Unit 2. Presentation and Graphing

What first comes to mind when you hear the word

“prОsОЧtКtТШЧ”?

Have you seen a lot of presentations? On what subjects?

Did you give any presentations? What was the audience?

What can you say about presentations in the pictures? (pic. 4, a, b, c)

c

Pic. 4

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A. Listen to the speaker and practise pronunciation of the words related to presentation and graphing:

A. StuНв tСО visuКl tСОsКurus oП tСО vОrЛ “prОsОnt” КnН piМk out those definitions which are relevant to the context of scientific research.

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Good scientific research involves a sound methodology and a novel idea that can be tested simply and repeatedly to give valid, trustworthy results. However, even the most significant research is useless if it is not communicated successfully. Scientific ideas are novel, sometimes simple in theory, but most always complex in technique. These attributes of research make it necessary to use all available means of presentation. The most common media for scientists to communicate with the general public is primary journal articles. However oral presentations are also affective because they allow scientists to be in direct contact with their audience. This provides both parties an opportunity to ask pertinent questions to add clarity to the work being presented.

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Oral presentations are yet another avenue for scientists to share their findings with the world. Although it can be challenging to present years of works within fifteen minutes, oral presentations can be a rewarding experience because you are the only one front of an audience whose attention you know have. Of course this emphasizes the need to speak clearly and concisely with choice words that engross the audience. Again, just as with written manuscript the format of oral presentations can also vary, but essentially it must include logical, easy-to-understand events that are presented in a matter with respect to the scientific method.

First draw a scheme to represent a general format (structure) of a scientific presentation, following the scientific method. Then compare your scheme with the sample parts (1 7) below.

1 2 3

4 5 6

7

A. Compare two means of communication in science: scientific papers and oral presentations. Copy the diagram in your notebook and fill it in with similar and different features.

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B. RОКН tОбt B КnН МСОМk аСКt вou НiНn’t mОntion in tСО previous activity (2.5 A).

Like scientific papers, oral presentations at a conference or internal seminar are for sharing your research work with other scientists. They, too, must convince the audience that the research presented is important, valid, and relevant to them. To this end, oral presentations, like papers, must emphasize both the motivation for the work and the outcome of it, and they must present just enough evidence to establish the validity of this outcome.

Also like papers, they must aim to inform, not impress. In contrast, presentations differ from papers in at least three ways: They are more localized in space and time, they impose a sequence and rhythm to the audience, and they normally include some level of interaction. These three differences affect the selection of a presentation's content.

Unless they are recorded or broadcast, presentations have a more clearly defined audiОЧМО tСКЧ pКpОrsμ TСОв КННrОss “the people in the

room”, here and now. The audience might still be diverse, but less so than for papers. Papers can be forwarded in unpredictable ways and may be read many years from now, so they should be lasting and largely selfcontained. In contrast, presentations can have more specific purposes. For example, a presentation at a conference normally aims to present recent advances, whereas a presentation at a PhD symposium aims to inform other PhD students (in other fields) of one student's line of research.

Classify the following phrases according to their relevance to the presentation structure (see table below).

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1.I'Н ХТФО tШ suЦЦКrТгО/suЦ up …

2.I pХКЧ tШ spОКФ КЛШut …

3.TСОrО КrО tСrОО tСТЧРs аО СКЯО tШ МШЧsТНОr …

4.TСО suЛУОМt ШП Цв prОsОЧtКtТШЧ Тs …

5.SШ, Кs аО СКЯО sООЧ …

6.I tСТЧФ I'ЯО НОКХt аТtС tСКt КХrОКНв …

7.I аТХХ ЧШt spОКФ КЛШut …

8.What I would like to do today is … tШ ОбpХКТЧ …

tШ ТХХustrКtО …

tШ РТЯО К РОЧОrКХ ШЯОrЯТОа ШП … tШ ШutХТЧО …

tШ СКЯО К ХШШФ Кt …

9.I СКЯО НТЯТНОН Цв prОsОЧtКtТШЧ (up) ТЧtШ … pКrts.

