1523

UNIT 3

SOME BUILDING PROFESSIONS

II. Scan the text for about 10 minutes and find the sentences with words from exercise I

Some Building Professions

A man, who has been an apprentice for some years in a building trade and has therefore enough skill *to be considered a skilled worker at his trade, is called tradesman or craftsman.

He may be a carpenter-and-joiner, bricklayer, mason, slater-and-tiler, plumber, electrician, house painter, glazier, floor-and-wall tiler, plasterer, paperhanger, steeplejack, hot water fitter and so on.

Bricklayer is a tradesman who builds and repairs brickwork, lays and joints salt glazed stoneware drains, sets, chimney pots, manhole frames and fireplaces. He renders brickwork, including the insides of manholes. A sewer and tunnel bricklayer is a specialized bricklayer. In some districts of Great

Britain, bricklayers also fix wall and flooring tiles and slating and lay plaster and granolithic floors. But elsewhere these are plasterer's specialities.

Carpenter is a man who erects wood frames, fits joints, fixes wood floors, stairs and window frames, asbestos sheeting and other wall-board. He builds or dismantles Wood or metal formwork. The two trades of carpenter and joiner were originally the same, and most men can do both, but specialize in one or the other. In the USA the term "carpenter" includes a joiner. The word is derived from the French word charpente, which means a wood or metal framework.

Joiner is a man who makes joinery and works mainly at the bench on wood, which has been cut and shaped by the machinists. His work is finer than the carpenter's, much of it being highly finished and done in a joinery shop *which is not exposed to weather.

In Scotland a joiner is a carpenter-and-joiner.

Mason is a stone worker or stone setter. In Scotland and the USA a bricklayer is usually also a mason. A fixer or a fixer mason or a builder mason is a mason who sets prepared stones in walls, whether the stone be only facing or to the full wall thickness.

Plasterer is a tradesman who may be a fibrous plasterer or a plasterer in solid work. The latter lays successive coats of plaster or rendering and fixes fibrous plaster such as mould cornices and wall pattern. *He can use a horsed mould, erect lathing for plaster, and apply stucco.

A construction manager, or CM, provides services similar to those of general contractor, but represents client's interest during all phases of the building process - design as well as construction. They are usually paid a negotiated fee for the scope of services rendered.

For example, working with the architect during design, the CM provides updated cost projections so that a client will know probable costs, which the project evolves. A general contractor, however, doesn't usually enter the scene until after the design is complete.

The CM decides who bids the job, picks up the request for invitation to bid, evaluates the bids, and awards work to the most reasonable bidder. The CM also prepares contracts and sends them out to the subcontractors. The owner signs the contracts with each subcontractor, unlike a general contractor who signs these contracts. As a result, the subcontractors are under the CM's direction.

The CM may also be responsible for the safety of workers on the construction site.

III. A few explanations to the text.

1. ...to be considered a skilled worker at his trade - может считаться искусным в своем ремесле

2. ...slater-and-tiler - кровельщик (мастер по укладке

черепицы)

3.hot water fitter - теплотехник

4.which is not exposed to weather - который не подвержен

погоде

5.Не can use horsed mould, erect lathing for plaster, and apply stucco - Он может использовать опалубку для бетона, крепить сетку под штукатурку и применять отделочный гипс.

IV. Read and translate the text « Some Building Professions». Give equivalent English phrases to the following Russian ones.

Мастер по укладке черепицы, считаться искусным в своем ремесле, быть подверженным влиянию погоды, многослойная штукатурка, столярная мастерская, верхолаз, каменщик.

V. Find 13 pairs of synonyms.

Build, wood, job, assistance, requirement, manufacture, apartment, usual, supply, different, entirely, factory, up-to-date;

Demand, flat, provide, completely, timber, modern, plant, various, construct, help, ordinary, work, produce;

VI. Find 8 pairs of antonyms.

Dismantle, useless, bottom, unusual, increase, speed up, adverse, heavy; Useful, reduce, light, favourable, assemble, usual, slow down, upper floor;

VII. Complete the sentences according to the text:

1.… is called tradesman or craftsman.

2.A fixer or a fixer mason or a builder mason is a mason who…

3.In the USA the term…

4.In some districts…, and slating and lay plaster and granolithic floors.

5.…, including the insides of manholes.

VIII. Tell the class about common building professions.

II.A few explanations to the text.

1. ... the first joint of the fingers – первыми фалангами пальцев 2. ... for a vast number of purposes – для многих целей

3. ... and they can be easier machined – и их легче обработать

III. Read and translate the text.

Modern Building Materials

Part I

Some of the most important building materials are: timber, brick, stone, concrete, metal, plastics and glass.

Timber is provided by different kinds of trees. Timbers used for building purposes are divided into two groups called softwoods and hardwoods. Timber is at present not so much used in building construction, as in railway engineering, in mining and in the chemical industry where it provides a number of valuable materials.

