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мета.

The temperature was too low for the Температура была слишком низка, substance to decompose. для того чтобы вещество разложи-

лось (могло разложиться).

51.Translate the following sentences paying attention to absolute infinitive constructions.

1.We are going to overcome this difficulty with various means to be tried.

2.It was like someone playing with only the family to listen.

3.There are two approaches to the solution of the problem, one to be used in analytical investigations, the other in simulation.

4.With these many steps to perform, a general-purpose processor can require many cycles to perform the transfer of each word.

5.The program uses very simple data structures and algorithms almost everywhere, with a few key techniques to take advantage of hierarchy.

6.A brief overview is given in this paper of some concepts required for applying formal methods to soft ware design, with examples to show how they may be used.

7.It also meant that the machine could work on different tasks by simply installing the required set of instructions and data, with a mechanism to select the appropriate set when needed.

52.Find the Complex Object and translate the sentences.

1.It would be very nice if one could have a computer do the thinking, have a computer make the decisions and have a computer do the scheduling.

2.If you allow yourself to be victimized once, you will be victimized again.

3.You may lead a horse to the water, but you cannot make him drink.

4.He permitted the treasure to be returned to the people.

5.One intriguing approach is to get the computer play games against itself.

6.The pulse method enables thermodynamic equations to be formulated in a simple manner.

7.The technique permitted problems to be solved that had been regarded as intractable.

8.This sequence causes digitized images to be stored in core memory.

9.If we can get the student to ask, "Why?" instead of just "What?" we will have made an essential step in his education.

10. We are interested in forcing the student to make his own decisions from a wide range of choices.

53. What do you know about the Subject? Translate the following sentences.

1. People's knowledge is assumed to be well-organized and to facilitate the un-

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derstanding of new information.

2.This process was expected to be more effective.

3.These stages are assumed to occur sequentially.

4.The data on the dispersion have been found to be in good agreement with the theoretical dispersion.

5.The approach was reported to apply.

6.From now on this model will be assumed to be adequate.

7.The talks are intended to give the latest advanced ideas in this field.

54.Sometimes Complex Subjects with the Infinitive are used in subordinate clauses. Give the translation of the sentences below.

1. It has to be admitted that the conclusion does not always seem to be a logically inevitable one.

2. The substances which are accepted to be present in the mixture should reveal two absorption bands.

3. It is supposed that no very convincing mechanism appears to have been offered for a hypothesis of this nature.

4. This technique is related to the criteria supposed to be built into the machine. 5. The esters now known to exhibit this behaviour are listed in Table IV.

6. Of the numerous methods of conducting similar experiments to be found in literature, the following are among those which have been proved to be most useful.

7. Whether the person said to be Dmitry were really such is a question which can now never be settled.

8. The proposal that seemed to evoke general approval was unfortunately rejected.

9. No line is to be seen when its intensity is predicted to be zero.

10.The device known to be built by Charles Babbage is now considered to be the parent of modern computers.

11.The proposal known to have been advanced by our delegate was unanimously greeted.

12.The latter category includes the data known to have been derived from quite different sources.

55.Find the construction «for + Noun + Infinitive». Translate the sentences.

1. Clearly, for classroom reading to be effective we have to take account of the

interest factor.

2.The language of specialists is often difficult for the layman to read.

3.Two years were sufficient for the work to be done.

4.The problem is far too involved for one to be able to solve it.

5.Two hours were sufficient for the reaction to occur.

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6.It took a long time for mathematicians to realize that not all continuous functions have a derivative.

7.It is necessary for the investigator to apply the knowledge gained from his library to the exploration problem.

8.Preliminary experiments showed that the time required for the specimen to reach thermal equilibrium was quite long.

9.It annoys people for us to agree partly or disagree partly.

10.It is possible for computers to handle all types of information.

11.There seems to be a general tendency for industrial problems to become more complex.

12.For a computer to be programmed each problem must be reduced to a series of very simple steps.

13.It remains for us to examine the problem from the point of view of the peas-

ant.

56. Translate the following sentences into Russian stating the syntactic function of the –ing form.

1.Learning without thought is labour lost, thought without learning is perilous.

