28. Expand the paradigm of ancient science.

Basic theories, approach to a world explanation. Mathematics paradigm of rationality.

Antique science is called the science of Ancient Greece and Rome. Achievements of antique science and philosophy have been made on the basis put by drevnevostochny civilizations. In antique science the cult of reason and rationality dominated. Scientists were at the same time and philosophers.

I.Ontology science about life uniform space

1) Aristotle, Ptolemaeus'sPotsentrichesky system

2) Mathematical harmony (Pythagoras)

II.Gneosology - the doctrine about knowledge. Belief in cognoscibility of the world

III.Metodology:

1) Contemplation

2) Surprise → knowledge symbol

3) Intuition → ingenious guesses, assumption

4) Analogy → the World is water (Thales)

5) Dialectics → according to Socrates, Hegel the 19th century

6) Axiomatic method

7) Structural analysis (atomistics:

The most known of antique scientists are: Democritus, Thales from Miletus, Archimedes, Ptolemaeus and, certainly, Aristotle. To Democritus build the idea of an atomic structure of substance. Thales from Miletus, apparently, has for the first time reported about the electrization phenomenon. Archimedes has laid the foundation of mechanics and a hydrostatics. Ptolemaeus has developed (for the purpose of justification of the astrological constructions) the scheme of the device of the universe.

29. Evaluate the major achievements of science in the Middle Ages (Europe and the Arab East).

The main achievement of medieval science – semi-mystical, experimental natural sciences (experienced natural sciences)

Most of educated people were priests and monks, and all branches of knowledge submitted to divinity. The only purpose of scientists of the early Middle Ages was to keep the remains of antique knowledge. The science absorbed in itself achievements of the Greek and Islamic sciences which paved the way for later scientific achievements. During this period a series of appreciable scientific inventions as a result of which sources of modern science were created was made. To the most significant scientific inventions need to carry:

Indian-Arab digits.

This invention comparable with creation of the alphabet.

Optics and lenses.

In Ibn al-Haysam's work "An optics treasury" (about 1038) lenses and their magnifying abilities were considered.

Roger Bacon (died in 1294) remembers use of lenses for correction of vision of adults.

Having borrowed the Indian digital system, the Arab scientists began to operate with large numbers, from them the concept "algebra" used for the first time by the Central Asian mathematician Al-Horezmi (780 — 850) went. Al-Battani (850 — 929) developed trigonometrical functions (a sine, a tangent, a cotangent), and Abul-Vafa (940 — 997) made a series of outstanding opening in the field of geometry and astronomy. Having used Galen and Hippocrates's work, the Arab scientists developed medicine, studied medicinal properties of a series of minerals and plants. Ibn-al-Baytar gave the description more than 2600 drugs and officinal and other plants in alphabetical order, including about 300 new. Medical knowledge of Arabs was reduced in a single whole by the surgeon of hospital in Baghdad Muhammad ar-Razi (865 — 925) and Ibn Cynna (980 — 1037) which work "The canon of medical science" became the reference book of the Western European doctors of the XII—XVII centuries. Al-Biruni – astronomy, geography, mineralogy, 146 scientific works.

30. Expand the paradigm of medieval science. In rhetoric, paradeigma is known as a type of proof. The purpose of paradeigma is to provide an audience with an illustration of similar occurrences. This illustration is not meant to take the audience to a conclusion, however it is used to help guide them there. A personal accountant is a good comparison of paradeigma to explain how it is meant to guide the audience. It is not the job of a personal accountant to tell their client exactly what (and what not) to spend their money on, but to aid in guiding their client as to how money should be spent based on their financial goals. Anaximenes defined paradeigma as, "actions that have occurred previously and are similar to, or the opposite of, those which we are now discussing."^[5]

The original Greek term παράδειγμα (paradeigma) was used in Greek texts such as Plato's Timaeus (28A) as the model or the pattern that the Demiurge (god) used to create the cosmos. The term had a technical meaning in the field of grammar: the 1900 Merriam-Webster dictionary defines its technical use only in the context of grammar or, in rhetoric, as a term for an illustrative parable or fable. In linguistics, Ferdinand de Saussure used paradigm to refer to a class of elements with similarities.

Medieval science. The medieval science besides was under pressure of religion, she couldn't call into question bible myths about creation of the world and the person Bogom.

The medieval science lasted 1000 (5-15 years). The main feature of medieval science and culture-teotsentrizm (theo - God). The main principles of medieval science and philosophies-creationism-doctrines about creation of the world. Eschatology - the doctrine about doomsday. Providentsializm-ucheniye about predefiniteness. Sotereologiya - the doctrine about salvation of soul. Gneosologiya was under construction on symbolism and authority of the Scripture. Anthropology doctrine about the person, on the principle of humility.

Paradigm:

1. Ontology: creationism, providentsializm, eschatology, sotereologiya, iyerarkhizm.

2. Gnoseology: duality of the truth (the truth of belief and the truth of reason), division of objects of knowledge on natural and supernatural.

3. Methodology: antique methods (surprise, contemplation, the description, analogy), an intuition, formal logic (logician Aristotle), the proof from the authority (the bible, the Koran), scholasticism (a school explanation), hermeneutics (interpretation of the text).