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УРОК З

1. Прочтите данные из текста слова по транскрипции:

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2. Прочтите и переведите текст:

ECOLOGY

Ecology is the study of interactions between organisms and their environment. It takes the entire living world as its domain in an attempt to understand the complex web of life in the biosphere. The biosphere, like a sealed terrarium, is a closed system. All of the materials essential to life come from within it and must be recycled over and over for life to continue.

The biosphere is divided into regions, called biomes, each with unique plant and animal life. The boundaries of a biome are determined by climate.

Ecological systems or ecosystems are networks consisting of organisms, their environment and all the interactions that exist between them. Ecosystems consist of biotic (living) and abiotic (nonliving) components. The abiotic components are physical and chemical factors needed for life.

Each organism operates within a range of chemical and physical factors called its range of tolerance. When the upper or lower limits of the range are exceeded, survival is threatened. In all ecosystems one abiotic factor usually limits growth and is therefore is called a limiting factor.

The organisms are the biotic components of the ecosystem. Groups of organisms of the same species occupying a specific region form a population. The populations of plants, animals, and microorganisms in and ecosystem form a community. Each organism within a community occupies a specific region, its habitat. Its niche includes its habitat and all its interactions with abiotic and biotic components of the-environment. No two species occupy the same niche in the same ecosystem.

Organisms can be specialists or generalists. Generalists occupy many different habitats and eat a wide variety of foods. Specialists generally live in one habitat and consume one or only a few organisms, making them more susceptible to changes in the habitat and more prone to extinction.

The living web is held together by food chains, a series of organisms each feeding on the preceding one. The grazer food chain is a nutrient and energy pathway starting with plants that are consumed by grazers. The decomposer food chain is a nutrient and energy pathway that starts with detritus. Individual food chains are part of more complex food webs.

The terms primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary are applied to consumers in the food chain. Primary consumers are the first level of consumers; they feed on plants in the grazer food chain and on detritus in

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the decomposer food chain. Secondary consumers feed on primary consumers.

The feeding level an organism occupies in a food chain is called the trophic level. Producers form the first trophic level, primary consumers form the second, etc.

Organic and inorganic matter moves within ecosystems in nutrient cycles. Examples are carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycles. These cycles are essential for life and can be altered by human activity.

3.Ответьте на вопросы:

1)What is ecology?

2)Can you define the term biosphere? Why is the biosphere considered a closed system?

3)Can you define the term biome? What determines the type of vegetation in a biome?

4)Can you define the term ecosystem?

5)Can you define the term range of tolerance?

6)What is a limiting factor?

7)How are a niche and a habitat different?

8)In what ways are humans specialists? In what ways are we generalists?

9)What is a food chain? What are the two major types? How are they different? How are they similar?

4.Прочтите, переведите однокоренные слова и составьте с ними предложения:

10.Найдите в тексте словосочетания, соответствующие русским:

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трофический уровень, абиотический фактор, фактор ограничения, уникальная растительная жизнь, пастбищная цепь, склонный к исчезновению, зона выносливости, первичный консумент, одна и та же ниша, взаимодействие микроорганизмов, производство биомассы, круговорот питательных веществ, восприимчивый к изменениям, экологическая система, деятельность человека, занимать различные среды обитания, детритная пищевая цепь, отдельные животные, сложные пищевые сети, равновесие экосистемы.

11.Подберите синонимы:

ecosystem, to change, material, trophic, essential.

7. Подберите антонимы:

biotic, closed, appearance, specialists, organic, complex, lower, preceding, consumer.

Грамматика. Неличные формы глагола. Инфинитив.

Формыинфинитива

Инфинитив – неопределенная форма глагола. Не выражает лица, числа и наклонения, не выражает времени действия, кроме одновременности и предшествования.

8.Определите, нужна ли частица to перед инфинитивом и переведите предложения на русский язык:

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1)Help me ... do this work!

2)I never know where ... put my umbrella.

3)It is awful ... have lost a friend.

4)It is yet too soon for us ... draw a conclusion.

5)The type of the manometer depends on the magnitude of pressure ... be measured.

6)Gagarin was the first ... make a space flight.

7)You'd better … have read this book.

8)A positive particle moving upward may ... have produced this track.

9)Our job will be ... investigate some of its properties.

10)She won't let us ... go.

