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высокотоксичный, мешать образованию озона, свободные атомы кислорода, достигать земли, проникать в стратосферу, солнечное ультрафиолетовое излучение, цепная реакция, незначительное увеличение, бывает ядовитым, возле поверхности, подвергание воздействию.

6. Найдите в тексте синонимы к следующим словам:

sputnik, consequently, to emit, rupture, to be, huge, increased, to find, to influence.

7.Найдите в тексте антонимы к следующим словам: shrinked, originally, to relieve, to absorb.

8.Выберите одно из созвучных слов для правильного перевода:

altitude); 8) действие, сила (affect, effect); 9) юрист (layer, lawyer); 10) нагревать (hit, heat).

Грамматика. Словообразование. Суффиксы глаголов.

9.Образуйте глаголы с указанными суффиксами и переведите:

-en: sad, red, mad, broad, less, worse, fresh, hard, weak, Christ, soft, sharp, cheap;

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-ize: critic, standard, monopoly, special, character, ideal, national, maximum, mechanic, organ, popular;

-(i)fy: acid, sign, horror, class, beauty, identity, pure, electric, simple.

10. Письменно переведите предложения на английский язык, используя в каждом из них причастие I или II:

1) Нужно защищать себя от ультрафиолетовых лучей, вызывающих рак кожи. 2) На Южном полюсе имеются стратосферные облака, образованные из кристаллов замороженной воды и азотной кислоты. 3) Истощение озона, сопровождаемое ультрафиолетовым излучением, очень опасно. 4) Определенные химикаты, выброшенные в атмосферу, мешают образованию озона. 5) Высокое содержание оксида хлора, разрушающего молекулы озона, было обнаружено над Антарктидой. 6) Озон, защищающий землю от ультрафиолетовых лучей, может быть очень токсичным возле ее поверхности. 7) Посевы, подверженные ультрафиолетовому излучению, становятся менее продуктивными. 8) Население этой территории страдает обострением хронических заболеваний.

11.Задайте вопросы к выделенным частям предложения:

1)Without this shield, life could not exist on the Earth’s surface.

2)Temperatures there cannot to allow the cloud crystals to form.

3)Every September and October since the late 1970s, a giant hole opens up in the ozone layer over Antarctica.

4)The amount of chlorine monoxide is 100 times the normal level in the Antarctic stratosphere.

5)The mechanisms by which ozone is destroyed are based on chemical chain reactions.

6)It can irritate the eyes and lungs if it is present in the lower air.

7)When the chemical bond ruptures, it produces ozone.

8)Ozone is produced in the upper stratosphere, between 30 and 45 kilometers in altitude.

12.Ответьте на вопросы как можно подробней:

1)How did people discover ozone depletion?

2)Can you describe the chemical processes that cause ozone depletion?

3)In what way do pollutants destroy ozone layer?

4)How is ozone layer concentrated?

5)What role does ozone layer play?

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13.Сделайте устное сообщение по тексту на темы:

1)Location of the ozone layer.

2)Mechanisms of producing and destroying of ozone molecules.

3)Positive and negative effects of ozone.

14.Составьте диалог-интервью на основе текста, опираясь на следующие положения:

Озоновая дыра – разрыв озоносферы (диаметром св. 1000 км), возникший над Антарктидой и перемещающийся в населённые районы Австралии.

Озоновая дыра возникла предположительно в результате антропогенных воздействий, в т. ч. широкого использования в промышленности и быту хлорсодержащих хладонов (фреонов), разрушающих озоновый слой.

Озоновая дыра представляет опасность для живых организмов, поскольку озоновый слой защищает поверхность Земли от чрезмерных доз ультрафиолетового излучения Солнца.

В 1985 г. принята Венская конвенция об охране озонового слоя, в 1987 г. – Монреальский протокол.

Озоновая дыра была обнаружена английским исследователем Дж. Фарманом в 1982 г.

В 1992 г. озоновая дыра открыта также над Арктикой.

15.Тест. Чем можно заменить выделенное курсивом слово?

1.Gases mix together spontaneously.

a) unexpectedly; b) essentially; c) impulsively; d) basically.

