1595

cleaner when the engine is stopped. The canister acts as a storehouse; when the engine is running, the vapours are purged from the canister through the air cleaner into the combustion chamber, where they are burned. Other emission controls include the catalytic converter, consisting of an insulated chamber containing pellets of a variety of metal oxides through which the exhaust gases are passed. The hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide in the exhaust are converted to water vapour and carbon dioxide. These systems are not completely effective: during warmup the temperatures are so low that emissions cannot be catalyzed, and the catalysts are rendered ineffective by the lead compounds sometimes added to gasoline.

(From 1994 – 2001 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.)

15. Письменно изложите свои рассуждения по следующему вопросу, используя фразовые глаголы:

Should governments spend more money on improving roads and highways, or should governments spend more money on improving public transportation (buses, trains, subways)? Why? Use specific reasons and examples to develop your essay.

УРОК 16 1. Прочтите данные из текста слова по транскрипции:

154

2. Прочтите и переведите текст:

ALTERNATIVE FUELS

155

Diesel Engines. The diesel models came out between 20 and 30 percent ahead of petrol-engined models on fuel consumption. The debate rages over whether or not the diesel is an environmentally-friendly prime mover.

Laboratory testing on animals has demonstrated that exposure to high concentrations of diesel particles (“overload effect”) and other particulate matter can induce lung cancer in rats. Other animals showed no reactions. As far as can be established at present, these rat-specific effects cannot be extrapolated to human beings.

Biodiesel. The very name of this fuel is attractive. Biodiesel can be produced by refining rapeseed oil into rapeseed oil methyl ester (RME). Drivers in Germany rarely have far to go to find one of the 900 filling stations where they can fill up with biodiesel. The limited area available for growing rape and the higher production costs of RME will mean that, in the medium term, the RME share of total diesel consumption will probably level off at less than two percent.

Alcohols. The alcohols ethanol and methanol are ideally suited for use as a fuel in petrol and diesel engines.

Ethanol is produced by fermenting renewable biomass materials containing sugar and starch. In Brazil, ethanol derived from sugar cane has been used as a fuel since the early eighties. Today, a hybrid fuel (E22, petrol mixed with approximately 22 percent ethanol) is used in this market in suitably equipped vehicles.

Methanol may in future acquire an increasingly important role in markets around the world along with conventional petrol and diesel. Methanol can be produced from a wide range of raw materials of both fossil origin – such as natural gas, refining by-products or coal – and nonfossil origin, such as biomass produced in agriculture or forestry. It can also be produced from secondary raw materials (by-products, organic domestic and industrial waste). Use of methanol could therefore also bring about a significant reduction in the amount of waste sent to landfills.

Compressed natural, gas (CNG). Approximately one million neutral gas vehicles are currently in use around the world. The attraction of GNC compared with conventional fuels is that it can help to reduce air pollution in towns and cities. But since infrastructure is still undeveloped, we have to rely on bi-fuel design, using both CNG and petrol.

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). In some countries, including the Netherlands, France and Italy, liquefied petroleum gas vehicles have long been a common sight.

156

3.Ответьте на вопросы по тексту:

1)What is the primary advantage of diesel engines over petrol-engines? What are diesel particles suspected to evoke?

2)How is biodiesel produced?

3)Where are filling stations providing biodiesel available?

4)Why is not biodiesel wide-spread?

5)Why alcohols are considered a promising fuel?

6)How is ethanol produced?

7)What are the raw materials for producing methanol?

8)What is the attraction of GNC compared with conventional fuels?

9)In what countries is LPG used?

10)What must be done for the wide use of the alternative fuels?

4.Прочтите, переведите однокоренные слова и составьте с ними предложения:

превосходить по количеству потребляемого топлива, экологически чистый, подвергайте воздействию, лабораторные испытания, эффект перегрузки, приводить к раку легких, очистка рапсового масла, заправляться биодизельным топливом, СНГ, СПГ, высокие затраты на производство, идеально подходить для, использовать в качестве топлива, ферментация возобновляющейся биомассы, получать из сахарного тростника, с начала восьмидесятых, соответствующе оборудованные транспортные средства, вторсырье, все более важная роль, использоваться в последнее время, можно часто встретить.

