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whitesmith who specializes in pewter work is known as a pewtersmith. Unlike blacksmiths (who work mostly with hot metal), whitesmiths do the majority of their work on cold metal (although they might use a hearth to heat and help shape their raw materials). The term is also applied to metalworkers who do only finishing work – such as filing or polishing – on iron nd other "black" metals. Whitesmiths fabricate items such as tin or pewter cups, water pitchers, forks, spoons, and candle holders and it was a common occupation in pre-industrial times

Задание 12. Прочитайте и переведите данные ниже предложения. На основе всех сведений, полученных об обозначенном понятии, составьте учебный текст на английском языке.

The craft of the tin plate worker is an ancient one.

There are well documented accounts of tinned copper and bronze articles dating from pre-Roman times.

Tinned iron sheets, the earliest tinplates, were produced in Bavaria in the fourteenth century and imported into England from at least 1483 for use in domestic articles.

The early tinplate was used for drinking vessels and for numerous household articles such as plates, bowls and lanterns.

In the mid-seventeenth century, the trade of tinplate working flourished in London, in the vicinity of London Bridge, with the craftsmen belonging to various metal working guilds, principally the Ironmongers’ Company which was founded in 1463.

In the present day, about 90% of tinplate consumed is used for canmaking and packaging.

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Steel wire is used in many forms, ranging from pins and needles, to engineering and automotive components such as springs, bars and rods, whilst copper based wire is the mainstay of the electrical and electronic industries.

The production and use of steel and copper are no longer the province of craftsmen, but are highly automated, high technology industries.

http://www.tinplateworkers.co.uk/history-heritage/

Задание 13. Работайте в парах. Составьте 3 вопроса по тексту и обсудите их с вашим партнером.

Задание 14. Дополните схему сведениями о том, какие инструменты использует паяльщик, с какими материалами работает, каковы цели и результаты его работы. Дополните схему, используя сведения из текста (с. 81). Переведите схему на английский язык и разверните ее в учебный текст на английском языке.

паяльщик

инструменты

Сантехник

plumbing specialist, sanitary technician, plumber

Задание 15. Изучите таблицу, выпишите транскрипцию терминов из словаря. Используйте полученную информацию при выполнении следующего задания.

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Задание 16. Сопоставьте информацию, представленную в толковании и в переводе. Дополните ее, где необходимо.

Задание 17. Переведите текст. На основе сведений, полученных о понятии, составьте учебный текст на английском языке.

A plumber is someone who specializes in the installation and repair of pipes that are used to carry water, gas, sewage, and wastewater. These pipes are often collectively referred to as “plumbing.” Members of this profession typically train as apprentices before striking out on their own; in some regions, they must take licensing exams before establishing their own businesses. This ensures that they are familiar with prevailing health and safety codes, since poorly installed pipes can have very serious consequences.

The word is derived from the Latin plumbum, for “lead.” Historically, all pipes and joints were made from lead, and plumbers were literally “lead workers” in addition to pipe-layers. Although lead piping has since been banned in most regions of the world due to health concerns, the profession retains its name. Since these experts often delve into the depths of pipes to clear clogs or diagnose problems, the term “plumbing” is used colloquially to describe deeply digging for information. Incidentally, “plumb” as in “level” is also related to plumbum; workers used to dangle chunks of lead on string from frames and other structures to check to see if they were level.

When a new building is being constructed, a plumber is typically part of the construction crew. He/she determines where pipes should be laid, and takes care of the installation of these pipes. This professional also typically

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connects the internal piping to external fixtures like sinks, showers, and washing machines. A plumber may also handle gas lines for heating and cooking, and some also pursue certification in heating and cooling systems as well. Often, they work in concert with electricians, professionals who specializes in electrical matters.

Plumbers also repair breaks and replace old piping. One may be called to unclog a toilet, fix a leaky faucet, or to check on old pipes that may be warped or leaking. Some of these tasks can be accomplished by an amateur, but others do require a professional, along with his or her specialized tools. Things like drains and repiping can also get quite complicated, and plumbers sometimes uncover unpleasant surprises like rot during their course of their work, which may necessitate getting another professional involved to fix the problem.

