1523

restrained and developed a sober quiet monumentally impressive in its refinement. In the Protestant countries and France, which sought the spirit through the mind, architecture was more geometric, formal, and precise — an appeal to the intellect.

Hardouin-Mansart's Dome des Invalides, Paris (c. 1675), is generally agreed to be the finest church of the last half of the 17th century in France. The correctness and precision of its form, the harmony and balance of its spaces, and the soaring vigour of its dome make it a landmark not only of the Paris skyline but also of European Baroque architecture.

Other greatest works of this style are the church of Santa Susanna (Maderno, c.1597), Versailles (Le Vau), National Palace in Madrid (Sacchelti, 1736), Royal Palace at Caserta (Vanvitelli, 1752).

Vocabulary

to apply - применять to derive - происходить

the Middle Ages - Средние века, Средневековье obstacle - препятствие

pearl - жемчуг vivid - яркий, ясный hidden - скрытый

luxurious - роскошный

elaborate - тщательно разработанный, искусно сделанный surface - поверхность

means - средство faith - вера

preceding - предшествующий rapidly - быстро

to tend - иметь тенденцию; направляться the remainder - остальная часть restrained - сдержанный

sober - трезвый, спокойный (о красках) refinement - утонченность

to seek (sought) - искать; обращаться spirit - дух

precise - точный

an appeal - призыв, обращение

I. Choose the right form of the adjective.

1. Baroque space contrasted with the static, defined space of the ...

c)geometric

5.Dome des Invalides, Paris is generally agreed to be ... church of the last half of the 17th century in France.

II. Choose the right sentences.

1.During the Baroque period architecture and sculpture became pictorial.

a)Baroque architects and sculptors used luxurious materials.

b)"Baroque" means imperfectly shaped pearl.

c)Baroque architects and sculptors used the methods of painting.

2.Baroque art was concerned with vivid colours, hidden light sources and elaborate contrasting surface structures.

a)Baroque art was characterized by vivid colours, hidden light sources and elaborate contrasting surface structures.

b)The Baroque never exploited hidden light sources.

c)The Baroque developed from the early 17th century to the mid 18th

century.

3.This style contrasted markedly with the High Renaissance and Mannerism.

a)The Baroque resembled the High Renaissance and Mannerism.

b)The Baroque had little in common with the High Renaissance and Mannerism.

c)The Mannerist period featured the frustrating conflict of unbalanced

spaces.

4.In Protestant regions architecture was restrained.

a)In Protestant regions architecture was austere.

b)In Protestant regions architecture had free and active forms.

5.Domes des Invalides is the finest church of European Baroque Architecture.

a)Domes des Invalides is the finest church of the 18th century.

b)Domes des Invalides was built in 1675.

c)Domes des Invalides is a masterpiece of European Baroque ar-

chitecture.

III. Circle a), b), or c) to complete the following sentences.

1.The term "Baroque" was used by philosophers ...

a)during the period of the Enlightenment

b)during the Middle Ages

c)in ancient times

2.During the Baroque period architecture and sculpture became ...

c)scientific research

5.The Baroque rapidly developed into two separate ...

Text 2

Read the text and speak on the difference between the Baroque and Rococo.

ROCOCO

During the period of the Enlightenment (about 1700 to 1780), various currents of post-Baroque art and architecture evolved. A principal current, generally known as Rococo, refined the robust architecture of the 17th century to suit elegant 18th-century tastes. Vivid colours were replaced by pastel shades; diffuse light flooded the building volume; violent surface relief was replaced by smooth flowing masses with emphasis only at isolated points. Churches and palaces still exhibited an integration of the three arts, but the building structure was lightened to render interiors graceful and ethereal. Interior and exterior space retained none of the bravado and dominance of the Baroque but entertained and captured the imagination by intricacy and subtlety.

By progressively modifying the Renaissance-Baroque horizontal separation into discrete parts, Rococo architects obtained unified spaces, emphasized structural elements, created continuous decorative schemes, and reduced column sizes to a minimum. In churches, the ceilings of side aisles were raised to the height of the nave ceiling to unify the space from wall to wall (Church of the Carmine, Turin, Italy, 1732, by Filippo Juvarra; Pilgrimage Church, Steinhausen, near Biberach, Germany, 1728, by Domini-kus Zimmermann; Saint-Jacques, Luneville, France, 1730, by Germain Boffrand.

Vocabulary to evolve - происходить, возникать

current - течение

robust - крепкий; сильный; грубый to replace - заменять

to flood - литься потоком flowing - текущий

ethereal - легкий, воздушный

to retain - сохранять, поддерживать to entertain - занимать, извлекать to capture - захватывать, увлекать intricacy - запутанность, сложность subtlety - тонкость, нежность

discrete - раздельный, состоящий из разрозненных частей to obtain - получать, приобретать

to reduce - сокращать, уменьшать

NEOCLASSICISM

Warming-up

1.Why is this style called Neoclassicism?