2.It may seem strange that man came rather late to the investigation of organic polymers.

a) unique; b) peculiar; c) odd; d) singular.

3.It was the greatest discovery.

a) examination; b) creation; c) invention; d) investigation.

4.The special processes were fundamental for the formation of compounds.

a) vital; b) essential; c) critical; d) cardinal.

5.At present, however, we use the term “organic compounds” to mean carbon compounds.

a) recently; b) nowadays; c) lately; d) originally.

6.Most of the organic chemicals we have are man-made.

a) artificial; b) unreal; c) false; d) assumed.

7.There’s a simple reason for keeping carbon compounds separate:

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there’re just too many of them.

a) objective; b) purpose; c) aim; d) cause.

8.The changes are due to the partial destruction of the molecule’s crystalline structure.

a) thanks to; b) sincere; c) owing to; d) because.

9.The soil was tested to make sure that it was free from ammonia or any other nitrogen compound.

a) nitric solution; b) nitrate; c) nitrogenous substance; d) nitra.

10.Various methods are being explored to decrease the volume of traffic on roads.

a) reduce; b) enhance; c) lower; d) lessen.

16. Письменно изложите свои рассуждения по следующему вопросу:

Some people think governments should spend as much money as possible exploring outer space (for example, traveling to the Moon and to other planets). Other people disagree and think governments should spend this money for our basic needs on Earth. Which of these two opinions do you agree with? Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.

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УРОК 8

1. Прочтите данные из текста слова по транскрипции:

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2.Используйте следующие глаголы в тексте в соответствующей форме страдательного залога:

achieve, adopt, analyse, buy, collect, compose, encourage, install, launch, make, make, prove, purchase, recycle, reduce, represent, send, take, throw away, transform, transport.

products and to sort and prepare others for collection at specific sites. From there they will then 3 and 4 to industrial waste specific plants for recycling.

In Britain today, when the contents of the average domestic dustbin 5 , we find that, in terms of weight, 35% of the total 6 of

paper and cardboard, 22% of kitchen waste, 12% of plastics, 10% of glass,

common example is disposable nappies, which, as their name suggests,

fertiliser. Indeed, if more people chose to do this then the weight of the

This is partly due to the presence of more than 12,000 bottle banks, which

cans where, according to recent figures, only 10% to 16% of used containers 16 for recycling.

Britain recycles less than 1.5% of waste. It is a pretty poor record if compared to 10% in the US and Germany, 14% in the Netherlands, 18% in Canada. There is a problem – recycling is expensive. It is clear that the quantities of waste will only decrease if efforts 17 both by

households and also by local government authorities. Special equipment

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3.Прочтите, переведите однокоренные слова и составьте с ними предложения:

местные власти, одноразовые платочки, садовое удобрение, простой пример, последние цифры, содержимое мусорного бака, по весу, алюминиевая банка, в ближайшем будущем, обнадеживающая ситуация, цель правительства, большой прогресс, из-за наличия, специально отведенное место, 15-процентное снижение, значительный успех.

5. Найдите в тексте синонимы к следующим словам:

amount, to begin, family, bought, to throw away, aim, in fact, rather, to reach.

Грамматика. Числительные.

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Большие числа

Каждые три разряда справа налево отделяются запятой (а не точкой!), а перед десятками ставится союз and.

2,350 – two thousand three hundred and fifty.

1,225,374 – a (one) million two hundred and twenty five thousand three hundred and seventy four.

6. Прочтите:

4,235; 102; 2,783; 115; 3,784; 2/5; 1/6; 1 1/2; 2.35; 32.305.

7.Прочтите предложения:

1)Oxygen accounts for 46.6% of the Earth’s crust.

2)The highest waterfall in the world is Angel Falls in Venezuela with a drop of 979 m.

3)The tallest church in the world is the Chicago Methodist Temple, which is 173 m or 568 ft high.

4)23,250 umbrellas were found in London transport in 1987.

5)The smallest country in the world is the Vatican City with an area of 0.4 sq. km.

6)The country with the most telephones in the world is Monaco. It has 733 telephones per 1,000 population.