Employment prospects in this profession are generally good, since people in regions of the world with plumbing generally like to have it function smoothly. In areas of the world without it, development initiatives are slowly promoting its adoption for health and safety reasons, which means that the number of jobs in this field will probably rise in these areas.

http://www.wisegeek.org/what-does-a-plumber-do.htm

Задание 18. Ответьте на вопросы, не глядя в текст:

1.What is “plumbing”?

2.Why was lead piping prohibited in some parts of the world?

3.What are the plumber’s duties?

Задание 19. Сопоставьте объемы понятий, самостоятельно постройте опорную схему, отображающую объем и содержание понятия, а также связи его с ключевыми понятиями строительства.

сантехник

инструменты

материалы

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Сварщик

Welder, welder operator

Задание 20. Изучите таблицу, выпишите транскрипцию терминов из словаря. Используйте полученную информацию при выполнении следующего задания.

Задание 21. Дайте перевод толкования понятия.

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Задание 22. Переведите текст, выделите основную информацию, оформите ее в виде опорной схемы. Перескажите текст, опираясь на полученную схему.

Welding, without the proper precautions appropriate for the process, can be a dangerous and unhealthy practice. However, with the use of new technology and proper protection, the risks of injury and death associated with welding can be greatly reduced. Because many common welding procedures involve an open electric arc or flame, the risk of burns is significant. To prevent them, welders wear personal protective equipment in the form of heavy leather gloves and protective long sleeve jackets to avoid exposure to extreme heat and flames. Additionally, the brightness of the weld area leads to a condition called arc eye in which ultraviolet light causes the inflammation of the cornea and can burn the retinas of the eyes. Full face welding helmets with dark face plates are worn to prevent this exposure, and in recent years, new helmet models have been produced that feature a face plate that self-darkens upon exposure to high amounts of UV light. To protect bystanders, opaque welding curtains often surround the welding area. These curtains, made of a polyvinyl chloride plastic film, shield nearby workers from exposure to the UV light from the electric arc, but should not be used to replace the filter glass used in helmets.

Welders are also often exposed to dangerous gases and particulate matter. Processes like flux-cored arc welding and shielded metal arc welding produce smoke containing particles of various types of oxides, which in some cases can lead to medical conditions like metal fume fever. The size of the particles in question tends to influence the toxicity of the fumes, with smaller particles presenting a greater danger. Additionally, many processes produce fumes and various gases, most commonly carbone dioxide and ozone, that can prove dangerous if ventilation is inadequate. Furthermore, because the use of compressed gases and flames in many welding processes pose an explosion and fire risk, some common precautions include limiting the amount of oxygen in the air and keeping combustible materials away from the workplace. Welders with expertise in welding pressurized vessels, including submarine hulls, industrial boilers, and power plant heat exchangers and boilers, are generally referred to as boilermakers.

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Задание 23. Работайте в парах. Составьте 3 вопроса по тексту и обсудите их с вашим партнером.

Теплотехник

Thermal engineer, hot water fitter, heating engineer

Задание 24. Дайте перевод толкования понятия.

Задание 25. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Схематично представьте его содержание.

A thermal engineer is a specialist who uses knowledge of thermodynamics to design and build systems that transfer heat or energy. A strong knowledge of fluid dynamics is often needed by these engineers because liquids and gases are commonly the media through which heat is transferred. Within the field of thermal engineering, there are a number of other specialized fields. Thermal engineers may work with very small systems, such as those within electronics or very large systems, such as those in buildings or vehicles. Additionally, a thermal engineer may be expected to design or build systems that transfer heat into or out of other forms of energy.

One common responsibility of a thermal engineer is designing systems for heating and cooling. These systems can be small, such as those found in computers or electronics, or large, such as those found in buildings or aircraft. Fluids or gases are often used to move heat around the system so that it remains at optimal temperature.

