32. Formulate and expand the main ideas and principles of classical science.

The stage of classical science covers the period from 17 to the end of the 19th century. The main scientists: The beginning of the works of Copernicus (1473-1543) - the creation of a new heliocentric system of the world (the rearrangement of the center of the universe, the justification of motion as a natural property of terrestrial and celestial objects) proved the unacceptability of studying the surrounding reality only on the basis of observation. Giordano Bruno (1548-1600) defended the idea of the infinity of the universe, which for him was one and still. Descartes (1596-1650) - geometry - a universal instrument of knowledge. Galileo (1564-1642) - the discovery of a new method of scientific research - theoretical or thought experiment. The ideas of the law of inertia and the method applied by Galileo laid the foundations of classical physics. I. Kepler (1571 - 1630) searching for laws of celestial mechanics on the basis of generalization of astronomical observations, established three laws of planetary motion relative to the Sun. Newton (1643-1727) continued and completed the work begun by G. to create classical mechanics; it acquired a final character, gave a mathematical formulation of the law of universal gravitation, substantiated the theory of the motion of celestial bodies, defined the concept of force, created diff. and integr. calculus as a language of description of physical reality, put forward the assumption of a combination of corpuscular and wave representations about the nature of light. Newton's mechanics has become a classic example of deductive scientific theory. Leibniz (1646-1716) - the founder of mathematical logic and one of the creators of computing and solving devices. Among the discoveries in chemistry, the most important place is occupied by the discovery of the periodic law of chemical elements by the outstanding scientist DI Mendeleev (1834-1907)The main discoveries: 1. Heliocentric teaching, Nikolai Copernicus; 2. The formulation of the laws of classical mechanics and the law of universal gravitation, absolute space and time, Isaac Newton; 3. Chemistry, periodical system of Mendeleev's elements; 4. Creation of a carpuscular-wave theory, Faraday, Maxwell; 5. Cell theory, Schleiden, Schwann; 6. Law of conservation and transformation of energy, Joule; 7. Theories of the evolution of living nature, Zh. B. Lamarck, Charles Darwin. The last four discoveries did not fit into the classical mechanistic concept and served as the main reasons for its revision.

Basic principles: 1. The principle of the domination of naturalism (recognition of the objective existence of nature, which is governed by natural laws); 2. Reductionism (higher forms can be fully explained on the basis of patterns inherent in lower forms); 3. The principle of the unity of the laws of the terrestrial and celestial worlds; 4. The world is qualitatively homogeneous, there are only quantitative differences; 5. Presence of rigid causal connections; 6. Knowing the coordinates of the body in the universe, as well as the forces acting on it, you can accurately predict the position at the next and previous time, i.e. the principle of retrospection and predictability. If the exact answer is impossible - the result of our ignorance; 7. Object of research - material objects; 8. Confidence of the existence of a finite limit of the divisibility of matter; 9. The mechanism prevails, classical mechanics is the basic paradigm; 10. The process of cognition is seen as a mirror image of nature; 11. The world is fundamentally cognizable, you can find the absolute truth;