2.How did excavations at the newly discovered ancient cities influence Neoclassicism?

3.What are the finest examples of this style?

Read the text and tell about the qualities of Neoclassical architecture.

The classicism that flourished in the period of 1750 - 1830 is often known as Neoclassicism, in order to distinguish it from the classical architecture of ancient Rome or of the Renaissance.

The search for the intellectual and architectural truth characterized the period. Stylistically this began with an onslaught on Baroque architecture, which - with its emphasis on illusion and applied ornament - was felt to be manifestly untruthful.

Essentially representing a new taste for classical serenity and archaeologically correct forms, 18th-century classicism manifested itself in all the arts.

The discovery, exploration, and archaeological investigation of classical sites in Italy, Greece, and Asia Minor were crucial to the emergence of Neoclassicism.

The centre of international Neoclassicism was Rome. The cradle of Italian antiquities, it provided the stage, but the leading actors in the Neoclassical drama were French, German, or English; very little was contributed by Italians to this new movement. The centre of activity was the French Academy. The winners of the Academy's Prix de Rome went to Italy to study the monuments firsthand. The projects produced by the French Prix de Rome winners are characterized by their grandeur of scale; strict geometric organization; simplicity of geometric forms; Greek or Roman detail; dramatic use of columns, particularly to articulate interior spaces and create urban landscapes; and a preference for blank walls and the contrast of formal volumes and textures. The same qualities describe Neoclassical architecture as it was to emerge throughout Europe and in America.

Vocabulary

search – поиск

onslaught – нападение, атака serenity – ясность

to manifest – проявлять

exploration – изучение, исследование crucial – решающий

emergence – появление cradle – колыбель

to contribute – вносить вклад to articulate – выделять

I. Complete the following sentences.

1.Stylistically this began with an onslaught on ...

a)Romanesque architecture

b)Greek architecture

c)Baroque architecture

2.The excavations of classical sites were held in Italy, Greece, and

a)Asia Minor

b)Egypt

c)India

3.The projects produced by the winners are characterized by ...

a)rich floral decorations

b)stained glass windows

c)a preference for blank walls

4.There were also the strict geometric organization and ...

a)simplicity of geometric forms

b)spatially complex compositions

c)massive walls and round arches

5.Neoclassicism emerged throughout Europe and in ...

a)Africa

b)Asia

c)America

THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE TURN OF THE CENTURIES

Warming up

1.When did Art Nouveau develop?

2.What outstanding architects of Art Nouveau do you know?

3.How is this style called in Russia?

Read the text and speak on the aesthetics of Art Nouveau

ART NOUVEAU

An individual and highly romantic reaction to the currents of eclecticism and academic classicism (Ecole des Beaux-Arts in late 19th century architecture) Art Nouveau was a diverse phenomenon which affected most of Europe and, some historians argue, even North America between 1890 and 1910. It was known at the time under a variety of rubrics — for instance, in England it was the "modern style", in Germany it was called the Ju-gendstil, in France it was known variously as the "style nouille" (noodle style), "style Guimard" (after Henry Guimard, who designed the decorative entrance to the Paris Metro Stations in 1899), or Art Nouveau. The Austrians named it Secessionsstil; in Italy it was the "stile Liberty" or "stile floreale", and in Spain "modernisme".

Often referred to simply as the style 1900, Art Nouveau expresses an essentially decorative trend that aims to highlight the ornamental value of the curved line, which may be floral in origin (Belgium, France) or geometric (Scotland, Austria). This line gives rise to two-dimensional, slender, undulating and invariably asymmetrical forms. The applied arts were the first to be affected (textiles by William Morris, 1880; wood-engraved title page to Wren's City Churches by Arthur H. Mackmurdo, 1883; vases by Emile Galle, 1884; ornamental lettering by Fernand Khnopff and Georges Lemmen, 1890-1; mural tapestry The Angels' Vigil by Henry van deVelde; 1893; furniture by de Gustave Serrurier-Bovy, 1891).

Among the most characteristic architectural products of Art Nouveau, widely differing in purpose and plastic expression, were: the houses built by Paul Hankar in Brussels (1893 – 1900); works of Willem Kromhout (1864 – 1940), Th. Sluyterman (1863 – 1931) and L. A. H. Wolf in the Netherlands; Guimard's Castel Beranger (1897 – 1898), entrances to Metro stations and the auditorium of the Humbert de Romans building (1902, destroyed) in Paris; Horta's Maison du Peuple (1896 – 1899, destroyed) and the former Hotel Solvay (1895 – 1900) in Brussels.

In Russia Art Nouveau is represented in the works of F. Shekhtel, (S. Ryabushinsky's Mansion (1900), the building for the newspaper "Utro Rossii" (Moscow, 1907).

