for international harmony that individuals, communities and nations accept and respect the multicultural character of the human family. Without tolerance

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there can be no peace, and without peace there can be no development or democracy.

2.4 Intolerance may take the form of marginalization of vulnerable groups and their exclusion from social and political participation, as well as violence and discrimination against them. As confirmed in the Declaration on Race and Racial Prejudice, "All individuals and groups have the right to be different" (Article 1.2).

TEXT № 24. Practical tasks

1.Read this extract from an official document.

2.Characterize the compact from the standpoint of its structure in Russian. What information does the Preamble usually contain?

3.Sum up the provisions of the Preamble in Russian.

4.Answer the following questions in English:

a)What are the objectives of this Treaty?

b)Is this international document considered binding? Why or why not? Give your reasons.

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world,

Whereas disregard and contempt for human rights have resulted in barbarous acts which have outraged the conscience of mankind, and the advent of a world in which human beings shall enjoy freedom of speech and belief and freedom from fear and want has been proclaimed as the highest aspiration of the common people,

Whereas it is essential, if man is not to be compelled to have recourse, as a last resort, to rebellion against tyranny and oppression, that human rights should be protected by the rule of law,

Whereas it is essential to promote the development of friendly relations between nations,

Whereas the peoples of the United Nations have in the Charter reaffirmed their faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person and in the equal rights of men and women and have determined to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom,

Whereas Member States have pledged themselves to achieve, in co-operation with the United Nations, the promotion of universal respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms,

Whereas a common understanding of these rights and freedoms is of the greatest

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importance for the full realization of this pledge,

Now, Therefore THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY proclaims THIS UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations, to the end that every individual and every organ of society, keeping this Declaration constantly in mind, shall strive by teaching and education to promote respect for these rights and freedoms and by progressive measures, national and international, to secure their universal and effective recognition and observance, both among the peoples of Member States themselves and among the peoples of territories under their jurisdiction.

TEXT № 25. Practical tasks

1.Read this extract from an official document.

2.Characterize the compact from the standpoint of its structure in Russian. What information do the final provisions usually contain?

3.Sum up the final provisions in Russian.

4.Answer the following questions in English:

a)What are the objectives of this Protocol?

b)Where are instruments of ratification, acceptance or approval to be deposited?

Protocol, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime

Article 21. Signature, ratification, acceptance, approval and accession

1.This Protocol shall be open to all States for signature from 12 to 15 December 2000 in Palermo, Italy, and thereafter at United Nations Headquarters in New York until 12 December 2002.

2.This Protocol shall also be open for signature by regional economic integration organizations provided that at least one member State of such organization has signed this Protocol in accordance with paragraph 1 of this article.

3.This Protocol is subject to ratification, acceptance or approval. Instruments of ratification, acceptance or approval shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations. A regional economic integration organization may deposit its instrument of ratification, acceptance or approval if at least one of its member States has done likewise. In that instrument of ratification, acceptance or approval, such organization shall declare the extent of its competence with respect to the matters governed by this Protocol. Such organization shall also inform the depositary of any relevant modification in the extent of its competence.

4.This Protocol is open for accession by any State or any regional economic integration organization of which at least one member State is a Party to this Protocol. Instruments of

37

accession shall be deposited with the Secretary General of the United Nations. At the time of its accession, a regional economic integration organization shall declare the extent of its competence with respect to matters governed by this Protocol. Such organization shall also inform the depositary of any relevant modification in the extent of its competence.

Article 22. Entry into force

1.This Protocol shall enter into force on the ninetieth day after the date of deposit of the fortieth instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, except that it shall not enter into force before the entry into force of the Convention. For the purpose of this paragraph, any instrument deposited by a regional economic integration organization shall not be counted as additional to those deposited by member States of such organization.

2.For each State or regional economic integration organization ratifying, accepting, approving or acceding to this Protocol after the deposit of the fortieth instrument of such action, this Protocol shall enter into force on the thirtieth day after the date of deposit by such State or organization of the relevant instrument or on the date this Protocol enters into force pursuant to paragraph 1 of this article, whichever is the later………

Article 25. Depositary and languages

1.The Secretary-General of the United Nations is designated depositary of this Protocol.