A good understanding of thermodynamics, the study of how heat moves through a system, is essential to a thermal engineer. Different fluids, liquids, and solid materials transfer heat in different ways. When designing or build-

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ing heat transfer systems, engineers take into account the various materials used. Experiments and simulations often give these engineers a great deal of information about the way heat will move through the finished system.

The duties of a thermal engineer can involve the actual design and construction of these systems, or they can be more theoretical in nature. Computer models and simulations are often used in thermodynamics to predict how a system will respond to changes in temperature, whether the changes are created by external sources or by internal processes. A thermal engineer may be employed in order to provide analysis and advice in the development of complex systems.

It is also possible for a thermal engineer to work with the transference of heat to or from other types of energy. Heat, motion, electrical activity and chemical change can be transformed into one another which may be desirable or an effect that needs to be counteracted by a thermal engineer. An engineer may design ways to move the heat away from the mechanical parts of a machine so that the heat generated from the motion of the machine does not damage it. Electrical energy can also be generated from an increase in a system’s temperature, which, depending on the nature of the system, may need to be harnessed or countered.

http://www.wisegeek.com/what-does-a-thermal-engineer-do.htm

Задание 26. Работайте в парах. Составьте 3 вопроса по тексту и обсудите их с вашим партнером.

Электротехник

Electrician

Задание 27. Изучите таблицу, выпишите транскрипцию терминов из словаря. Заполните пустые строки.

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Задание 28. Сопоставьте информацию, представленную в толковании и в переводе. Дополните ее, где необходимо.

Задание 29. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Схематично представьте его содержание. На основе определения и основной информации текста составьте учебный текст на английском языке и перескажите его.

An electrician specializes in the installation, operation, repair, and maintenance of electrical systems. These systems include wiring, circuit boards, and electronics. This profession is incredibly varied, and in some parts of the world it can pay very well, due to the three to five year training period required for an electrician to be successful. Consumers interact with the work of electricians every day in communities with electricity, and many people have a preferred electrician for electrical repair around homes and businesses.

Some people like to distinguish between an electrician and a lineman, depending on regional nomenclature. In this sense, an electrician works on internal wiring in homes and other buildings, while a lineman works on outside electrical lines and in power generation facilities. Due to the much higher currents involved in this work, being a lineman can be very dangerous, es-

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pecially when linemen are sent out to respond to downed power lines and other emergencies which can occur in inclement weather.

When a structure is built, an electrician is an important part of the building team. He/she installs conduit in the walls as they are built for the purpose of running electrical wiring, and if built in heating and cooling systems are being installed, an electrician will also install vents and piping for these systems. As the house is finished, the electrician installs electrical sockets for the purpose of plugging in electrical equipment and installing light bulbs. Specialized circuits may also be installed for equipment which drains power, such as stoves and heaters.

Electricians may also install complex electrical equipment, and they are familiar with the operation of electronics and the various tools of their trade, from breaker boxes to voltage meters. Maintenance and repair services are also offered by professional electricians, ranging from troubleshooting malfunctioning electric stoves to replacing aged wiring. Many electricians work as freelancers, carrying their equipment with them in vans or trucks and traveling to sites as needed.

Someone who wants to become an electrician should plan on going to trade school or serving a professional apprenticeship. During apprenticeship, he/she will learn about how to safely handle electricity and how to install electrical components. Training also includes familiarization with prevailing local codes, and a mentor may also offer training in dealing with various other professional trades in the capacity of an electrician. Once training is complete, a journeyman electrician can pursue professional certification or licensing, if required in his or her region.

http://www.wisegeek.com/what-does-an-electrician-do.htm

Задание 30. Ответьте на вопросы, не глядя в текст:

1.What do an electrician specialize in?

2.What is the difference between an electrician and a lineman?

3.How can you become an electrician?

Задание 31. Дополните схему сведениями о том, какие инструменты использует электротехник, какие специализации в данной профессии выделяются, с какими материалами работает, какие виды работ выполняет, каковы цели и результаты его работы. Дополните схему,

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