All these works are the result of an attempt to put an end to imitations of past styles; in its place is offered a florid type of architecture, which exploits craft skills, using coloured materials (faience cabochons, stoneware, terracotta panels, stained glass), exotic veneers, moulded stonework, grilles, balconies, and tapered brackets in wrought iron; and burgeoning with asymmetrical door – and window – frames, bow and horseshoe windows, etc.

In the later phases of Art Nouveau, facade decoration was accompanied by a powerful plastic treatment of the whole building, either by the dramatic accentuation of individual parts of the structure (Glasgow Art School, 18981909, by Mackintosh) or by the sculptural modelling of the whole building mass (Werkbundtheater, Cologne, 1914 by van de Velde; Casa Mila, Barcelona, 1905

– 1910, by Gaudi).

Art Nouveau was first and foremost an aesthetic undertaking, based on social theories and inspired by aesthetes such as Ruskin, Morris and Oscar Wilde. It was born of a reaction to the rise of industrialism.

Distinguished architects of the Art Nouveau style, such as Mackintosh, Behrens and the Viennese masters became pioneers of modern architecture, it is true, but with their forward-looking buildings they overstepped the frontiers which the style had imposed upon its adherents.

Vocabulary

Current – поток, течение Diverse – разнообразный to argue – спорить

rubric – название, заголовок instance – пример

noodle – лапша entrance – вход

to refer – иметь отношение, относиться

to highlight – выдвигать на первый план; придать большое значение two-dimensional – двухмерный

undulating – волнистый

the applied art – прикладное искусство to engrave – гравировать

former – бывший attempt – попытка to offer – предлагать craft – ремесло

stoneware – керамические изделия stained glass – витраж

veneer – шпон; однослойная фанера; (кирпичная) облицовка wrought iron – ковкая мягкая сталь

horseshoe – подкова treatment – обработка to inspire – вдохновлять

to impose – налагать (обязательство) adherent – сторонник

I Choose the right sentence

1.Art Nouveau was a reaction to the currents of eclecticism and academic classicism at the turn of the 19th century.

a)Art Nouveau was a reaction against Neo-Gothic.

b)It was a reaction to the currents of eclecticism and academic classicism in the late 19th century.

2.This style has a lot of rubrics.

a)It is often referred to as "style 1900".

b)It was the "modern style" in England.

c)It is known under a variety of titles.

3.The curved line gives rise to invariably asymmetrical forms.

a)A florid type of architecture exploits craft skills.

b)The whiplash line creates constantly asymmetrical forms.

4.Fyodor Shekhtel is the main representative of Art Nouveau in Russia.

a)Ryabushinsky's mansion by Fyodor Shekhtel is one the best works of Art Nouveau in Russia.

b)Mackintosh is an outstanding representative of Art Nouveau in

Scotland.

5.Art Nouveau was inspired by Ruskin, Morris and Oscar Wilde.

a)The echoes of Gothic had a considerable effect on the age and emerged in some Art Nouveau works.

b)Art Nouveau was an aesthetic undertaking.

c)Ruskin, Morris and Oscar Wilde were the inspirers of Art Nouveau.

II. Complete the following sentences

1. Art Nouveau is characterized by ... and asymmetrical forms, a) plain surfaces b) whiplash lines

c)symmetrical composition

2.This decorative trend highlights ... of the curved line,

c)ornamental value

3.It was an attempt to put an end to imitations of... styles,

a) past b) new c) different

4. This architecture exploits craft skills, using ...

c)computer technology

III. Answer the following questions. Only one variant is correct from the three choices

1. What does Art Nouveau exploit?

a)This style exploits the effects of illusionism.

b)The artists of Art Nouveau imitate past styles.

c)It exploits craft skills using coloured materials.

2.What were the sources of Art Nouveau?

a)Increasing interest in archaeology was crucial to the emergence of Art

Nouveau.

b)It was inspired by such aesthetes as Ruskin, Morrison, and Oscar

Wilde.

c)It adopted the ideas of Constructivism.

3.What kind of reaction was Art Nouveau born of?

a)It began with an onslaught on Baroque architecture.

b)It was the reaction to the ban on human representation.

c)It was born of a reaction to the rise of industrialism.

4.What were the decorative elements of this trend?

a)Art Nouveau featured exotic veneers, moulded stonework, assymmetrical door-and window frames, horseshoe windows.

b)It was characterized by unadorned exteriors and interiors.

c)The Doric order was preferred during this period.

5.Who were the greatest architects of Art Nouveau?

a)Carlo Rossi is one of the greatest representatives of the modern style.

b)August Endell, Charles R. Mackintosh and Antonio Gaudi are among those who created this style.

c)Filippo Brunelleschi is supposed to be its initiator.