6.Найдите в тексте антонимы к следующим словам: unusual, environmentally hazardous, conceal, production, fluctuate.

157

8. Вставьте пропущенные предлоги: around, on, in, into, of , through, by, to, after.

A Profile 1... the Diesel Engine

Diesel engine: 2... the diesel engine, named 3... Rudolf Diesel (1858 – 1913), fuel is injected 4... hot, highly compressed air, resulting 5...

spontaneous ignition and combustion.

D: The traditional passenger car diesel engine features an additional pre-combustion chamber 6... the cylinder head. The intake air is forced 7...

the piston 8... this chamber (swirl chamber), where it becomes very hot. Finely atomised diesel fuel is then injected 9... the chamber and the compressed mixture ignites.

TD: The turbodiesel is based 10... the same principle, except that the air is pre-compressed 11... a turbocharger. The larger air mass results 12...

cleaner combustion and better performance.

TDI: The direct-injection diesel engine has no pre-combustion chamber. The air is fed 13... spiral-shaped swirl ports 14... the cylinder where it is compressed 15... the piston. The fuel is then injected directly 1б...

the cylinder. A cavity 17... the piston crown assists the mixing 18... the air and fuel. The direct-injection engine presents a better power curve and higher efficiency.

SDI: Similar 19... the TDI except that the air is not pre-compressed but drawn 20... the cylinder 21... natural aspiration.

PD: Pump/injector direct-injection system – a unit injector 22... each cylinder produces injection pressures 23... 24... 2,000 bar. This results 25...

cleaner combustion and a high efficiency 26... 27... 45 percent.

9.Определите слово по его дефиниции:

1)Particulate emissions from diesel vehicles that consist of a core of pure carbon onto the surface of which water, sulphates and trace quantities of other substances are adsorbed. Suspected of being harmful to health.

2)Cyclic hydrocarbon which has an effect on the central nervous system and is classed as an air-toxic component. Its average content of commercial petrol is around 2.5 vol. percent. More than 90 percent of its remaining in

158

the exhaust gas after combustion is removed by the three-way catalytic converter, but emissions could be reduced by a further 30 percent if improved fuels were used.

10. Вставьте соответствующие однокоренные слова в текст:

11. Изучите таблицу и расскажите о воздействиях органических видов топлив на окружающую среду на стадии их добычи, транспортировки и конечного использования:

Major environmental impacts of fossil fuels

159

12.Составьте диалог-интервью на основе текста, опираясь на следующие положения:

Нефть (тур. neft, от перс. нефт) – горючая маслянистая жидкость, важнейшее полезное ископаемое, распространенное в осадочной оболочке Земли (стратисфере – 20 – 25 км).

Сложная смесь алканов, некоторых цикланов и аренов, а также кислородных, сернистых и азотистых соединений.

Различают легкую (0,65 – 0,87 г/смЗ), среднюю (0,871 – 0,910 г/смЗ) и тяжелую (0,911 – 4,05 г/смЗ) нефти.

Теплота сгорания 43,7 – 46,2 МДж/кг (10 400 – 11 000 ккал/кг).

Нефти классифицируют по содержанию серы на малосернистые (до 0,5% S), сернистые (0,5 – 2% S) и высокосернистые (св. 2% S).

Используютиздавна(сVIтыс.дон.э.).

В августе 1859 г. в Тайтесвилле (Пенсильвания, США) была пробурена первая нефтяная скважина. Работы проводил полковник Дрейк, обнаруживший залежи нефти на глубине 21 м. Вместе со скважиной были заложены основы крупнейшей на сегодняшний момент отрасли промышленности.

