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5. Найдите в тексте словосочетания, соответствующие русским:

снижать продуктивность, чистое экономическое благосостояние, превентивные меры, временное предпочтение, товары и услуги, альтернативные издержки, отрасли промышленности, главная проблема, устанавливать рыночную цену, задерживать проекты, в большинстве случаев, в конечном счете, командная экономика, экономическая переменная, спрос и предложение, меры наказания, валовой национальный продукт, жаркий спор.

6.Найдите в тексте антонимы к следующим словам: poverty, demand, succeed, producer, add, theoretical, minimum.

7.Образуйте словосочетания:

applied..., living..., ill..., market..., ...effects, ...economy, ...preference, laws and..., time..., preventive..., ...studies, ...measures,...science, goods and..., heated…, careful..., ...cost, ...standards, ...regulations,

bear..., opportunity... ...debate,...services, ...the burden

Грамматика. Вопросы косвенной речи.

Вопросы в косвенной речи имеют прямой порядок слов и вводятся союзами:

She asked whether he was there. She asked where he was. She asked if he was there.

8.Преобразуйте вопросы в косвенную речь:

1)Are you all right?

2)Where have you been?

3)What are you going to do tomorrow evening?

4)How do you know that?

5)Will you work tomorrow?

6)How long are you going to stay here?

7)Have you heard the weather forecast for tomorrow?

8)How long have you been waiting for me?

9)Were you at the institute yesterday?

10)Are you still thinking of selling your car?

11)Who told you about this?

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12)Why were they not listening to the lecture?

13)Is it going to rain?

14)Was it him who told the truth about this?

15)How many people were working over that project?

9.Составьте диалог в косвенной речи по тексту из упражнения 7 (урок 10).

10.Прочтите текст без словаря и выполните тест:

The economy is a balancing act (offset by some government tampering) with two principal players – supply and demand. The balance of these two results is the price. Graphically, this is represented by the intersection of the supply and demand curves and is called the market price equilibrium. The market price equilibrium is a compromise point. It represents the price at which consumers can afford to buy a product and the price at which producers can afford to produce it.

The law of supply and demand has some very real implications for the environment. Consider ivory trade. Elephants have been slaughtered by the thousands in Africa to support the profitable ivory trade. Even after African, countries made it illegal to shoot elephants, poachers continued. Why? The dramatic decline in elephants has raised the price of ivory. That gives the poachers considerable economic incentive to continue illegal hunting, even at risk of being killed by game wardens. The supply graph predicts such activity, for it shows that the higher the price, the more willing someone is to produce. People become rich and the elephants are pushed towards extinction. It's a simple line of cause and effect with devastating consequences.

Price can have a considerable impact on conservation efforts as well. When the price of oil climbed in the late 1970s because of the artificial shortages created by the embargoes on foreign oil, Americans, Canadians, and Europeans got busy conserving energy. The US government lost virtually all of its interest in conservation and energy efficiency.

To many people, price should rule the world economy. “Let the market system alone,” they warn. This view, however, has resource specialists worried. Why? Because it fails to take into account the limited supply of many natural resources: oil, natural gas, and minerals.

Optimists point out that supply and demand can solve the dilemma. If supplies fall, they reason, prices will rise. That will stimulate exploration and more discovery, thus creating new supplies. At some point, however, nonrenewable resources will become economically depleted, that is in such short supply that they will no longer be economically affordable. If

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substitutes are not available, and there are many important minerals for which there are no substitutes, the economy could suffer. Long before that point, though, the rising prices of declining resources could stimulate global inflation with crippling effects.

Clearly, supply and demand has its problems, which impair progress towards sustainability. One of the major challenges facing market economies is realizing that our supply of non-renewable resources cannot expand indefinitely.

1. The topic of the text is:

a) Law of Scarcity; b) Pollution Control;

c) Prices of Resources; d) Ecological Balance.

2.The meaning of the word “slaughtered” in the second paragraph is-the closest to:

a) assassincited; b) killed; c) caught; d) eliminated.

3.The word “that” in the second paragraph stands for:

a) ivory; b) price of ivory; c) decline of elephants; d) law of' scarcity.

4.According to the text, the supply graph can as well show that:

a)the more elephants, the cheaper the ivory;

b)the cheaper the price, the less people produce the product;

c)the stricter the laws, the higher the price;

d) the further on, the less understood.

5. The aim of the third paragraph is mainly to:

a)illustrate how useful embargoes are for conservation;

b)show the ill effects of embargo;

c)demonstrate how artificial rising, of prices influenced conservation;

d)criticize the American government.

