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транспортной технологии, тонкодисперсные частицы, считать причиной, шведское дизтопливо, ароматические углеводороды, антропогенный парниковый эффект, дорожный транспорт в целом, техническое усовершенствование, различными способами.

6. Найдите в тексте синонимы к следующим словам:

can be found, can be bought, people, responsible, about, i. e., allowed, modern, alone.

Грамматика. Нереальные условные предложения.

Условные предложения

7.Продолжите предложения:

1)If we had told her about it, ... . 2) She would have agreed ... . 3) If we had more time, ... . 4) We would have arrived in Paris by now if... .

5)Caroline would tell me ... . 6) I would buy it if... 7) If she had passed her exams, ... . 8) If he had come, ... . 9) We would have won if ... . 10) If I new where it was, ... .

8.Исправьте ошибки в употреблении условных предложений, если они есть:

1)If he had not tried to make the, experiment, he would not have discovered this phenomenon. 2) If he would be more intelligent, he would be invited to join the team of investigators. 3) If our laboratory would be

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larger, I would not have to work in the other one. 4) If he was ready, we would begin our discussion. 5) If my paper had been ready, I would go to the conference last month. 6) If they had been very careful with this substance, they would not have had that explosion in the laboratory. 7) If I will finish the work in time, I will join you at the lecture. 8) If the professor had known the truth, he would have been very angry. 9) If they had worked in the laboratory more, they will not have broken so much glassware. 10) If Pete had been at the lesson, I would have saw him. 11) If I had seen him, I would have reminded him about his promise. 12) If you will join us, where will you like to go? 13) lf she had told me the truth, I would have helped her with her work. 14) If I would have a degree from the University, I would have a good job. 15) If he had been on time, we would have asked him many interesting questions.

9.Переведите на английский язык, используя нереальные условные предложения:

1)Если бы у нас был сад, мы бы выращивали собственные овощи.

2)Если бы у нас были деньги, мы бы могли сходить в кино. 3) Если бы я знал, что это был твой день рождения, я бы купил тебе подарок.

4)Им было бы негде остановиться, если бы они приехали сегодня.

5)Если бы у нас не было электронной почты, мы бы не могли поддерживать связь друг с другом. 6) Ты бы удивился, если бы знал, сколько это стоит. 7) Ему бы предложили эту работу, если бы он серьезно подготовился к собеседованию. 8) Я бы знал ответ, если бы перечитал лекции. 9) Если бы ты прилежней учился, ты бы не провалил экзамен по экологии.

10.Прочтите текст и вставьте пропущенные предложения:

RECOVERY AND RECYCLING OF END-OF-LIFE VEHICLES

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11.Составьте диалогинтервью на основе текста, опираясь на следующие положения:

Автомобиль (от греч. autos – сам и лат. mobilis – подвижной, легко двигающийся) – транспортная безрельсовая машина главным образом на колесном ходу, приводимая в движение собственным двигателем (внутреннего сгорания, электрическим или паровым).

Первый автомобиль с паровым двигателем построен Ж. Кюньо (Франция) в 1769 – 1770 гг., с двигателем внутреннего сгорания – Г. Даймлером, К. Бенцем (Германия) в 1885 – 1886 гг.

Вращение от двигателя передается муфте сцепления, коробке передач, дифференциалу и колесам (ведущему мосту).

Различают автомобили пассажирские (легковые и автобусы), грузовые, специальные (пожарные, санитарныеи др.) и гоночные.

Скорость легковых автомобилей – до 300 км/ч, гоночных – до 1020 км/ч (1993), грузоподъемность грузовых автомобилей – до 180 т.

12.Письменно изложите свои рассуждения по следующему вопросу:

Choose one of the following transportation vehicles (automobiles, bicycles, airplanes) and explain why it has changed people’s lives. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

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УРОК 15

1. Прочтите данные из текста слова по транскрипции:

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2. Прочтите и переведите текст:

ALTERNATIVE DRIVE SYSTEMS

Rising energy consumption, increasingly scarce resources and the environmental impact of increasing road traffic have been a focus of growing economic and ecological concern for some time now. What can be done?

Optimisation of conventional engine concepts;

Use of alternative drive and fuel concepts;

Use of high-efficiency, low-emission energy conversion processes. Electric vehicles. For electric passenger cars a single-ratio

transmission is the preferred choice because of the optimal ratio of engine speed to output torque and the excellent variability.