10.Can I answer that question later?

11.NШа ХОt us ХШШФ Кt tСО ПТrst КspОМt аСТМС Тs …

12.FТrst ШП КХХ, …

13.That's КХХ I аШuХН ХТФО tШ sКв КЛШut … КЧН ЧШа ХОt us turЧ tШ …

14.Can/Shall we start?

15.TСКt quОstТШЧ аКs КЧsаОrОН аСОЧ I МШЧsТНОrОН …

16.What exactly are the benefits?

17.At this stage I would like to run through/over the main points

18.In conclusion I would like to say that …

19.NШа tСКt аО'ЯО sООЧ … ХОt us ОбКЦТЧО … ЦШrО МХШsОХв.

20.Mв ПТЧКХ МШЦЦОЧts МШЧМОrЧ …

21.Thank you very much for your attention.

22.I'm glad you asked that question.

23.GШШН ЦШrЧТЧР, Цв ЧКЦО Тs … I КЦ К … КЧН I аШuХН ХТФО tШ tКХФ tШ вШu

today about some of my findiЧРs ТЧ …

24. IЧ tСО ПТrst/sОМШЧН pКrt I аТХХ …

give a few basic definitions

ОбpХКТЧ … sСШа …

25.As К rОsuХt аО suРРОst tСКt …

26.That's a good question/point/remark.

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Study some tips on planning presentations. Prepare a plan of presentation devoted to your research topic. Tell your group about this plan. Let your groupmates clarify some details of your future presentation.

The first few sentences and last few sentences of an oral presentation are particularly important because they shape the first and last impressions you make on your audience. They are also particularly difficult.

A good introduction is the most important, yet also most ignored, aspect of a scientific presentation. The simplest way to make a good introduction is to first assume that no one in your audience has ANY background in your research. You will have to introduce your motivation, your

methods, equipment, and so forth, one step at a time. As New Zealander and Nobel laureate Lord Ernest Rutherford declared, “it should be possible to explain the laws of physics to a barmaid”.

Do not add unnecessary complications to your presentation for no reason. As Albert Einstein said, everything should be made as simple as possible, but no simpler. Focus on what your main results are, and tailor your presentation around that. The details are for the full journal article you publish.

In your presentation, you should clearly state what exactly is novel about your research.

Conclude with a brief description of future scientific work needed to study your research problem and the important unanswered questions.

Present the results of your investigation in a graphical format, with a brief explanation based on your data.

To prepare for questions, anticipate them. When you answer questions, delay the answer (ask for time and/or repeat the question). Admit if necessary, that you are not competent enough. If you are not the direct source you should be able to give the appropriate reference. You can agree with someone on an aspect but interpret things in another way. In most situations attendees do not ask questions to test you; rather, they ask questions because they would like to know the answers.

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First, say what equipment is commonly used to deliver Power

Point presentations. Then match the pictures (pic. 5 a d) and the words from the box.

Share ideas, why use visuals for presentation/research presentation. See the chart to support your opinion.

Suggest your groupmates most important recommendations on making effective Power Point slides (below you can see some prompts).

•Each element of an audio-visual must be simple and contain only one message. One idea per slide.

•Keep visual aids BRIEF.

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•Write in point form, not complete sentences. Use key words and phrases

ШЧХв. DШЧ’t ОЧМШurКРО вШur КuНТОЧМО tШ rОКН КЧН ЧШt tШ ХТstОЧ tШ вШu.

•Include 4 5 bullet points per slide

•DШЧ’t put tОбt ТЧ вШur sХТНОs tШ sКв аСКt вШu аТХХ НШ Шr СКЯО НШЧО Нur- ing your presentation.

•Use visuals to help your audience understand. Avoid visuals that force you to look at the screen.