6.Find the statement in the fourth paragraph “Let the market system alone”. Define whether the author:

a) approves of it; b) doesn’t express any attitude; c) opposes to ii; d) criticizes it.

7.According to the sixth paragraph, the author:

a)doesn’t comment on the optimistic view;

b)objects, beginning with the words “If substitutes…”;

c)agrees with the statement with “That will stimulate...”;

d)begins his vision of the problem with the fourth sentence.

8.The verb “impair” in the last paragraph is the closest meaning to the word:

a) to cripple; b) to increase; c) to favour; d) to damage.

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11.Нарисуйте график, показывающий зависимость спроса и предложения от цены и количества и найдите точку равновесия.

12.Дайте определения понятиям:

1)economics; 2) command economy; 3) law of scarcity; 4) market price equilibrium; 5) GNP; 6) NEW; 7) time preference; 8) opportunity cost.

13.Составьте диалог-интервью на основе текста, опираясь на следующие положения:

Налог на углерод – предполагаемый налог на потребление топлива органического происхождения, направленный на уменьшение выброса двуокиси углерода СО2 в атмосферу.

Предложение ввести этот налог появилось в связи с опасениями, что избыточное накопление СО2 в атмосфере может привести к серьезным климатическим последствиям в мире.

Налог на энергию – поддерживаемый некоторыми экономистами налог на потребление энергии.

Такой налог мог бы способствовать замедлению процесса истощения ограниченных мировых ресурсов органического происхождения и, возможно, помог бы приостановить процесс глобального потепления.

14.Письменно изложите свои рассуждения по следующему вопросу:

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Businesses should do anything they can to make a profit. Use specific reasons and examples to support your position.

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УРОК 12

1. Прочтите данные из текста слова по транскрипции:

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2. Прочтите и переведите текст:

ENERGY SOURCES

There are two major groups of energy sources: nonrenewables and renewables. Let us have a look at all of them and their impacts.

Some nonrenewable energy sources may have a place in the immediate future. Nuclear reactors are fueled by uranium-235, whose nuclei split when they are stuck by neutrons. This process, fission, releases an enormous amount of energy. Nuclear fuels pass through a complex cycle from mining to waste disposal; at each stage of the cycle radioactive materials can escape, either by accident or through normal operations.

Coal could be a major source of energy for years to come, but unless it can be burned more cleanly, the environmental cost of continued use may become astronomical. Natural gas supplies are greater than oil reserves, but they, too, will be depleted within next century. Rising prices and the eventual decline in supplies suggest the need to find a replacement. Substitutes for oil and natural gas could come from oil shale, tar sand, and coal, which can be converted into liquid and gaseous fuels, known as synfuels.

Solar energy is abundant, but it provides only a fraction of our energy needs. Passive solar systems are the simplest and most cost-effective. Buildings are designed to capture sunlight energy and store it within thermal mass, walls and floors; the stored heat is gradually released into the structure. Active solar systems rely on collectors that absorb sunlight and convert it into heat, which is then transferred to water or air flowing through them. Pumps generally move water or air to a storage unit, where heat can be drawn off as needed. Photovoltaics are made of silicon or other materials that emit electrons when struck by sunlight, thus producing electricity.

Wind energy offers many of the advantages and disadvantages of solar energy.

Biomass, a form of indirect solar energy, has some potential. Forests and crop wastes could be used to supply large amounts of energy. The simplest way of getting energy from biomass is to burn it, but many believe that a more sensible strategy would be to convert it to gaseous and liquid fuels and chemicals needed by the chemical industry.

Hydroelectric power, another indirect form of solar energy, is renewable, creates no air pollution, and is relatively inexpensive. Sediment fills in reservoirs, however, giving them an average lifespan of 50 to 100 years. The potential for hydroelectric power is limited in the developed

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countries, because the best sites have already been developed, or are located far from population centers where the energy is needed. In the developing nations high construction costs may impair their development.

Conservation is one of the key energy resources for tomorrow. By reducing energy waste in homes, factories, and transportation, we could inexpensively unleash an enormous supply of energy. Energy efficiency can be increased by fuel taxes, efficiency standards, pricing changes, least cost planning, and individual action.

3.Ответьте на вопросы по тексту:

1)What are the advantages and disadvantages of nuclear power?

2)What is oil shale? What are the benefits and risks of oil shale development?

3)How can the potential of tar sands meet our future energy demands?

