- •Give a definition of science. Open the three values of science.
- •2. Name the criteria (features) scientific. Determine each criterion.
- •3. Expand the example of your own science structure of scientific knowledge.
- •4. Define the object and subject of research. Open these concepts as an example of your science.
- •5. Show the difference between the scientific and religious world view as the two ways of perceiving the world.
- •6. Specify the differences between science and art as the two ways of knowing.
- •7.Formulate the concept of ‘scientism’ and ‘anti-scientism’. Arguments each of them.
- •8. Identify the difference between externalism and internalism in science. Give examples of each.
- •Identify the difference between externalism and internalism in science. Give examples of each.
- •9. Evaluate the unity and specify the differences between philosophy and science as two forms of rationality.
- •10. Expand the concept "quantifier of existence".
- •11. Display the fundamental differences between scientific, anti-scientific and extra-scientific knowledge.
- •12. A comparative analysis of the concepts: information, knowledge, wisdom.
- •13. Explain the three tasks of science.
- •14. Expand the 5 points of view on the problem of the beginning of science. Explain your position on this issue.
- •15.Explain the concept of verification and falsification in the science.
- •16 Name and define the form of non-scientific knowledge. Give examples of each.
- •17. Specify the main problems described in the text "Science without hope."
- •18. Determine the ability of the productive imagination.
- •19. Give your assessment of the text ‘The phenomenon of alternative science’.
- •20. Illustrate the essence of quasi-science and para-science.
- •21. Open the myths of your science.
- •22. Analyze "outstanding issues" of your science.
- •23. Define the concept of ‘knowledge’. Name the three characteristics of knowledge.
- •24. Consider the main ideas, hypotheses and theories on the topic "Knowledge".
- •25. Define the essence of thinking and show how it differs from the mind (intellect).
- •26.Identify and expand the main features pre-science.
- •27. Formulate and expand the scientific ideas and the main program of Antiquity.
- •Identify and expand the main features pre-science.
- •28. Expand the paradigm of ancient science.
- •29. Evaluate the major achievements of science in the Middle Ages (Europe and the Arab East).
- •31.Formulate discoveries and personalities in classical science.
- •32. Formulate and expand the main ideas and principles of classical science.
- •33. Expand the paradigm of classical science.
- •34. Name and expand the main ideas and principles of non-classical science.
- •35. Name and expand the main ideas and principles of the post-non-classical science.
- •36. Make the analysis of the socio-cultural environment of Kazakhstan science (5 parameters).
- •37. Give your assessment of the intellectual level of the Kazakhstan society.
- •38. Please rate the prestige of Kazakhstan science and formulate your recommendations on this issue.
- •39. Consider the main ideas, hypotheses and theories on the topic ‘Planet earth’. The Solar Nebular Hypothesis
- •A Cloud of Gas
- •Sun Formation
- •Planet and Asteroid Formation
- •40. Consider the main ideas, hypotheses and theories on the topic "Mind & Body"
- •41. Describe the content of the videotext "Agora" and formulate your conclusions on it.
- •42. Evaluate the main issues and features an ancient science in videotext "Agora".
- •43. Expand the content of the videotext "a Beautiful Mind" and make your own conclusions on it.
- •44. Consider the problem of creativity and personality of the scientist in videotext "a Beautiful Mind."
- •45. Show in the context of the video-text "a Beautiful Mind" and other examples of the difference of genius and talent in science.
- •46. Make a glossary of basic scientific ideas and concepts in videotext "Interstellar"
- •47. Describe the content of the videotext ‘Interstellar’ and formulate your conclusion on it.
- •48. Determine the nature of scientific creativity. Formulate the paradox of creativity. Evaluate the role of intuition in scientific discovery.
- •49. Consider the main ideas, hypotheses and theories on the topic "Universe"
- •Inflation
- •Inflation
- •50. Consider the main ideas, hypotheses and theories on the topic "Human Evolution".
27. Formulate and expand the scientific ideas and the main program of Antiquity.
Identify and expand the main features pre-science.
In the history of the emergence and development of science is necessary to allocate two stages. The first stage is characterized by an emerging science (pre-sciencce), the second - a science in the proper sense of the word. Pre-sciencce studies primarily those things and processes with which a person repeatedly encountered in everyday experience. He sought thus to build models of objects and processes in order to predict the results of action. The prerequisite for this was the study of things, their properties and relationships identified in practice.
Prescience - the initial stage of formation of scientific knowledge within civilizations of the Ancient East. Sometimes the beginning of prescience is removed in primitive society.
The prescience includes 4 types of culture or a civilization:
1) Egypt-where except astronomy, mathematics the medicine developed;2) Mesopotamia (Mesopotamia): 1 Babylon (astronomy, cuneiform writing), 2 Sumer, 3 Akkad, 4 Assyria, 5-Drevny Iran; 3) India → country of feelings; 4) China → country of 1000
Principal features of prescientific knowledge: • This knowledge was applied, but not theoretical; • This knowledge was exclusive → esoteric (availablly to groups of people), but not universal; • This knowledge was not critical; • This knowledge was authoritative (also all is ordered), but not rational;• This knowledge was not system; • This knowledge was prescription, but not reasonable.
The term "ancient science" encompasses the totality of the scientific and philosophical ideas that have arisen during the period from the VI. BC prior to VI.AD, from the first appearance of philosophies "about the nature of things" (early Greek natural philosophy) before the fall of the Roman Empire and the closing of Plato's Academy in Athens (529 years).
Some of the major scientific achievements of antiquity:
- Atomism of Democritus; - Dialectics and the theory of ideas of Plato and Socrates;- Theory of Plato and Aristotle states; - Metaphysics, physics, logic, psychology, ethics, economics, Aristotle's Poetics; - Geometry and number theory, set forth in the form of a deductive science system in the "Elements" of Euclid; - Statics and hydrostatics of Archimedes, his mathematical work on the calculation of areas and volumes; - Theory of architecture Marcus Vitruvius; - Historical works of Herodotus and Thucydides;- Hippocratic medicine;
The antique science allocates the Greek science.
Here for the first time knowledge appears objective, theoretical and reasonable. It occurs 2500 years ago. Development of antique science is connected with emergence of 3 scientific programs:1) Mathematical program of Pythagoras (philosophy of number and space); 2) Lefkipp and Democritus's corpuscular (partial) theory (main achievement) "atomistics (atomic weight) and determinism (reason and investigative communication)";3) Scientific program of Aristotle "theoretical fundamentals of all sciences".Antiquity and the Greek science have formulated the investigative fundamental ideas: 1 Heraclitus, pantarei – everything flows, it is impossible to enter the same small river twice; 2 idea of genesis; 3 idea of unity of the world;
idea of harmony; 5 idea of infinity; 6 idea of regularity.