19. Identify the tropes in the following Russian examples:

1. Шляпа неожиданно оторвалась от чтения газет. (И. Ильф, Е. Петров)

2. Синий туман. Снеговое раздолье.

Тонкий лимонный лунный свет. (С. Есенин)

3. Утреннее солнце било в окно сквозь спущенную занавеску, и дрожащий луч, как лезвие, играл на графине. (А. Чехов)

4. ... дроби, мой гневный ямб,

Каменья. (А. Блок)

5. Сделавшись кандидатом, Круциферский сначала попытался получить место в университете; потом думал пробиться частными уроками, – но все попытки были напрасны: он унаследовал от отца удачу во всех мероприятиях. (А. Герцен)

6. Природа пела. Лес, подняв лицо,

Пел вместе с лугом.

Речка чистым телом

Звенела вся, как звонкое кольцо. (Н. Заболоцкий)

7. А бедного солдата занесло вихрем далеко-далеко, за тридевять земель, в тридесятое государство, и бросило на косе промеж двух морей; упал он на самый узкий клинышек; направо ли сонный оборотится, налево ли повернется – тотчас в море свалится, и поминай, как звали! (А. Афанасьев)

8. Мой кот, как радиоприемник,

Зеленым глазом ловит мир. (А. Вознесенский)

7. Можжевеловый куст, можжевеловый куст,

Остывающий лепет изменчивых уст. . . (Н. Заболоцкий)

10. «Не отчаивайтесь», – возразила Марья Дмитриевна и хотела потрепать ее по щеке, но – взглянула ей в лицо – и оробела. «Скромна, скромна, – подумала она, – а уж точно львица». (И. Тургенев)

11. Потому что здесь порой

ходит маленькая ножка,

Вьется локон золотой. (А. Пушкин)

12…листва, бесчисленная, как души

живших до нас на земле, лопочет

нечто на диалекте почек,…

И. Бродский

♦ Check Yourself

TEST 3

1. Choose the correct variant:

1) A trope is ___.

a) the meaning intensified

b) the meaning transferred

c) the position changed

d) the meaning emphasized

2) «Take away love and / Our earth is a(n) ___».

a) grave b) urn c) tomb d) vault

3) A fusion is ___.

a) a trope of contiguity

b) a simile

c) a comparative complex

d) a metaphor

4) «All the world is a stage, / And all the men and women merely» ___.

a) actors b) players c) clowns d) jesters

5) «The moon like a flower/ With silent delight/Sits and smiles/ ___».

a) so bright

b) on the night

c) in the night

d) at the night

6) A metaphor may be expressed through ___.

a) nouns b) verbs

c) adjectives d) any part of speech

7) A disparity action is ___.

a) a discrepancy effect b) a surprise effect

c) a variability effect d) a contiguity effect

8) A conceit is ___.

a) a religious image b) a romantic image

c) a fanciful image d) a materialized image

9) Genuine poetry can communicate before it is ___.

a) written b) understood

c) conceived d) cognized

10) «I should have been a pair of rugged сlaws» (Author) a) Wilde b) Eliot

c) Aldington d) Shakespeare

11) A ___ is more rational, the process is rather that of analogising than of conflating.

a) metaphor b) synechdoche

c) simile d) metonymy

12) Metaphor (point out to three words of the same semantic field)

а) disclosure b) criticism

c) allegory d) manifestation

e) transference f) fable g) glossary

13) Multiple meaning is a distinctive feature of the genuine ___.

a) literature b) image

c) figure of speech d) poetry

14) R. Frost's «The Pasture» is referred to ___ poetry.

a) symbolist b) imageless

c) romantic d) classicist

15) «A shadow of a smile» is a(n) ___ metaphor.

a) extended b) poetic

c) genuine d) trite

16) ___ is based on contiguity (nearness) of objects or phenomena.

a) metaphor b) metonymy

c) simile d) hyperbole

17) ___ is based on relations between the part and the whole.

a) synechdoche b) metonymy

c) metaphor d) simile

18) «Good name in man and woman, dear my Lord; Is the immediate jewel of their souls. (Author)

a) Burns b) Shakespeare

c) Byron d) Shelly

19) «The hidden laughter of children in the foliage», (kind of epithet) a) metaphorical b) evaluative

c) syntactic d) metonvmical

20) «I will make a palace fit for you and me

Of green days in forest and blue days at sea», (interpretation)

1. gay and gloomy days

2. days in green forest and at blue sea

3. days of youth and mature age

4. you and me dressed in green and blue

21) «When his dog died, the world ended», (device) a) irony b) hyperbole

c) personification d) metaphor

22) «It must be ___ to find oneself in a foreign country without a penny in one's pocket». (irony)

a) shameful c) delightful

b) scandalous d) dreadful

23) «A thousand pardons» and «scared to death» are ___ hyperboles. a) genuine b) language

c) logical d) poetic

24) «Mother Nature blushes/Before disrobing». (device) a) irony b) metonymy

c) metaphor d) personification

25) An attribute becomes an epithet when it is surrounded by other epithets and influenced by the emotional colouring of the neighbours. This effect is called __.

a) radiance b) irradiation

c) radiation d) regression

B. Link together the metonymical pairs.

1. cello a) worker

2. nickel b) infancy

3. crown с) justice

4 cup d) queen

5 grave e) drink

6 cradle f) coin

7 bench g) newspapers

8 press h) death

9 hand i) musician

C. Define the metonymical relations.

1. In the moon-landing year what choice is there for Mr. and Mrs. Average – the programme against poverty or the ambitious NASA project? (Morning Star)

2. Who steals my purse, steals trash. (Shakespeare)

3. Definitely, the moustache and I had nothing in common, (Lessing)

3. There is too much petticoat in business. (Steinbeck)

3. ... she was glad that things were that way, that the Church ap­proved. (O'Hara)

6. ... in later years I have lain soft and supped from silver. (Warren)

6. The saddest words of tongue or pen. (Shaw)

6. He made his way through the perfume and conversation. (Shaw)

6. Some remarkable pictures in this room, gentlemen. A Holbein, two Van Dycks, and, if am not mistaken, a Velasquez. (Christie)

1. the container for the thing contained

2. the material for the thing made of it

3. the instrument for the doer

4. the concrete thing for the abstract notion

5. the article of clothing for the person wearing it

6. the property for the subject

7. the cause for the effect

h) the artist for the work of art

i) the proper name for the common noun

D. Define the type of epithets (structural and semantic).

1. ... beware this mob - desperate, dangerous and ignorant. (Byron)

2. «Speak for yourself», said the egg-woman. (Cary)

3. ... a few don't-tell-me-where-to-put-my-legs seconds. (Salinger)

4. In the soft frosted stillness of this summer moon. (Patchen)

5. Sweet perfume, dark forest, bright smile.

6. «Thief», Pilon shouted. «Dirty pig of an untrue friend». (Steinbeck)

7. Isabel shrugged an indifferent shoulder.

1. metaphorical

2. metonymical

3. based on metonymy proper

4. evaluative

5. compound (phrase)

6. trite

7. syntactic (reversed)

Assessment: 2 x 50 = 100 points

90-100 points = A; 80-89 - B; 70-79 = С