2.The original of this Protocol, of which the Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish texts are equally authentic, shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned plenipotentiaries, being duly authorized thereto by their respective Governments, have signed this Protocol.

TEXT № 26. Practical tasks

1.Read this extract from an official document.

2.Characterize the compact from the standpoint of its structure in Russian. What information do the final provisions usually contain?

3.Sum up the final provisions in Russian.

4.Answer the following questions in English:

a)What are the objectives of this Treaty?

b)When is this international document to enter into force?

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Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty

ARTICLE XI

This Treaty shall be open to all States for signature before its entry into force.

ARTICLE XII

This Treaty shall be subject to ratification by signatory States according to their respective constitutional processes.

ARTICLE XIII

Any State which does not sign this Treaty before its entry into force may accede to it at any time thereafter.

ARTICLE XIV

1.This Treaty shall enter into force 180 days after the date of deposit of the instruments of ratification by all States listed in Annex 2 to this Treaty, but in no case earlier than two years after its opening for signature.

2.If this Treaty has not entered into force three years after the date of the anniversary of its opening for signature, the Depositary shall convene a Conference of the States that have already deposited their instruments of ratification on the request of a majority of those States. That Conference shall examine the extent to which the requirement set out in paragraph 1 has been met and shall consider and decide by consensus what measures consistent with international law may be undertaken to accelerate the ratification process in order to facilitate the early entry into force of this Treaty.

3.Unless otherwise decided by the Conference referred to in paragraph 2 or other such conferences, this process shall be repeated at subsequent anniversaries of the opening for signature of this Treaty, until its entry into force.

4.All States Signatories shall be invited to attend the Conference referred to in paragraph 2 and any subsequent conferences as referred to in paragraph 3, as observers.

5.For States whose instruments of ratification or accession are deposited subsequent to the entry into force of this Treaty, it shall enter into force on the 30th day following the date of deposit of their instruments of ratification or accession.

ARTICLE XV

The Articles of and the Annexes to this Treaty shall not be subject to reservations. The provisions of the Protocol to this Treaty and the Annexes to the Protocol shall not be subject to reservations incompatible with the object and purpose of this Treaty.

ARTICLE XVI

The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall be the Depositary of this Treaty and shall receive signatures, instruments of ratification and instruments of accession.

ARTICLE XVII

This Treaty, of which the Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish texts are equally authentic, shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.

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TEXT № 27. Practical tasks

1.Read this extract from an official document.

2.Characterize the compact from the standpoint of its structure in Russian. What information does the Preamble usually contain?

3.Sum up the provisions of the Preamble in Russian.

4.Answer the following questions in English:

a)What are the objectives of this Memorandum?

b)Is this international document considered binding? Why or why not? Give your reasons.

MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING

BETWEEN THE UNITED NATIONS AND UNIVERSITY OF WESTMINSTER ON COOPERATION IN TRAINING OF CANDIDATES FOR COMPETITIVE LANGUAGE EXAMINATIONS

This Memorandum of Understanding (hereinafter "MOU") is made between the United Nations, an international intergovernmental organization founded by its Member States, pursuant to the Charter of the United Nations, signed on 26 June 1945 (hereinafter the "UN"), represented by its Department for General Assembly and Conference Management (hereinafter "DGACM") and University of Westminster, London, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (hereinafter the "University").

WHEREAS, for the past several years, international organizations that employ language professionals globally have been confronted with increasing shortages of qualified conference interpreters and conference translators, especially for certain language combinations,

WHEREAS, the UN has been making consistent efforts to address this problem by, inter alia, sharing with various educational institutions information about its competitive language examinations and employment opportunities for their qualified graduates;

WHEREAS, the General Assembly, in its resolution 62/225', requested the SecretaryGeneral to continue to address the issue of succession planning by enhancing internal and external training programmes, developing staff exchange prograrnmes between organizations and participating in outreach to institutions that train language staff for international organizations; and UNIVERSITY OF WESTMINSTER

WHEREAS, the University has Masters programmes to train students to become professional conference interpreters and conference translators, and wishes to cooperate with the UN in preparing its students to language careers in those fields;

NOW, THEREFORE, the UN and the University (hereinafter separately referred to as

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