11)His behaviour makes me … wonder.

12)He used ... conduct a lot of experiments.

9.Переведите предложения на английский язык, используя

вкаждом формы инфинитива:

1) Раньше люди делали мосты из дерева. 2) Эта статья заставляет людей задуматься о своем будущем. 3) Вам лучше прочитать эту работу. 4) Цель проекта – определить климатическую зависимость данного вида. 5) Я бы лучше написал реферат, чем сдавать экзамен. 6) Еще рано проводить этот эксперимент. 7) Не забудьте выключить телевизор! 8) Я бы хотел представить вам своего коллегу. 9) Вы первым допустили эту ошибку. 10) Его заставили отказаться от своей теории. 11) Я бы не помогал ему в его работе. 12) Я не могу обещать решить эту проблему.

10.Сделайте устное сообщение по тексту на темы:

1)Биосфера.

2)Организмы в биосфере.

3)Пищевые цепочки.

11.Прокомментируйте схемы детритной и пастбищной пищевых цепей:

Decomposer food chain

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окружающая природная среда, в таком значении он используется в международных соглашениях.

14. Письменно изложите свои рассуждения по следующему вопросу:

Some people think that human needs for farmland, housing, and industry are more important than saving land for endangered animals. Do you agree or disagree with this point of view? Why or why not? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

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УРОК 4

1. Прочтите данные из текста слова по транскрипции:

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2. Прочтите и переведите текст:

AIR POLLUTION

Air pollution has become a growing threat to health because of the ever-increasing of air contaminants.

Foreign chemicals and particulates injected into the atmosphere, either by natural or man-made sources, are air pollution. Natural pollutants include salt particles from breaking waves, pollen and spores released by plants, smoke from forest fires, wind-blown dust, meteoritic dust, and volcanic ash. Humans are by far the greatest polluters.

Air pollution is particularly hazardous if it is not diluted by the atmosphere. Unstable air carries smoke and exhaust fumes upward on air currents where they are mixed with cleaner air aloft and diluted by the winds. Because of the direct effect of wind speed, the concentration of pollutants is half as much with a wind of 10 meters per second than with one of only 5 meters per second. High pollution days do not necessarily mean that there is an increase in emissions, but that the air into which the pollution is released is not diluted by the wind. This is what happens during a temperature inversion. Warm air lies over cooler air and acts like a lid that prevents the upward movement of air currents and holds the pollutants near the ground.

Atmospheric pollutants are grouped into primary pollutants, which are those emitted directly from primary sources such as smokestacks and motor vehicle exhaust pipes, and secondary pollutants, which are produced by chemical reactions that take place among the primary pollutants. Many reactions that produce secondary pollutants are evoked by sunlight and are called photochemical reactions. Other secondary pollutants are corrosive acids and deadly poisons such as ozone. Nitrogen oxides produced in factory furnaces and by motor vehicles absorb solar radiation and initiate a chain of complex chemical reactions. In the presence of organic compounds, these reactions result in the formation of a number of undesirable secondary products that are very unstable, irritating and toxic.

All air pollutants clog the sky and reduce the amount of sunlight that reaches the ground, which consequently cools the Earth's surface. At the same time, sunlight strikes airborne particles and heats the atmosphere, which causes a thermal imbalance. One of the reasons that the increased level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has yet to result in a large upward trend in world temperatures is that it is offset slightly by the cooling effects of particulate matter in the atmosphere.

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3.Ответьте на вопросы на основе текста:

1)Why is air pollution so harmful?

2)What is air pollution?

3)What natural sources of pollution do you know?

4)What is the use of dilution process?

5)What happens during a temperature inversion?

6)What groups are atmospheric pollutants divided into?

7)What are primary atmospheric pollutants?

8)What are secondary atmospheric pollutants?

9)What are photochemical reactions?

10)What secondary pollutants do you know?

11)What happens to nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere?

12)How do air pollutants cool the atmosphere?

13)What causes a thermal imbalance?

14)Which of the following should we do to fight air pollution? Can you add ideas of your own?

 Use public transport more often.  Fine companies polluting the air.  Reuse and recycle.

 Stop producing and using CFCs.  Develop clean energy cars.

 Use renewable sources of energy.

 Conserve energy at home and at work.

4.Прочтите, переведите однокоренные слова и составьте с ними предложения:

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