However, timber is still employed as a building material in the form of boards. For the interior of buildings plywood and veneer serve a number of purposes.

A brick is best described as a "building unit". It may be made of clay by moulding and baking in kilns, of concrete, of mortar or of a composition of sawdust and other materials. In shape it is a rectangular solid and its weight is from 6.5 to 9 Lb.

There exists variety of bricks for different purposes: ordinary, hollow or porous, lightweight, multicolor bricks for decorative purposes, etc. Bricks are usually laid in place with the help of mortar.

The shape and convenient size of brick enables a man to grip it with an easy confidence and, because of this, brick building has been popular for many hundreds of years. The hand of the average man is large enough to take a brick and he is able to handle more than 500 bricks in an eight-hour working day.

It is necessary, therefore, for the "would be" bricklayer to practise handling a brick until he can control it with complete mastery and until he is able to place it into any desired position.

The brick may be securely handled by placing the hand over the surface of the upper part of a brick and by placing the thumb centrally down the face of the brick with *the first joints of the fingers on the opposite face. It is better to protect the thumb and the fingers with leather pads, which also prevent the skin from rough bricks.

Sometimes natural stones such as marble, granite, basalt, limestone and sandstone are used for the construction of dams and foundations. Marble, granite and sandstone are widely used for decorative purposes as well, especially with the public buildings.

Natural stone is used for foundations and for the construction of dams. The main varieties of building stone are basalt, granite, marble, sandstone and limestone.

Metals: Aluminium, principally in the form of various alloys, is highly valued for its durability and especially for its light weight, while brass is frequently used for decorative purposes in facing.

Steel finds its use in corrugated sheets for roofing, for girders, frames, etc. Various shapes are employed in construction.

Plastics are artificial materials used in construction work *for a vast number of purposes. Nowadays plastics, which are artificial materials, can be applied to almost every branch of building, from the laying of foundation to the final coat of paint. Synthetic resins are the main raw material for plastics. Plastics have some good advantages as they are lighter than metals, not subject to corrosion, *and they can be easier machined. Besides, they are inflammable, they can take any color and pattern, and they are good electrical insulators. More over, they possess a high resistance to chemical action.

A lot of decorative plastics, now available, have brought about a revolution in interior and exterior design. But plastics are used now not only for decoration. These materials are sufficiently rigid to stand on their own without

any support. They can be worked with ordinary builders' tools.

Laminate is a strong material manufactured from many layers of paper or textile impregnated with thermosetting resins. This sandwich is then pressed and subjected to heat. Laminate has been devel oped for both inside and outside use. It resists severe weather conditions for more than ten years without serious deformation. As a structural material it is recommended for exterior work. Being used for surfacing, laminate gives the tough surface.

Foamed glass is a high-porosity heat insulating material, available in block made of fine-ground glass and a frothing agent.

Foamed glass is widely used in prefabricated house building, to ensure heat insulation of exterior wall panels, and in industrial construction.

Foamed glass has a high mechanical strength, is distinguished by moisture, vapour and gas impermeability. It is non-inflammable, offers resistance to frost, possesses a high sound adsorption, and it is easily sewn and nailed.

Structural foamed glass blocks designed to fill ceilings, and for making interior partitions in buildings and rooms, to ensure heat and sound insulation.

For insulation mineral wool or cinder wool is often resorted to.

IV. Add the missing parts of the sentences from the text.

1. ...for building purposes are divided into two groups called softwoods and hardwoods.

2. However, timber is still employed ...

3. ... ordinary, hollow or porous, lightweight, multicolor bricks for decorative purposes, etc.

4. ... they use natural stones such as marble, granite, basalt, limestone and sandstone.

5. ... while brass is frequently used for decorative purposes in facing. 6. These materials are sufficiently rigid to stand...

7. ... severe weather conditions for more than ten years without serious deformation.

8. ... to ensure heat insulation of exterior wall panels, and in industrial construction.

9.It is non-inflammable, offers resistance to frost,...

V. Translate into English, and find sentences in the text with following wordcombinations.

Прямоугольное твердое тело, держать кирпич с легкой уверенностью, восьмичасовой рабочий день, шлаковая вата, преднапряженный бетон, площадь поперечного сечения, выдержать напряжение растяжения (растягивающее напряжение).

VI. Tell the group about any of the building materials.

VII. discuss different building materials from the text finishing the following phrases:

1.What you need most of all is...

2.Another important thing is...

3.... can make a real difference.

4.I think ... is pretty important too.

IX. Answer following questions. Then read the text and check your meanings.

1.Why is concrete more fit for foundation?

2.What floor covering is the best?

3.What colour should bedroom walls be? (kitchen walls, living-room

walls)

4.What should a chimney be made of?

5.Why is it nice to have a mantelpiece?

6.What timber is considered to be the best for the window frames?

7.What professionals does a construction team need?

