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Задание 26. Прочитайте текст, организуйте информацию, представленную в тексте, в виде опорной схемы. Перескажите текст, опираясь на полученную схему.

A joiner is a craftsman who works with wood. Over the years, the precise meaning of the term has changed, and its use is not always consistent. The distinction between a joiner and a carpenter is not always clear. In some cases, the term “joiner” refers to someone who creates objects that fit together with joins rather than nails, while sometimes it refers to a woodworker who produces finely detailed work, with or without nails.

In traditional joinery, wooden items such as furniture, chests, cabinets and window frames are crafted so pegs and slots fit together to form a firm, tight join. This technique has its origins in the Medieval period, when wooden objects were built without expensive iron nails. Traditional joinery techniques are still widely regarded as a sign of quality in home furnishings.

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Joinery is one of a number of wood crafts with traditions dating back centuries. Cultures around the world have used joinery techniques to create furniture and other wooden objects. Traditional Chinese woodworkers are known for using joinery to produce strong but elegant chairs, tables, and chests. The origins of the modern trade of joinery, however, are in Medieval Europe.

The term “joiner” originated in the 14th century, coming into English from French. The word derives from the French for “to join” and initially referred to a carpenter who did lighter work, often specializing in ornament. In American English, the term is seldom used, although some names preserve the older usage. The main union for woodworkers in the United States in the early 21st century is The United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America (UBC), which was founded in 1881, but joinery is no longer considered one of its crafts. The UBC uses the older definition of a joiner as a craftsman who works without nails.

In the United Kingdom, where the term is more widely used, the craft is usually divided into two specializations. Bench joinery is the creation of wooden components in a workshop environment, while site joinery and site carpentry deal with the assembly and installation of wooden components at the site of construction. Roughly speaking, site carpentry refers to the creation of wooden structures, while site joinery refers to the fitting of smaller wooden components such as windows, stairs, shelves, and doors. Cabinet making is another aspect of joinery. Although glazing, the installation of window glass, is a separate craft, some joinery businesses have expanded from simply creating window frames to installing complete windows.

http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-joiner.htm

Задание 27. Ответьте на вопросы, не глядя в текст:

1.What is the difference between a joiner and a carpenter?

2.What are pegs used for?

3.What do you know about the history of joinery?

Задание 28. Сопоставьте объемы понятий, самостоятельно постройте опорную схему, отображающую объем и содержание понятия, а также связи его с ключевыми понятиями строительства.

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Модуль 4. РАБОТА С ОБОРУДОВАНИЕМ

(WORK WITH CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT)

Водопроводчик

plumber, pipe fitter, internal plumber

Задание 1. Изучите таблицу, выпишите транскрипцию терминов из словаря.

Задание 2. На основе информации, данной в переводе, и текста, представленного после таблицы, дайте развернутое толкование понятия.

The word “plumber” dates from the Roman Empire. In Roman times lead was known as plumbum in Latin (hence the abbreviation of ‘Pb’ for lead on the periodic table of the elements). Roman roofs used lead in conduits and drain pipes and some were also covered with lead, lead was also used for piping and for making baths. In medieval times anyone who worked with lead was referred to as a plumber as can be seen from an extract of workmen fixing a roof in Westminster Palace and were referred to as plumbers "To Gilbert de Westminster, plumber, working about the roof of the pantry of the little hall, covering it with lead, and about various defects in the roof of the little hall". Thus a person with expertise in working with lead was first known as a Plumbarius which was later shortened to plumber.

Years of training and/or experience are needed to become a skilled plumber; some jurisdictions also require that plumbers be licensed.

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Some needed skills, interests, and values:

Reading drawings, and specifications to determine layout of water supply, waste, and venting systems

Detecting faults in plumbing appliances and systems, and correctly diagnosing their causes

Installing, repairing and maintaining domestic, commercial, and industrial plumbing fixtures and systems

Locating and marking positions for pipe connections, passage holes, and fixtures in walls and floors

Measuring, cutting, bending, and threading pipes using hand and power tools or machines

Joining pipes and fittings together using soldering techniques, compression fittings, threaded fittings, and push-on fittings.

Testing pipes for leaks using air and water pressure gauges

Awareness of legal regulations and safety issues

Ensuring safety standards and build regulations are met.