4)What are the advantages and disadvantages of solar energy?

5)Can you describe the difference between passive and active solar systems?

6)What features are needed in a home to make passive solar system work?

7)What are photovoltaic cells? In your opinion, should we develop photovoltaic cells in preference to nuclear energy? Why or why not?

8)Wind energy is close to being competitive with conventional electricity. Should we develop this energy resource in preference to nuclear power, coal, or shale? Why or why not?

9)What is biomass? How can useful energy be gained from it?

10)What are the environmental downsides of building a hydroelectric power plant?

11)In what way is conservation our best and cheapest energy resource?

4.Прочтите, переведите однокоренные слова и составьте с ними предложения:

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5. Найдите в тексте словосочетания, соответствующие русским:

невозобновляющиеся ресурсы, повышение цен, ближайшее будущее, огромное количество, сложный цикл, превращать в тепло, случайно, заменители природного газа, хранилище, относительно недорогой, открыть источник энергии, огромное количество, последующий спад,

.наименее затратное планирование, КПД, ослаблять развитие, поглощать солнечный свет, находить замену, газообразное и жидкое топливо, ключевой энергоресурс, в чрезвычайной ситуации, производная форма солнечной энергии, получение энергии.

6. Найдите в тексте синонимы к следующим словам:

routine, huge, nearest, to decrease, share, solar battery, replacement, saving.

Грамматика. Сложноподчиненные предложения.

Определительное придаточное предложение

Придаточное предложение дает дополнительную информацию о том, что/кто упоминается в главном, и следует непосредственно после слова, которое оно определяет. Вводится союзами:

Союзы могут опускаться, если следуют за дополнением, а не за подлежащим.

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7. Вставьте по смыслу следующие союзы:

whose, when, where, whereby, why, what, whatever, whoever, whichever.

1)… one of you broke the window will have to pay for it.

2)Stevenson is an architect ... designs have won international praise.

3)Can you give me a list of ... has been invited?

4)... wins will go on to play Barcelona in the final.

5)The film was made in Botswana, ... wildlife parks are larger than those of Kenya.

6)That was the place ... we first met.

7)This was the reason … I left.

8)I'm sure I’ll enjoy eating ... you cook.

9)The government must end the system ... farmers lose money selling harvest.

8.Подберите подходящее слово:

1)Solar batteries can capture and renew/store the sun’s energy.

2)Nuclear energy/power stations are considered dangerous by many people.

3)So many people are switching to organic food that is very difficult for the public/supply to meet the demand/need.

4)We will soon run out of fossil fuels so we must find newer/alternative forms of energy.

5)Wind twirlings/turbines do not disturb cattle, so wind farms provide good grazing/hunting grounds.

6)Hydroelectric power plants/farms must take care hot to flood the neighbourhood/surrounding area.

7)If we don’t start using reusable/renewable forms of energy soon, the price of fuel is going to go up/sky high.

9.Составьте диалог-интервью на основе текста, опираясь на следующие положения:

Ядерная энергетика (атомная энергетика) – отрасль энергетики, использующая ядерную энергию для электрификации и теплофикации, область науки и техники, разрабатывающая методы и средства преобразования ядерной энергии в электрическую и тепловую.

Основа ядерной энергетики – атомные электростанции.

Первая атомная электростанция (5 МВт), положившая начало использованию ядерной энергии в мирных целях, была пущена в

СССР в 1954 г.

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К началу 90-х гг. в 27 странах мира работало свыше 430 ядерных энергетических реакторов общей мощностью около 340 ГВт.

По прогнозам специалистов, доля ядерной энергетики в общей структуре выработки электроэнергии в мире будет непрерывно возрастать при условии реализации основных принципов концепции безопасности атомных электростанций.

Главные принципы этой концепции – существенная модернизация современных ядерных реакторов, усиление мер защиты населения и окружающей среды от вредного техногенного воздействия, подготовка высококвалифицированных кадров для атомных электростанций, разработка надежных хранилищ радиоактивных отходов и др.

10.Охарактеризуйте качество источников анергии:

Energy quality of different forms of energy

11. Расскажите об основных энергетических ресурсах США и главных их потребителях, используя графические данные:

12. Письменно изложите свои рассуждения по следующему вопросу, используя сложноподчиненные предложения:

Make a list of criteria (cost, pollution, and so on) to judge energy resources, and list them in decreasing importance. Which energy technologies would be most suitable, according to .your criteria? Why? Use specific reasons and details to explain your choice.

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