2.Seeing is believing. 3. Appetite comes with eating. 4. Upon switching off the current the pressure dropped. 5. Instead of using chlorine, they took bromine. 6. A committee has been established for the purpose of coordinating the nomenclature. 7. They continued experimenting with the substance. 8. Having access to the code was symbolic. 9. It is worthwhile thinking over the effects I have just described. 10. Besides being useful in general interpolation technique, the procedure can be effectively used to approximate the first coefficients of F. 11. The new opportunities may make life on this planet much more worth living. 12. They were against postponing the meeting and for going on with the discussion of this problem. 13. We were all for starting the experiment at once. 14. It is no use speaking of it. 15. Operating conditions differed widely. 16. It is customary to dry the precipitate (осадок) on the paper without removing it from the funnel (воронка). 17. They could not help seeing the importance of the process. 18. It is commonly understood that regular queues before a theatre or a cinema are one sign that the show is worth seeing. 19. The purpose of the method is determining system stability. 20. In one's search to understand what happens in this particular case, one cannot help being influenced by the history of quite another problem.

21.We succeeded in building a flexible system. 22. The architects' aim is applying more plastics for interior decoration. 23. It may well be worthwhile considering the purpose of the investigation. 24. Search theory is potentially applicable to any sort of searching process. 25. Balancing is done by adjusting (регулировать) the position of the rods.

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57.Look through the text. What is it its main idea? How many Gerunds have you found? What is their syntactic function?

Our goal should be automating the routine and thereby leave more time for the creative process.

With that word of caution, let's proceed by arbitrarily dividing research into three stages and examining each stage to find what functions of the research process might be automated without endangering creativity. Stage one includes the dreams, the ideas, the exploratory work, selecting the problem, setting the objective, testing technical feasibility, and searching the literature. Stage two involves planning the experiment, conducting the experiment, checking the alternates, data taking, and data evaluation. Stage three is the solution of the problem

– drawing conclusions and making recommendations.

Although there is a great deal of creativity involved in stage one, there are also opportunities for automation. The burden of keeping up with the literature even in one's own restricted field is becoming heavier with each passing year. The mass of reading necessary to make a literature search has increased immensely. Advances in computer technology have made possible storing and quick retrieving essentially all the scientific literature.

58.Work in groups. Find the Gerund in the sentences below. Why do you think this word to be the Gerund?

1.There are different ways of solving a problem. 2. The solving of the problem was approved. 3. Everything must have a beginning. 4. The proof of the pudding is in the eating. 5. Wisdom denotes the pursuing of the best end by the best means. 6. Swallow all your learning in the morning, but digest it in company in the evening. 7. Submitting to one wrong brings on another. 8. By this definition the following is meant. 9. We obtained these values in terms of the following formula. 10. This procedure is finding increasing use. 11. A man should be viewed as a free, rational being possessing a free will. 12. The problem, however, is in not dividing the structure finely enough. 13. Before starting the engine it is necessary to test the piping for leakage. 14. Fortran has become a widely accepted programming language of the coding of mathematical applications. 15. After all in sport what really counts is not the winning, but the playing. 16. Two results obtained using the protocol showed an interesting effect worth presenting and discussing here. 17. Frequently, one is watching a sports event involving two teams without any intrinsic (истинный) reason for supporting either. 18. The accumulated bulk of knowledge on how to run a business provides deep understanding of the mechanism of business. 19. A system analyst (системотехник) spends much of a working day interviewing people. 20. The theory also basically improves understanding of a queueing situation enabling better control.

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59. Translate the sentences.

1. Не avoids being involved in such affairs. 2. He avoided having been involved in that affair. 3. We are interested in the test being carried out repeatedly. 4. The problem deserves being discussed at the session. 5. The problem deserves having been discussed at that session. 6. We rely on the experiment having been conducted correctly. 7. He is responsible for the program not having been corrected in time. 8. The mistake resulted from the device not having been mended before the test. 9. We object to the meeting being postponed.

60. What do you know about gerund constructions? Read the English sentences and their Russian equivalents. What is the difference?

I

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61. Read the following sentences and find -ing clauses.