Задание 3. Ответьте на вопросы, не глядя в текст:

1.What did the word plumber mean in Roman times?

2.What skills should plumbers have?

Задание 4. Дополните схему сведениями о том, какие специальности водопроводчика бывают, какие инструменты и материалы используют водопроводчики разных специальностей. Переведите схему на английский язык и разверните ее в учебный текст на английском языке.

водопроводчик

инструменты

материалы

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Механик

mechanic, mechanician, machinist, operator

Задание 5. Изучите таблицу, выпишите транскрипцию терминов из словаря. Используйте полученную информацию при выполнении следующего задания.

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ation mechanics, aircraft mechanics, diesel mechanics, and tank mechanics in the armed services. Auto mechanics, for example, have many trades within. Some may specialize in the electrical aspects, while others may specialize in the mechanical aspects. Other areas include: brakes and steering, automatic or standard transmission, engine repairs or diagnosing customer complaints. An auto technician has a wide variety of topics to study. A mechanic is typically certified by a trade association or regional government power

Задание 7. Изучите схему (рис. 2).

Mechanic

Auto mechanic

Heavy vehicle mechanic

Motorcycle mechanic

Small engine mechanic

Diesel mechanic

Рис. 2

Задание 8. Прочитайте и переведите текст. На основе всех сведений, полученных об обозначенном понятии, дополните схему, приведенную выше.

Mechanics use their expert knowledge to diagnose problems and perform maintenance and repairs on different types of machines and vehicles. There are

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several different types of mechanic jobs available, as professionals usually specialize within the field. Experts may work with commercial gasoline-powered automobiles, aircraft, diesel trucks and equipment, industrial machinery, or small engines.

Automobile mechanics perform repair work on passenger cars and trucks. They frequently specialize by working exclusively with electrical systems, transmissions, brake systems, or engine compartments. Mechanics might use diagnostic computer equipment to discover problems, and employ a number of different hand and power tools to make repairs. Most automobile mechanics are employed by independent repair shops and car dealerships, though some established mechanics are self-employed, working out of their own private garages.

Many elite mechanic jobs can be found in the aviation industry. Aircraft mechanics are responsible for performing preventative maintenance and repairs on various types of airplanes and helicopters. Because aircraft repair can be very detailed, a prospective mechanic must usually complete a one to four year avionics program from an accredited school. Aviation mechanic jobs are found with commercial airlines, flight schools, and private businesses.

Diesel mechanics perform detailed repair work on diesel-powered trucks, buses, boats, and construction equipment, such as cranes and bulldozers. They usually have highly specialized knowledge of complex diesel engines and transmission systems. Diesel mechanics may work for specialty shops, construction companies, or facilities that manufacture heavy equipment.

Several types of mechanic jobs can be found in the manufacturing industry. Modern factories and manufacturing plants usually employ several different types of machinery that may require regular maintenance and occasional repairs. Industrial mechanics are skilled at immediately identifying the cause of malfunctions, making quick repairs, and replacing parts as necessary to keep production moving along.

Mechanics may also specialize with small engines, diagnosing and repairing problems with various small machines. A small engine mechanic may work on motorcycles, lawnmower engines, chain saws, power tools, or other common pieces of equipment that run on gasoline or electricity. Most small engine mechanics work for repair shops, retail stores, and landscaping companies.

Many new mechanic jobs are being created due to the increasing popularity of alternative fuel vehicles and machinery. Experts with knowledge of electric engines, hydrogen cells, and various other alternative fuel systems typ-

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ically enjoy many employment opportunities. Mechanics with years of experience and educational backgrounds in engineering are often able to get involved in the research and development of new, more efficient engines and vehicles. http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-the-different-types-of-mechanic-jobs.htm

Задание 9. Работайте в парах. Составьте 3 вопроса по тексту и обсудите их с вашим партнером.

Паяльщик

tinplate worker, tinman, tinsmith, tinker, plumber, whitesmith

Задание 10. Изучите таблицу, выпишите транскрипцию терминов из словаря. Используйте полученную информацию при выполнении следующего задания.

Задание 11. Дайте перевод толкования понятия. Используйте следующие выражения:

pewter – сплав олова со свинцом tinware – жестяные изделия blacksmith – кузнец

hearth – топка; горн filing – шлифовка pitchers – кувшин

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