Путем перегонки из нефти получают бензин, реактивное топливо, осветительный керосин, дизельное топливо, мазут.

Мировые запасы нефти – св. 130 млрд т.

Наибольшие запасы нефти в Саудовской Аравии, Кувейте, Иране, Ираке.

13.Письменно изложите свои рассуждения по следующему вопросу:

Imagine that there are no oil deposits in the earth anymore. Take an imaginary vehicle fuel of the future. Describe the economical infrastructure and environmental background. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

160

ПЛАН РЕФЕРИРОВАНИЯ ГАЗЕТНОЙ СТАТЬИ

1. Название статьи, название газеты, месяц, год опубликования, автор статьи

3. Основное содержание статьи (основная мысль каждого абзаца)

161

4. Заключение, выводы автора

СТАТЬИ ДЛЯ РЕФЕРИРОВАНИЯ

1.

HOUSEHOLD WASTES

From the Boston Globe, 13/1/2003 By Patricia Wen

Christopher Hardy could be a poster boy for environmental correctness. The 29- year-old walks to work, recycles his bottles, and lugs groceries home in a reusable cloth bag. He even works for the Massachusetts Audubon Society.

But a study released today suggests Hardy is committing an egregious environmental sin: He’s living alone.

In a novel analysis of how social trends affect the environment, scientists say the proliferation of smaller households – because people are staying single longer, having, fewer children, divorcing more often, and living longer – is straining the world’s natural resources. A demand for more housing units creates a need for building materials, appliances, and energy, and it also produces more waste.

Researchers say that when environmentalists talk about global degradation, they too often focus on population growth, rather than the surge in housing units. In the

162

United States today, for instance, one of every four households is inhabited by only one person.

Hardy, the sole occupant of a Beacon Hill studio apartment, said he agrees with the study’s findings, which suggests someone like him ought to cohabitate. But for now, he can’t bear the loss of privacy.

“Independence is part of the American tradition,” said Hardy, who grew up in Wayland. “It”s that rugged individualism.”

In an article published in the advance online version of Nature, a British science journal, scientists from Michigan State University and Stanford University studied 76 “hotspot” countries – defined as places where native animals and plants are endangered or threatened by human activity – as well as 65 “non-hotspot” countries, including Canada, Germany, and Finland. In “hotspot” countries, such as the United States, Brazil, and China, the rise in the number of households from 1985 to 2000 outpaced population growth, the number of households grew by 3.1 percent each year, while the population rose 1.8 percent. In the “non-hotspot” countries, the population and household growth rates were about the same at 1.7 percent a year.

Even in countries such as Italy, Greece, and Spain where the population is shrinking, the number of households is climbing. In China, where population growth has been severely curbed by the government’s policy of one child per family, many young adults are staying single longer and moving away from their parents as soon as they can, Liu said.

2.

CHURCHES GO GREEN

From The Christian Science Monitor, January 23, 2003 By Jane Lampman

As the sun lights up the brilliant stained-glass windows of this 19th-century Gothic sanctuary, the small congregation at St. John’s Episcopal Church listens intently to a sermon from a visiting layman.

“As people of faith, we are called in different ways to love our God and to love our neighbors,” says Steven MacAusland, a fellow Episcopalian. “I am with you today to discuss energy. What is the connection?”

The cofounder of Massachusetts Interfaith Power & Light (MIP&L), Mr. MacAusland speaks of the effects of energy consumption and the need to reduce green house gas emissions to stabilize the earth’s climate. He isn’t preaching political activism, he says, but is offering a way for the church to practice its own ministry of care for neighbors and future generations. Next week, members will vote on whether to join MIP&L.

As evidence of global warming has mounted, congregations across the US are examining their habits and asking what their faith demands of them in response. Houses of worship, it turns out, are some of the biggest wasters of energy on a per capita, per hour-of-use basis.

With help from an interfaith power and light movement now spreading around the country, churches and other religious institutions are cutting back on energy

163