1. Pride (гордыня) is therefore pleasure arising from a man's thinking too highly of himself. 2. There is only one corner of the universe you can be certain of improving, and that's your own self. 3. Tolerate others, and refrain from ruling on, or trying to direct, the way they run their lives. 4. Besides being involved this procedure is very costly. 5. The reaction proceeding via another route was a surprise. 6. They succeeded in getting reliable information on dealing with this type of error. 7. This was due to the central atom being screened. 8. This is a result of our not having specified input or output variables for the network. 9. The probability of this finding being due to chance is 1 in 22,600. 10. In spite of having met with failure they continued experimenting. 11. Metals cannot be dissolved without being changed into new substances. 12. In addition to being a tool of science, mathematics is also an art form. 13. No art form can remain static without becoming sterile. 14. In addition, they have been designed without sufficient consideration having been given to programming issues. 15. He has the reputation of having been a man of piety. 16. There was great danger of the changes being accepted as inevitable and final. 17. Their number depends on the probability of an arriving atom finding another atom on the surface. 18. They insisted on the sample being tested repeatedly. 19. They objected to using greater voltage in this case. 20. The present paper suffers from not having had access to Mr. Hamilton's as yet unpublished papers. 21. Henshaw hoped that a person might receive the benefit of removal to another climate at any season of year while remaining in his own city and without neglecting his employment.

62. Use the required form of the gerund of the verb in brackets.

1. She didn't feel like (to go) unescorted into dinner, which would begin soon. 2. I inquired of Robinson that afternoon about my book. He neither admitted nor denied (to take) it. 3. Since Tom was his best friend he helped him without (to ask). 4. His latest desire was to discover her age, which he cursed himself for not (to observe) when he had her passport in his hands. 5. He could not help (to know) that there were odious people who called him a snob. 6. Daisy and Gatsby danced. I remember (to be) surprised by his graceful, conservative foxtrot – I had never seen him dance before. 7. When they had finished (to write) this letter they read the whole correspondence from beginning to end. 8. He would never forgive her for (to play) this game, for over fifty years. 9. He poured milk into a jug from a carton in the refrigerator, then drank some milk himself before (to put) the carton back. 10. It's no good (to deny) that. 11. Try and help the nurses by (to keep) quiet and tidy. 12. From there he had a clear

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view of the entrance to the room, with the advantage that he could avoid (to observe) himself by (to run) quickly out of sight through the stairway door. 13. The tables were put on one side so that there might be room for (to dance). 14. I don't like (to spy) on. 15. Annette, who heard thousands of names mentioned every year, and had a deplorable memory, could recall (to hear) the name of Fox in connection with something or other, but could not remember exactly what. 16. The porter, also on (to enter), would have tapped out his own code. 17. He suddenly stopped (to read). There was no point in (to go) on. He looked up and found forty pairs of eyes fixed on him intently. 18. You must excuse me for (to think) you were a gipsy.

63.Complete the sentences using the gerundial complexes from the following list:

your thinking, her talking, my bringing, our waiting, his being taken, my not sitting, our keeping, your being left alone, your hearing

1."You do not mind ... Graham," said Daniel. "I find it best to keep him under my eye." 2. It is true she had prevented ... to a mental home for treatment. 3. I like the idea ... of other projects. 4. Some people it seems don't like ... to the rules. 5. But that doesn't excuse ... to Mrs Leidner as though Mrs Leidner were her great aunt. 6. I could see that Robinson was making an effort to form some communal for the period of ... on the island. 7. "You didn't mind ... at one of your tables this afternoon?" he asked once, when he was walking to the station with her. 8. There must be something wrong with ..., Godfrey. 9. I should have thought that ... alone has given you a lot of opportunities.

64.Use the appropriate form of the infinitive or the gerund of the verb in brackets.

1.Over coffee, he began (to calm) down a little: he made himself useful by (to hand) round the coffee cups. 2. I wouldn't like you to think that I am in the habit of (to make) a nuisance of myself. 3. She went on (to read) about how (to stick) plastic flowers on her blouse. 4. The master seized the arms of his chair and grasped them as though (to prevent) himself from (to fall) upon Philip. 5. I remember (to see) her (to come) on board only a few minutes before the boat sailed. 6. John had introduced himself to Philip before (to come) in to see Ketty.