Modern Building Materials

Part II

Concrete is perhaps the most widely spread building material used nowadays. Concrete is an artificial stone, made by thoroughly mixing such natural ingredients or aggregates as cement, sand and gravel or broken stone together with sufficient water to produce a mixture of the proper consistency. It has many valuable properties. It sets under water, can be poured into moulds so as to get almost any desirable form, and together with steel in reinforced concrete it has very high strength, and also resists fire. Prestressed concrete is most widely used at present while prefabricated blocks are employed on vast scale for skeleton structures.

AGGREGATES FOR CONCRETE

By the simple definition from the dictionary "aggregates are the materials, such as sand and small stones, that are mixed with cement to form concrete". In other words aggregates (or cushioning materials) can be defined as a mass of practically inert mineral materials, which, when surrounded and bonded together by an active binder, form the rock. This rock is denoted by the general term concrete.

Aggregates have three principal functions in the concrete: they provide a relatively cheap filler for the concreting material, or binder; they provide a mass of particles which are suitable for resisting the action of applied loads, of abrasion, of percolation of moisture through the mass, and of climate factors; they reduce volume chang es resulting from the action of the setting and hardening of the concrete mass.

All aggregates, both natural and artificial, which have sufficient strength and resistance to weathering, and which do not contain harmful impurities may be used for making concrete.

As aggregates such natural materials as sand, pebbles, broken stone, broken brick, gravel, slag, cinder, pumice and others can be used.

PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

Prestressed concrete is not a new material. Its successful use has been developed rapidly during the last two decades, chiefly because steel of a more suitable character has been produced. Concrete is strong in compression but weak when used for tensile stresses.

If, therefore, we consider a beam made of plain concrete, and spanning a certain distance, it will at once be realized that the beam's own weight will cause the beam to "sag" or bend. This sagging at once puts the lower edge of the beam in tension, and if the cross-sectional area is small, causes it to break, especially if the span is relatively large.

If, *on the other hand1, we use a beam of similar cross-section, but incorporate steel bars in the lower portion, the steel will resist the tensile stress derived from the sag of the beam, and thus assist in preventing it from breaking.

In prestressed concrete steel is not used as reinforcement, but as a means of producing a suitable compressive stress in the concrete. Therefore any beam (or member) made of prestressed concrete is permanently under compression, and is consequently devoid of crack under normal loading, or so long as the "elastic limit" is not exceeded.

Prestressed concrete is not only used for beams but is now employed extensively for columns, pipes, and cylindrical water towers, storage tanks, etc.

X.Translate following phrases.

1.A relatively cheap filler, the proper consistency, resistance to weathering, spanning a certain distance, the cross sectional area, negotiated fee.

2.Вредные примеси, удачное использование, цементируемый материал, искусственный камень, быть постоянно под напряжением, заполняющие материалы.

XI. Write out international words out from the text and translate them without a dictionary.

XII. Add the missing parts of the sentences from the text.

1. ... to produce a mixture of the proper consistency.

2. Concrete is an artificial stone, made by thoroughly...

3. ... they provide a relatively cheap filler for the concreting material,

or binder; ...

4. This sagging at once puts the lower edge...

5. ... as a means of producing a suitable compressive stress in the

concrete.

6. ... any beam made of prestressed concrete is permanently under

compression...

7. This sagging at once puts the lower edge....

XIII. Share your opinion.

1.Why is concrete more fit for foundation?

2.What floor covering is the best?

3.What color should bedroom walls be? (Kitchen walls, room walls)

4.What should a chimney be made of?

5.Why is it nice to have a mantelpiece?

6.What timber is considered to be the best for the window frames?

7.What professionals does a construction team need?

UNIT 5

SILICATE INDUSTRY

I.Read and translate the text paying attention to the following words.

1.It embraces the production of cement, glass and ceramics. – она включает производство цемента, стекла и керамики.

2.… does not become hard at once. - … не застывает сразу.

3. ..., which is not subject to disintegration or decay. – который не подвержен разрушению или загниванию.

4. ... on external agent for setting power. – от внешнего фактора для

Silicate Industry

Silicate industry is the industry processing the natural compounds of silicon. *It embraces the production of cement, glass, and ceramics.

The production of ceramic goods is based on the property of clay when mixed with water to form putty, from which various articles can easily be moulded. When these are dried and then for easily moulding baked, that is, ignited at a high temperature, they become hard and retain their shape, no longer being softened by water.

In this way clay, mixed water and sand is moulded into bricks, which are then dried and baked. The materials used to make silicate bricks are white sand and slaked lime.

Cement Production. Cement is made from limestone and clay, or from their natural mixture, marls. The materials roasted in cylindrical rotary kilns are charged into a slowly rotating kiln at its upper end and travel, mixing continuously, towards the lower end, while a current of hot gases, the products of the burning of fuel, flows in the opposite direction. During the period of their movement through the kiln the clay and the limestone react chemically, and the material emerging from the kiln in lumps of a caked mass is cement, which is