- •Give a definition of science. Open the three values of science.
- •2. Name the criteria (features) scientific. Determine each criterion.
- •3. Expand the example of your own science structure of scientific knowledge.
- •4. Define the object and subject of research. Open these concepts as an example of your science.
- •5. Show the difference between the scientific and religious world view as the two ways of perceiving the world.
- •6. Specify the differences between science and art as the two ways of knowing.
- •7.Formulate the concept of ‘scientism’ and ‘anti-scientism’. Arguments each of them.
- •8. Identify the difference between externalism and internalism in science. Give examples of each.
- •Identify the difference between externalism and internalism in science. Give examples of each.
- •9. Evaluate the unity and specify the differences between philosophy and science as two forms of rationality.
- •10. Expand the concept "quantifier of existence".
- •11. Display the fundamental differences between scientific, anti-scientific and extra-scientific knowledge.
- •12. A comparative analysis of the concepts: information, knowledge, wisdom.
- •13. Explain the three tasks of science.
- •14. Expand the 5 points of view on the problem of the beginning of science. Explain your position on this issue.
- •15.Explain the concept of verification and falsification in the science.
- •16 Name and define the form of non-scientific knowledge. Give examples of each.
- •17. Specify the main problems described in the text "Science without hope."
- •18. Determine the ability of the productive imagination.
- •19. Give your assessment of the text ‘The phenomenon of alternative science’.
- •20. Illustrate the essence of quasi-science and para-science.
- •21. Open the myths of your science.
- •22. Analyze "outstanding issues" of your science.
- •23. Define the concept of ‘knowledge’. Name the three characteristics of knowledge.
- •24. Consider the main ideas, hypotheses and theories on the topic "Knowledge".
- •25. Define the essence of thinking and show how it differs from the mind (intellect).
- •26.Identify and expand the main features pre-science.
- •27. Formulate and expand the scientific ideas and the main program of Antiquity.
- •Identify and expand the main features pre-science.
- •28. Expand the paradigm of ancient science.
- •29. Evaluate the major achievements of science in the Middle Ages (Europe and the Arab East).
- •31.Formulate discoveries and personalities in classical science.
- •32. Formulate and expand the main ideas and principles of classical science.
- •33. Expand the paradigm of classical science.
- •34. Name and expand the main ideas and principles of non-classical science.
- •35. Name and expand the main ideas and principles of the post-non-classical science.
- •36. Make the analysis of the socio-cultural environment of Kazakhstan science (5 parameters).
- •37. Give your assessment of the intellectual level of the Kazakhstan society.
- •38. Please rate the prestige of Kazakhstan science and formulate your recommendations on this issue.
- •39. Consider the main ideas, hypotheses and theories on the topic ‘Planet earth’. The Solar Nebular Hypothesis
- •A Cloud of Gas
- •Sun Formation
- •Planet and Asteroid Formation
- •40. Consider the main ideas, hypotheses and theories on the topic "Mind & Body"
- •41. Describe the content of the videotext "Agora" and formulate your conclusions on it.
- •42. Evaluate the main issues and features an ancient science in videotext "Agora".
- •43. Expand the content of the videotext "a Beautiful Mind" and make your own conclusions on it.
- •44. Consider the problem of creativity and personality of the scientist in videotext "a Beautiful Mind."
- •45. Show in the context of the video-text "a Beautiful Mind" and other examples of the difference of genius and talent in science.
- •46. Make a glossary of basic scientific ideas and concepts in videotext "Interstellar"
- •47. Describe the content of the videotext ‘Interstellar’ and formulate your conclusion on it.
- •48. Determine the nature of scientific creativity. Formulate the paradox of creativity. Evaluate the role of intuition in scientific discovery.
- •49. Consider the main ideas, hypotheses and theories on the topic "Universe"
- •Inflation
- •Inflation
- •50. Consider the main ideas, hypotheses and theories on the topic "Human Evolution".
8. Identify the difference between externalism and internalism in science. Give examples of each.
The internalism-externalism (I-E) debate lies near the center of contemporary discussion about epistemology. The basic idea of internalism is that justification is solely determined by factors that are internal to a person. Externalists deny this, asserting that justification depends on additional factors that are external to a person. A significant aspect of the I-E debate involves setting out exactly what counts as internal to a person.
Identify the difference between externalism and internalism in science. Give examples of each.
Externalism explains the development of science to external causes (polit., An ideal-mi, mi-social, and cultural sotso) external drive.
Internalism development of science has an internal (immonentny) character.
But both right, the principle of complementarity. Externalism - the direction in historiography and the theory of scientific development, according to which science as a system of knowledge and a social institution is immanent, chastyusotsiokultury their limits, and therefore feels on the part of a significant impact as a whole and as a collection of subsystems. It is impossible to explain the internal causes, such as the creation of geometry as a theoretical system of knowledge.
Internalism (from the Latin internus - internal) recognizes the driving force behind the development of science-related factors intrinsic nature of scientific knowledge: the logic of the solution to his problems, the relation of tradition and innovation (the main driving force for the development of science constitute the internal needs of the science itself, its goals, problems and research programs ). The development of science can be regarded as a self-organizing process of the interaction of various forms and elements of scientific knowledge, which does not depend on any external factors.
Grandma, Timmy and Lassie
The main problem with appeal to cases like Grandma, Timmy, and Lassie is that the details of such cases are open to interpretation. Internalists argue that when the cases are properly unpacked either these are not cases of justification or there is internalist justification (see “Internalist Response” immediately below). In an attempt to strengthen the argument for externalism some externalists appeal to non-standard cases. One non-standard case is the chicken-sexer case. Chicken-sexers are individuals that possess the unique ability to reliably sort male from female chickens. As the case is described chicken-sexers do not know how they sort the chickens. They report not being able to offer the criteria they use to sort the chickens. Nonetheless they are very good at sorting chickens and their beliefs that this is a male, this is a female, etc., are justified even though they lack internalist justification.
Another non-standard case is the case of quiz-show knowledge. The case envisions a contestant, call her Sally, on a popular quiz show that gets all the answers right. When a clue is offered Sally rings in with the correct answer. She’s quite good at this. Intuitively Sally knows the answers to the clues; yet from Sally’s perspective the answers just pop into her head. Moreover, Sally may believe that she does not know the answer.
What should we say about this case? Sally is very reliable. Her answers are objectively likely to be true.