7.He seemed (to have) some difficulty in (to start). 8. She tried (to stop) (to go out) (to see) people. 9. And with an immense effort of the will, he managed (to stand) there, without (to go) down (to open) the door. 10. Can you (to ask) me after (to hear) me (to play)? 11. Thank you for (to let) me (to talk) to you. 12. Ralph began (to disappear) for days and weeks without (to warn). 13. Without (to speak) they went along, and there was no one (to see) either in front or behind them. 14. After that they decided (to go) where there was no chance at all of their (to see). 15. He took a silk scarf from his neck and gave it over to me (to

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use) for a handkerchief, since my own was wet with my (to cry). 16. Once more, Simon started (to piece) the toy together, with the old tune inside it, while Jennie and I went (to make) some tea. 17. When she woke, she rubbed her eyes (to gather) her senses together and gradually she remembered (to go) to the theatre on the previous evening. 18. I taught in a private school in Kensington, for almost three months, very small children. I didn't know what (to do) with them but I was kept fairly busy (to escort) little boys to the hall and (to tell) the little girls (to use) their handkerchiefs.

65.Analyze the -ing forms stating whether they are gerunds or verbal nouns.

1.I hate the idea of your wasting your time. 2. I was afraid of being called upon to give evidence against her. 3. The twins devotedly gave up their day to the cutting of sandwiches. 4. She was put out by being kept waiting. 5. I sat in the sun, extremely tired in my bones after the crossing of the mountain on the previous day. 6. She was angry at being put beside Tom. 7. He was engaged in overwhelming Helen with reproaches for not having told him of Jack's change of sleeping quarters. 8. It was hot walking through the town but the sun was starting to go down and it was very pleasant. 9. Godfrey felt guilty at having gossiped to Olive about Lettie's changes in her will. 10. It was good walking on the road. But it was lovely walking in the woods. 11. Poirot lost no time in visiting M. Hautet. 12. He crossed back into the doorway, and, slowly, to keep down the beating of his heart, mounted the single flight of stairs and rang the bell. 13. There was a tramping of feet. 14. No one ever thought of protecting Isabel. 15. He walked to the edge of the terrace, and looked down into the darkness; he could just see the powdering of the daisies on the unmown lawn. 16. Raising good cotton, riding well, dancing lightly were the things that mattered. 17. It was a habit with him to tell her the doings of his day. 18. He liked dancing quickly. 19. Lewis had offices in Zurich and London, and his comings and goings were casual. 20. "I'm not very clever at guessing people's ages," she said coldly.

66.Paraphrase the following sentences using Gerund constructions.

А) 1. When I received the letter, I started home at once. 2. You may avoid many mistakes if you observe these rules. 3. When he entered the class, he greeted everybody. 4. After they had sat there a few minutes, they continued their journey. 5. While he was copying the text, he made a few mistakes. 6. I am thankful that I have been stopped in time. 7. I remember that I have read this book. 8. After she had tried all the keys on the ring, she finally found the right one. 9. He is proud that he has never been beaten at chess by his fellow students. 10. I don't remember that I have ever come across his name before. 11. His arm was not in

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a sling and showed no sign that it had been injured. 12. You can improve your knowledge of Russian if you read more.

В) 1. Do you mind if I close the window? 2. The doctor insisted that I should stay at home. 3. Will you object if I smoke here? 4. There is a probability that he will be appointed manager of our company. 5. There is no chance that they will call on us tonight. 6. There is no possibility that we shall see him this week. 7. There is no hope that you will receive a letter from him soon. 8. We were informed that the train had arrived at the station. 9. You will excuse me if I ask you again. 10. We insisted that he should come with us. 11. Would you mind if he came to your lesson? 12. There is no fear that I shall forget.

