Киреев Н. Г. - История Турции. XX век - 2007

SUMMARY

In the monography is submitted the brief history of origin and development of the Turkish State to the beginning of XX century, and then are described the basic stages of development of Turkey in XX century from Young Turks movement - before coming to power of the government of a "moderate" islam in 2002.

Estimating development of Turkey in XX century, we are convinced on the whole: after disorder of the Ottoman empire which has lost the main reference point of the development - infinite conquests - the ruling elite of Turkey has found in itself forces to establish on new bases the statehood and independence. Thus osmanian eclectic europeanization of XlX-th century was replaced by republican modernization, and the new ideology based on principles of secularism and nationalism has replaced former with her rests of Gazavat, Osmanism and a Sheriyat.

Proclaimed by Mustafa Kemal Ataturk and his adherents great historical task - modernization of all sides of life of the Turkish society, generated by pulses of catching up development, is realized less than for one century. Especially the first, really revolutionary and most difficult steps in this direction have provided creation of bases of the secular state, the national industry and as a whole of national economy. This time was filled not only successes in secularisation, but also the failures caused, in our opinion, by extreme measures of nationalism, passing in panturkizm.

In present monograph the author aspired to estimate the basic stages of an all-around development of the republican Turkish state, first of all his actions in spheres both internal and foreign policy. At an estimation of foreign aspects whenever possible the due attention was given Turkey's relations with the USSR, and after his disintegration - with the Russian Federation. A core of these relations were and there is not so much economy, how many a politics and ideology. Besides such old vital for Russia of a theme of Straits the author aspired to draw attention of the readers to other problem, especially important in 90th years - Turkey and Northern Caucasus, Turkey and the Russian turkis, Turkey and the Russian moslems.

In an economic history of republic the most important on a sight of the author stages were what reformed a national economy for creation of extreme conditions of catching up development. Etatism reforms of 30th years have allowed the state to create the first large industrial enterprises. T. Ozal's reforms of 80th years, already in a channel of present catching up development of the country, have undermined still recently vital and, it seemed already firm bases of the state domination in economy, have opened it to all world. The privatization spent nowadays liquidated already much state monopolies in industry, an infrastructure and credit-bank sphere, promoted the further successes of private business in internal both foreign trade and construction. At the same time the private initiative yet did not become replacement of the state in the heavy industry, an social infrastructure, the defensive industry, development of technology.

To the beginning XXI sentury, Turkey has turned to one of the largest regional industrial-agrarian powers of Eurasia managed at the same time to increase the population with 14 up to 70 million of the person, and her GDP per capita last years changes around of 3 thousand dollars. Turkey all carries out a role of the economic, trading and transport bridge between Europe and Asia more successfully. Turkey for a long time applies for the post in EU and an obstacle to this are lacks not so much in modernization of economy, how many in democratization of attitudes between the state and a society.

The structure of the monograph is displayed in the following chapters. Introduction. I. XIX century - time of Ottoman europeanization II. The beginning of XX century - the end of Empire. III. A difficult way to Republic. IV. Formation of Kemalizm regime V. Kemalizm authority and its reforms. VI. Turkey and Second World War. VII. "Cold War" began. VIII. 60-70 years - the Country between military regimes. IX. T. Ozal's «White Revolution» and the end of Cold War. The conclusion.

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