The advantages of electric drive are:

Good acceleration;

High responsiveness;

High efficiency;

Low noise;

Low vibration;

Energy recovering by regenerative braking.

The search is on for high-energy, high-performance batteries for energy storage. High hopes have now been aroused by the lithium (Li) battery and it remains to be seen, in the coming development phases, whether the good laboratory results are confirmed in on-road operation.

Of course, even electric vehicles are not without their ecological downside, because when assessing their overall emissions balance we must also take into account the environmental impact of the original power generation process. And as a result of their restricted serviceability, nonhybrid electric vehicles will only be suitable for niche applications.

The fuel cell. One system with the potential to make a greater contribution to environmental protection is the fuel cell.

In a fuel cell vehicle, electricity produced from a reaction between hydrogen and oxygen is used to power an electric motor, which drives the car. The fuel is converted into electricity without combustion, the only byproduct being water vapour. Further advantages include better efficiency (between 50 and 70 percent) and vibration-free, silent operation. Fuel cell vehicles help to conserve fossil fuel reserves and emit no pollutants.

The various technical problems involved in the use of pure hydrogen mean that the general preference is for extracting the hydrogen from a liquid fuel such as methanol or petrol. In an on-board unit called a

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reformer, these fuels are converted into a hydrogen-rich mixture. If we look at the pros and cons of petrol and methanol, we find that while petrol reforming is a considerably more complex task than methanol reforming and therefore requires a more complex system design, on the other hand, the distribution infrastructure for petrol is already in place. Extending the methanol distribution infrastructure would require substantial investment.

3.Ответьте на вопросы по тексту:

1)What has been a focus of growing economic and ecological concern?

2)What can be done to make road traffic more environmentally friendly?

3)What is the best for the optimal ratio of engine speed to output torque and the excellent variability of electric passenger cars?

4)What are the advantages of electric drive?

5)What is considered the best option for energy storage on electric vehicles?

6)What is the ecological downside of electric vehicles?

7)What is the principle of the fuel cell?

8)What advantages of operation does fuel cell offer?

9)Where is pure hydrogen extracted from?

10)What is the difference between using methanol and petrol reforming?

4.Прочтите, переведите однокоренные слова и составьте с ними предложения:

растущее потребление энергии, высокая производительность, концепции традиционных двигателей, низкоэмиссионный процесс преобразования энергии, оптимальный коэффициент, высокая способность к реагированию, рекуперативное торможение, эксплуатация в дорожных условиях, высокоэффективные батареи, негативная экологическая сторона, первоначальный процесс

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образования энергии, ограниченные эксплуатационные качества, специфическая область применения, приводить в действие мотор, всеобщее предпочтение, существенные инвестиции, топливный элемент.

6.Найдите в тексте синонимы к следующим словам: optional, to evaluate, to prove, to expand, steam, to demand, coefficient, for and against.

7. Найдите в тексте антонимы к следующим словам: abundant, production, silence, to deny, disadvantage, unlimited.

8. Переведите пары созвучных слов:

optimal-optional, assess-access, responsiveness-responsibility, brakingbreaking, efficiency-effectiveness, on-road-on-board, downside-downslide, count-account, restricted-destructed, preferred-referred, require-acquire.

9.Прочтите предложения и переведите, обращая внимание на фразовые глаголы:

1)I’ll have to put off my visit until next month.

2)The meeting has been put back.

3)They have rut forward a plan for reducing the level of traffic.

4)It took them six hours to put the fire out.

5)He can’t put his ideas over clearly enough.

6)She put her hat and coat on.

7)We have some money put aside for a holyday.

8)If she is not in, can you put me through to her secretary?

9)The next day the coach put the team together.

10)Have you put up the tent?

11)The army put down all opposition.

12)If the goods are damaged in the post you can put in a claim to the post office.

13)Put the books away in the cupboard.

10.Выясните по словарю значения фразовых глаголов с глаголами:

take, set, bring, make, go; get, give, turn, be, pull, come, look, fall, let, see.

11.Вставьте фразовые глаголы в нужной форме и переведите:

1)The crowd ... aside to ... the policemen through.

2)This explosive can ... off at any moment.

3)Stop behaving like a child! ... yourself together!