•Make sure your slide can be read by the audience in the back row.

•Choose fonts, characters, and sizes with care.

•Use different size fonts for main points and secondary points. Use a standard font like Times New Roman or Arial

•Use charts and graphs to support the presentation of numerical information.

Choose the appropriate examples of slides among the samples below (1 6). Prove your choice.

1

2

3

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4

5

6

A. Match the words from the box and the pictures (pic. 6, a g).

g

Pic. 6

B.Complete the statements.

1.A ... is used to show numerical proportion.

2.A ... is used to compare different sets of information.

3.A … is most useful for showing trends.

4.A ... is used to show logical relations between a collection of sets.

5.A ... represents an algorithm or process.

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Study the vocabulary which helps to describe charts/graphs. Find any samples of charts relevant to your research topic, and describe them. Let your groupmates clarify some details.

The graph opposite covers the years 2005 to 2013. It shows that the number of ... rose steadily and steeply during that period, starting at just under ... to reach more ... in 2013. There was a slight increase in 2010 and sharper falls in 2009 and 2006. The next decrease is hardly significant. Though we do not have the latest figures, it is unlikely that the trend will have reversed.

The X axis of this graph shows ... while ... appear on the Y axis. It

The pie charts illustrate ... At first glance it is clear that the main factor influencing ... is ... You can see that ... accounted for 30 per cent of ..., and this figure was very similar for ..., at 29%. A large number of ..., 22%,

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also ..., though the proportion of ... was noticeably lower at less than a fifth. The proportions of ... were quite similar for ... and ..., at 15% and 13% respectively.

In this VОЧЧ НТКРrКЦ аО СКЯО КttОЦptОН tШ МХustОr … КЧН … tСКt

СКЯО sТЦТХКr tОЧОts КЧН/Шr sТРЧТПТМКЧt ШЯОrХКps ТЧ … LТФОаТsО, аО СКЯО pХКМОН … КЧН … аТtСТЧ … OЧО МШuХН КrРuО МОrtКТЧ … МШuХН ЛО pХКМОН ТЧ

other positions within the Venn diagram. These placements are not definitive.

Practise pronunciation.

A. Read the numbers.

1/3; ¾; ½; β/γ; ¼; γ.8; 1β.6β; 17,γ00; 10,7γ0; 0.05; 1λ,560; 1λ5,060; β010;

β010 (вОКr); γ ¾ ; 1.6 ЛЧ; γ.5 Ц; β000 (вОКr); γ00,050; γ.005; β01,107.

B. Read the symbols.

x3; x2; =; ≠; <; >; →; ≈; /; α; ; ; ε; ; ; π; σ; m/s2; kg/m3; Hz; ; W; °C;

°F; mph; in.

C.Name the figures.

D.Name the measures.

A. Complete the statement.

Making a presentation is like … because …

B. Discuss with your groupmates the best ways to overcome nervousness during presentation. You may find the following information useful.

•If you don't feel nervous before giving a talk you are a most unusual person. Do try steady, deep breathing beforehand, and relaxation exercises, but don't expect to feel calm.

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A

Use appropriate words in the context:

1. TШ … ОППОМtТЯО prОsОЧtКtТШЧs, sМТОЧtТsts Цust develop their communica-

tion skills.

β. MШst ШrКХ prОsОЧtКtТШЧs rОquТrО tСО … tШ usО sХТНО sСШа.

3.Introduction → … → CШЧМХusТШЧ → …

4.At the beginning of presentation you must get the attention of вШur …

5.TСОrО Цust ЛО tСrОО Шr ПШur … ТЧ tСО sХТНО.

6.TСО rОsОКrМСОr sСШuХН КЯШТН … tСКt ПШrМО СТЦ ХШШФ Кt tСО sМrООЧ.

7.Process operations are represented in the boxes of this ...

B Describe the graphs.

How do you assess your results?

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