67. Translate from Russian into English.

1. У меня нет надежды увидеть его скоро. 2. Мысль (идея) провести каникулы на Волге принадлежит моему отцу. 3. Вы можете улучшить свое произношение, читая вслух каждый день. 4. Я не смогу перевести эту статью, не посмотрев нескольких слов в словаре. 5. Я думаю поехать туда летом. 6. Я запишу номер вашего телефона, так как боюсь забыть его. 7. Я помню, что меня уже спрашивали об этом. 8. Доктор велел ей избегать сидеть на солнце. 9. Я зайду к вам перед тем, как уеду из Санкт-Петербурга. 10. Придя домой, я сразу начал работать. 11. Я поблагодарил его за то, что он купил мне такие интересные книги. 12. Он понимает важность изучения иностранных языков. 13. Он был занят переводом какой-то статьи, когда я пришел. 14. Он привык вставать рано. 15. Дождь помешал мне придти к вам вчера. 16. Он не способен сделать такую вещь. 17. Он вошел в комнату, не постучав. 18. Он потушил свет перед тем, как выйти из комнаты. 19. После того как он закончил свою работу, он лег спать. 20. Получив телеграмму, я немедленно позвонил директору. 21. Он был награжден за то, что спас жизнь своего товарища. 22. Планируя вашу работу на будущий месяц, вы должны принять это во внимание. 23. Я чувствовал большое удовлетворение, делая эту работу. 24. Имеются специальные суда для перевозки леса. 25. Он выразил большое удивление, услышав это. 26. Нет смысла делать эту работу сейчас. 27. Проверяя ваши сочинения, я нашел очень мало ошибок. 28. Она была сердита на него за то, что он потерял ее сумку. 29. Я предпочитаю жить на севере летом. 30. Он очень любит играть в баскетбол. 31. Вам следует прекратить купаться в море, так как погода стала очень холодной. 32. Я должен закончить эту работу, прежде чем я пойду домой. 33. Вы очень помогли мне тем, что дали мне ваши конспекты. 34. Я не могу пойти туда, не сказав ему об том. 35. Я имел удовольствие познакомиться с вашим отцом на днях. 36. Он имеет привычку курить перед завтраком. 37. У вас нет основания (причины) говорить это. 38. Мы не могли не рассмеяться, когда услышали это. 39. Он решил послать ей

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письмо авиапочтой вместо того, чтобы послать телеграмму. 40. Продолжайте рассказывать вашу историю. 41. Мой сын очень любит, когда ему рассказывают о морских путешествиях. 42. Я закрою окно, так как боюсь простудиться. 43. Перестаньте разговаривать. 44. Вместо того, чтобы ехать на автобусе, они пошли пешком и опоздали на концерт. 45. Удалось ли вам найти ее адрес? 46. Стоит ли читать эту книгу? 47. Ему удалось закончить свою работу вовремя. 48. Они только что кончили грузить пароход. 49. Я отложил чтение этого неприятного письма до последнего момента. 50. Я поблагодарил его за то, что он помог нам. 51. У меня нет намерения ехать на юг этим летом. 52. Нет возможности достать билет в театр сегодня. 53. После того, как он провел месяц в Москве, он уехал в Санкт-Петербург. 54. Этот фильм стоит посмотреть. 55. Я не возражаю (не имею возражений) поехать туда сегодня. 56. Бесполезно идти туда сейчас. 57. Я (стою) за то, чтобы послать им телеграмму немедленно. 58. Эта работа отнюдь не легкая. 59. Он против того, чтобы сообщать им об этом теперь. 60. Я помню, что встречал его где-то. 61. Она вышла из комнаты, не посмотрев на нас. 62. Я благодарен вам за то, что вы так быстро ответили на мое письмо.

68.Translate the following sentences paying attention to gerund constructions.

1.The molecules of a polar substance because of their being reactive combine with one another. 2. Combustion may be incomplete owing to insufficient oxygen being present. 3. Thomson investigated the possibility of these cathode rays being charged particles. 4. Marie Curie's having discovered radium enabled her to isolate other radioactive elements. 5. The inability of phosphorus atoms, because of their large radius, to establish triple bonds among themselves results in the phosphorus molecule having a very different structure from the nitrogen molecule. 6. Besides being important for industry oxygen is also important for medicine. 7. In addition to depending upon the acceleration, force also depends upon the mass of the object. 8. Gamma-rays are not affected by magnetic or electric fields and are identical with X-rays, except in being more penetrating, thus being in fact ordinary light pulses of the shortest wavelength. 9. Oxygen is an active element of the atmosphere, and in addition to being essential for the maintenance of life it is also essential for combustion, the rusting of metals and the decay of organic matter.

69.Find the Gerunds in the sentences below. Prove your answer.

1. So far only the quantum theory has succeeded in giving a satisfactory explanation. 2. These are the chief causes of crude rubber being used. 3. The alkali metals are remarkable in being so light that they float on water. 4. We account for the incompleteness of a reaction by its being reversible. 5. Einstein's being awarded the Nobel Prize in physics soon became widely known. 6. Adding more

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