4)Fishing and agriculture ... up most of the country's industry.

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5)Route taxi ... passengers down at their demand. 6)It was a great plan, but it didn’t quite ... off. 7)Would you like to ... the old castle round?

8)They ... experienced people in to help.

9)You’d better … on bus 69 and ... off at Lenin Square. 10)The technician ... the car apart.

11)I am ... forward to your letter.

12)You should ... up this bad habit. 13)Suddenly a strange man ... up in the doorway.

14)Sorry, I have to leave you. I’ll ... back in a minute.

12.Переведите предложения:

1)Осторожно! 20 Я буду поблизости. 3) Пора отправляться. 4) Мы не уступим. 5) Садитесь в машину. 6) Я не могу разобраться в этой схеме. 7) Вы меня подвели. 8) Нам нужно включить этот пункт в

список. 9) Эта тема распадается на три части. 10) Машина подъехала

к обочине дороги. 11) Они вырастили троих детей. 12) Я прослежу за этим. 13) Продолжайте! 14) Ночью отопление отключается. 15) Мы

присутствовали при этом от начала до конца. 16) Пожалуйста,

сделайте радио потише!

13.Составьте диалог-интервью на основе текста, опираясь на следующие положения:

Двигатель – энергосиловая машина, преобразующая какую-либо энергию в механическую работу.

Двигатели подразделяют на первичные и вторичные.

Первичные (гидротурбины, двигатель внутреннего, сгорания и др.) непосредственно преобразуют энергию природных ресурсов (воды, ядерного топлива и др.) в механическую энергию.

Вторичные двигатели (например, электрические) получают энергию от первичных, от преобразователей и накопителей энергии (например, солнечных батарей, пружинных механизмов и др.).

Двигатель внутреннего сгорания – тепловой двигатель, в котором часть химической энергии топлива, сгорающего в рабочей полости, преобразуется в механическую энергию.

По роду топлива различают жидкостные и газовые; по рабочему циклу – непрерывного действия, 2- и 4-тактные; по способу приготовления горючей смеси – с внешним (например, карбюраторные) и внутренним (например, дизели) смесеобразованием; по виду преобразователя энергии – поршневые, турбинные, реактивные и комбинированные.

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Коэффициент полезного действия 0,4 – 0,5.

 Первый двигатель внутреннего сгорания сконструирован Э. Ленуаром в 1860 г.

14. Прочтите и перескажите текст на русском языке:

Emission – control system in automotive engineering, means employed to limit the discharge of noxious gases from the internalcombustion engine. There are four main sources of these gases: the engine exhaust, the crankcase, the fuel tank, and the carburetor. The exhaust pipe discharges burned and unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen and sulfur, and traces of various acids, alcohols, phenols, and heavy metals such as lead. The crankcase is a secondary source of unburned hydrocarbons and, to a lesser extent, carbon monoxide. In the fuel tank and the carburetor, the hydrocarbons that are continually evaporating from the gasoline constitute a minor but not insignificant contributing factor in pollution. A variety of systems for controlling emissions from all sources have been developed. Though the systems vary in detail, they are similar in principle. Crankcase emission controls provide positive crankcase ventilation by recirculating blowby (the leakage of combustion gases), combined with ventilating air, to the intake manifold for reburning in the combustion chamber. To control exhaust emissions, which are responsible for two-thirds of the total engine pollutants, two types of system are used: the air-injection system and the improved combustion system. In a typical injection system, an engine-driven pump draws air through the carburetor air cleaner and pumps it into the exhaust ports of the cylinder head, in which it combines with the unburned hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide at high temperature and, in effect, continues the combustion process. In this way a large percentage of the pollutants that were formerly discharged through the exhaust system are eliminated. In some cases, a specially designed exhaust manifold known as a thermal reactor is used to promote more complete combustion of the gases. Improvements in combustion efficiency are effected by modifications in the components that control the whole process of combustion. Emissions from the fuel tank and carburetor are reduced by the evaporative control system, the heart of which is a canister of activated charcoal capable of holding up to 35 percent of its own weight in fuel vapour. In operation, the fuel-tank vapours flow from the sealed fuel tank to a vapour separator that returns the raw fuel to the tank and channels the fuel vapour to the canister. Fuel vapours from the carburetor bowl, which are consumed when the engine is running, flow to the canister via the air

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