8.Сравните графические данные:

9. Определите слово по его дефиниции:

1)a product of chlorine chemistry (contains up to approximately 56 % chlorine); its residues maybe carcinogenic; incineration to recover energy content may result in the formation of dioxins;

2)a thermoplastic combining elevated hardness, toughness and rigidity with heat resistance; thanks to its high resistance to heat, it is well suited to materials recycling: end-of-life products can be ground, melted and pelletised to return it to the materials cycle;

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3)a gas produced in small quantities during the decay of biomass.

10. Обсудите пользу от переработки вторсырья на нескольких примерах, сравнивая:

Recycling...

-could cut waste going to landfill sites by half;

-creates jobs and raises public awareness;

-pays for itself and can make a profit;

-cuts imports of raw materials;

-saves energy and resources;

-reduces pollution and promotes conservation.

11. Прочтите текст без словаря и выберите варианты ответов:

We are running out of room for our garbage. Man-made organic chemicals, heavy metals, pesticides, and other toxic substances are constantly seeping into the ground from the landfills, buried gasoline tanks, septic systems, radioactive waste sites, farms, mines, and a host of other sources. The sources are so diverse that often it is difficult to determine the major cause of the groundwater pollution. Routine monitoring of industrial waste lagoons or landfills reveals that the chemicals are not being contained, but are ending up in nearby water wells.

The cost of disposing of toxic waste is escalating. Many coastal metropolitan areas have been forced to dump municipal and industrial wastes directly into the sea. Typically, along the East Coast of the US barges of waste are taken out about 100 miles and dumped beyond the continental shelf. After a day or so, the pollutants are diluted to supposedly safe levels. The pollutants, however, tend to concentrate in regions where the seawater density changes, such as ocean thermoclines and fronts. These are the areas where fish feed.

Incineration at sea is one of the few methods available that detoxifies certain hazardous wastes, especially those that are highly chlorinated. One plan is to use incinerator ships to burn toxic wastes offshore. It would only be (is) a stopgap measure for treating toxic liquids until better methods to reduce or recycle the wastes can be developed. Ocean incineration is only suitable, for treating a small percentage of hazardous wastes. The chemicals destroyed in this manner, however, are among the most toxic. There still remain many unresolved questions concerning the potential risks to health and the environment.

The disposal of radioactive wastes has received much attention in recent years because of increasing concerns over long-term environmental

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effects and the proliferation of nuclear technology all over the world. Highlevel radioactive waste is among the most difficult to dispose of due to its intense nuclear radiation, heat output, and longevity. It is generally thought that the best place to store nuclear waste is underground. Mine repositories, however, are very expensive and must be located in geological formations that will remain stable for a million of years or more. The disposal site must also be guarded against intrusion and theft for countless generations. 1. What could be the title of the text?

a)Waste disposal; b) Radioactive waste;

c)Dumping sites; d) Waste sources.

2.The word “escalating” means:

a)increasing; b) frightening; c) expanding; d) changing.

3. The closest meaning for the word “intrusion” is:

a)stealing; b) bribery; c) murder; d) trespassing.

4. In what way can oil spills be treated?

a)by using incinerator ships; b) by using chemical reagents;

c)by diluting the concentration; d) they can't be treated.

5.Where does waste at sea usually concentrate?

a)at thermoclines; b) at river estuaries;

c)at river mouths; d) a long distance from coasts.

6.The author refers to US barges m the second paragraph most probably:

a)to provide an example of the action that took place at the turn of the century;

b)to illustrate the type of action referred to in the previous sentence;

c)to contrast the way waste is generally handled;

d)to explain how this form of waste handling was initiated.

7.The main issue of the first paragraph is to:

a) introduce the topic; b) to name the sources of waste; c) to appeal to action; d) to define the author’s position.

8.According to the text, the difficulty of radioactive waste disposal is due to the following factors, except:

a)heat; b) high radioactivity; c) long-term existence; d) effects on health.

12.Письменно изложите свои рассуждения по следующему вопросу:

How would you organize work on domestic wastes collection to make your city cleaner? Use specific reasons and details to develop your essay.

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